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THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY

FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB, LL.D.

EDITED BY

IPE. PAGE, 0-H., Lar0p: E. CAPPS, pu.n., L.p. W. H. D. ROUSE, tirt.p.

PROCOPIUS VI

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PROCOPIUS

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FORMER PRESIDENT, ATHENS COLLEGE, GREECE

IN SEVEN VOLUMES Wal

THE ANECDOTA OR SECRET HISTORY

WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD

CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS“,

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Printed in Great Britain

ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS LIBRARY

CONTENTS

PAGD FRONTISPIECES (PORTRAITS OF JUSTINIAN AND THEODORA)

JOSUMOIDIICHNION, 5 5 co o 6 60 0 go oO oo o a WO THE ANECDOTA OR SECRET HISTORY .... 1 APPEND IORS Hs a murmicainny @-aoeuEl ore as (hat! wean oO! NOX es a et a, ee oe. SO Se es ROTO

IMPASP Si ee SX wath yctcee clay one. wn acta! ecieiie tips Abend,

INTRODUCTION

Tue Secret History of Procopius is a strange com- panion for the Histories and the Buildings by the same author. The story of the three wars—against the Persians, the Vandals and the Goths—had almost been completed when the author, in seeming disgust, decided to regale a safely removed future age with the back-stage gossip that had been current while Justinian and Theodora had been playing their im- perial réles, and while Belisarius had been leading the Roman arms from triumph to triumph. Obviously this could not be done openly, for Procopius, with all his bitterness, had not by any means reached a state of reckless despair, and he was willing, or perhaps even eager, to continue to write in the flattering tone which the circumstances demanded, while he kept hidden away for posterity the record of mischievous and hateful and sordid gossip which must have been current during his lifetime. His avowed purpose in writing this book, which he appropriately called Unpublished (Notes), was to tell the whole unvarnished truth which he had not deemed wise to set down in the seven books of the Histories; these had already been published and_ broadcast throughout the Empire.1. He had indeed given hints that the

1 Book VIII. 1. 1. vii

INTRODUCTION

administration of Justinian had not been that of the Perfect Prince.t And it would seem from the opening words of the Secret History that he commenced the writing as a continuation of the Histories. In any case the opening sentences do not form a proper introduction to what follows; and strangely, these sentences reappear, with slight alterations, as the introduction of the Eighth Book of the Histories. This fact, in itself, is evidence of the necessarily furtive process of the composition of the Secret History, a clumsy defect which the usually careful author did not take occasion to correct.?

The work does promise to provide a supplement to the Books already published, but this avowed purpose is soon forgotten. It is rather a deliberate attempt to discredit the imperial pair and their leading General and to shew them as essentially both greedy and base—so base, indeed, that they seemed to Procopius nothing less than devils incarnate. The interest of Procopius has shifted suddenly from events to persons, and his one purpose comes to be to impugn the

1 Book VII. xii. 2-10, xxxv. 11, xxxvi. 4-6.

2 The Secret History was not published with Procopius’ other works, and was first mentioned by Suidas in the tenth century :

éypawe kal €repoy BiBAlov, Ta Kadovmeva Avexdora, TaY a’Tay mpdtewy, as elvat aupdrepa BiBAla @. ‘*He also wrote another book, which goes under the name of Unpublished Notes, so that the two works together make nine Books.”

871 7d BiBAlov Mvokorlov 7d Kadovmevoy Avéxdota Wdyous kal kwpmdiay lovatividvov Bacthéws mepiexot kal THs adTod yuvaikds OcodHpas, AAAG why Kal aTod BeAtoaplov kal THs yaueTis avTov. ‘* Note that the book of Procopius which goes by the title of Unpublished Notes contains criticism and ridicule of the Emperor Justinian and of his wife Theodora, and indeed even of Belisarius and his wife.”

vili

INTRODUCTION

motives of Justinian and of the able Belisarius, and to cover with vilest slander the Empress Theodora and Antonina, the wife of Belisarius. This, obviously, is the central theme of the Secret History, and the author concentrates all his effort on the attempt to demonstrate the utter depravity of Justinian and of Theodora, the futility of Belisarius, and the shame- lessness of Antonina.

The method of attack is the simple one of recounting anecdotes, and it is this plan which has caused the title of Chrontques Scandaleuses to be applied to this book so often. Antonina is the first target for attack and her humble origin is recounted and her dis- graceful relations with her adopted son Theodosius are set forth with unblushing frankness. In this affair Belisarius cuts a sorry figure, as he does in the following tirade against his conduct in the field. He is accused of being weak and mercenary in his conduct of operations against hostile armies, being under the dominance of the demoniac spell cast over him by his energetic spouse.

The procedure is similar with the imperial pair. Theodora is first defamed by the vilest slanders touching her private life before her marriage to Justinian and their elevation to the throne. The unedifying picture omits no detail of depravity which can be imagined as possible for the most shameless of women, and the author succeeds only in dis- crediting his own testimony, which he seems to offer in full confidence, but which falls to the ground through the weight of its own extravagance.

The next step is the attack on Justinian, and here, as in the case of Belisarius, no scandal touching his private life is brought forward (a plain indication

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INTRODUCTION

that none existed), but much is said about alleged maladministration, squandering of state funds, and wasting of time on “senseless’’ disputes of the Christians. All the evidence, for Procopius, leads to the conclusion that Justinian was not merely in- fluenced by evil demons, but actually was the Lord of Demons incarnate, allowed for a season to harass the human race. The charges against Justinian are, for the most part, futile, and arose from misguided zeal and a complete failure to understand the rapidly developing factors which already were transformin the narrow sectionalism of the ancient world into the confused pattern of mediaevalism, as a preparation for the realignment and widened horizons of the modern world. This change could not easily be understood or approved by the cautious historian who found his ideal in the compact polities of ancient Greece or the early stages of the Roman Empire, rather than in the sprawling and heterogeneous “Roman Empire”’ of his day, with its welter of nationalities and with its crumbling frontiers.

We thus have in the Secret History the record of a reactionary who could not appreciate at their true value the developments of his own age nor even guess whither the world was tending—one who sensed clearly only the crumbling of the older order. The record is valuable as sincere testimony, even though it is sadly miscoloured; if one should be able to strike an average between this and the ob- viously insincere and fulsome flattery in which the Histories occasionally, and the later Buildings con- stantly, indulge, he might arrive at a fair estimate of one of the most ‘noteworthy reigns of the long period stretching from Constantine the Great (323 a.p.)

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INTRODUCTION

to the heroic death of Constantine XIII Palaeologus in 1453 at the gate of Constantinople.

The points of contact with the Histories are much fewer than the Introduction would lead us to expect, though there are some twenty direct references to the earlier Books and to the later Buildings. Two examples may be cited to illustrate the hostile tendency of the Secret History. The marriage of Germanus’ daughter to John is mentioned in the Histories 1 without comment, though it is implied that this may have prevented John from accomplishing the purpose of the mission on which he had been sent by Belisarius. In the Secret History, on the other hand, this marriage is described ?,as the last desperate resort of Germanus to save his daughter Justina—she was already eighteen years of age— from the social disgrace involved in failure to marry. Similarly the account of the death of Amalasuntha is given in the Histories ° as the act of Theodatus, who simply wished to get her out of the way in order to smooth the path for his own succession to the king- ship of the Goths. In the version of the Secret Mistory * she was put to death by Theodatus, to be sure, but at the instigation of Peter, an ambassador from Byzantium, and by direction of none less than Theodora herself.

Mention may also be made of an incident which is recorded both in the Secret History and in the Buildings —the establishment of a home on the Bosporus for fallen women.® In the first case the establishment of this home is described as a tyrannical, and futile,

1 Book VII. xii. 1). 2 Chap. v. 8-10. 3 Book V. iv. 4 ff. 4 Chap. xvi. 1 ff. 5 Chap. xvii. 5, 6 and Buildings I. ix. 2.

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INTRODUCTION

act of Theodora, while in the Buildings it is praised as the wise act of a sovereign mindful only of the welfare of her subjects.

Other specific examples might be adduced to illustrate the fact, which is at once obvious to the reader of the Secret History, that the tone of this book is completely at variance with that of the Histories and the Buildings—a fact which has led many to the conclusion that we have before us the work of another hand. ‘The debate has been carried on with energy and enthusiasm and a list of notable defenders of either thesis might be adduced.

The chief arguments supporting the thesis that the Secret History was written by Procopius of Caesarea and which must be regarded as reasonably conclusive may be summarized thus.

1. The date of writing is plainly given four times in the text as the thirty-second year of Justinian. One would expect these years to be counted from Jus- tinian’s accession, 527; yet his administration really included Justinus’ reign, 518-527, whence Haury,? probably rightly, concluded that the Secret History was written in 550. Comparetti reckons from 527.

2. There are frequent references to the Histories, whose authorship is amply established.

3. There are no direct contradictions in statements of fact as between the Secret History and the signed works of Procopius. The discrepancies which un- doubtedly exist must be explained by the circum- stances in which the work was written and by the author’s changed purpose in writing it.

4. The language and style are demonstrably those

1 Chap. xviii. 33, xxiii. 1, xxiv. 29, 33. 2 Procopiana, 1890. 8 See footnotes.

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INTRODUCTION

of Procopius and the general outlook is truly Proco- pian, as has been ably demonstrated by Felix Dahn,} and we need add only the observation that the use of the accentual rhythm, or cursus, which was the literary mode of the day, plainly supports the view that Procopius himself did write the Secret History. The rhythm is not only present, but it also corresponds in detail, though not as closely as a sly imitator could have made it, to that of the works whose authorship cannot be doubted.?

Apart from the question of the authorship of the Secret History, the question of the veracity of its statements is one which may be tested, to a certain extent, by the statements of other writers. At the outset it must be granted that the book is often characterized by malicious exaggeration, as well as by deliberate misrepresentation and falsehood, as, notably, in the account of the youth of Theodora. The misrepresentation consists usually in attributing to Justinian the institution of abuses which had been practised by his predecessors.

Yet granting that Procopius was often unfair in his presentation, it has been shewn, as by Haury in the Prolegomena, pages xxiii-xxxi, of his edition of the Secret History (Teubner, 1906), that Procopius often has the support of the testimony of other writers of his time. Two writers may be quoted here in support both of Procopius’ general thesis and ‘of specific statements made by him.

Evagrius, a younger contemporary of Procopius and of Justinian (c. 536-594), in his Ecclesiastical History, 1V. 32, writes as follows :

? Procopius von Casarea, Berlin 1865.

* Cf. Dewing: The Accentual Rhythm, Proceedings of the Conn. Academy 1909.

xiii

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INTRODUCTION

“ There was also another quality latent in the character of Justinian, a depravity which exceeded any bestiality which can be imagined ; and whether this was a defect of his natural character, or whether it was the outgrowth of cowardice and fear, I am unable to say, but in any case it manifested itself as a result of the popular Nika Insurrection. For he seemed to be absolutely devoted to one of the two Factions, the Blues namely, and to such a degree that these actually used to murder their opponents in cold blood in broad daylight and in the middle of the city, and not only did they suffer no penalty, but they actually were counted worthy of prizes of honour. And they were permitted even to enter houses and to gather as plunder the valuables therein and to force the inhabitants to pay for their own lives. And if any of the magistrates tried to stop them, he thereby endangered his own life. Thus, for instance, a certain man administering the government of the East, because he disciplined with stripes some of the unruly element, was himself flogged in the very middle of the city and roughly handled. And Callinicus, the Governor of Cilicia, because he inflicted the punishment of the law upon two Cilician murderers, Pautus and Faustinus, who had assaulted him and made an attempt upon his life, was impaled, thus paying the penalty for his correct judgment and his support of the laws. Consequently the members of the opposite Faction went off into exile, and being received by no one at all, but

1 Cf. Secret History, xvii. 2, 3.

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INTRODUCTION

being driven away from every place like polluted creatures, they proceeded to waylay travellers, both robbing and murdering them, so that every place was full of violent deaths and highway robbery and the other sorts of crime. Occasionally too he! went over to the opposite side and began to destroy them,” allowing the laws which he had abandoned to run riot through the cities like barbarians. And to tell of all these matters in detail, neither words nor time would suffice; yet these examples are sufficient to furnish evidence for all the rest.”’

These general accusations are amply corroborated by the historian Agathias (530-582), Bonn edition, 252. 2-255. 1: 284. 13-285. 20; 305. 13-306. 9.

In the ease of John the Cappadocian, who is repre- sented by Procopius? as an utter scoundrel, John Lydus (490-565), Bonn edition, 250. 13 ff., says the following :

“The wicked Cappadocian, upon acquiring power, became the instrument of public calam- ities ; for first of all, he used to keep fetters and shackles and stocks and irons on exhibition inside the praetorian chambers, providing a private prison in the dark for the punishment of those who served under his orders, like an inhuman Phalaris, and exercising his great power through the instrumentality of his slaves alone ; and there he confined his victims who were being put under pressure, exempting no man from any sort of torture whatsoever, and putting on the rack without investigation those who were

1 Justinian. * The Blues. 5 Sce Indexes. XV

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INTRODUCTION

denounced simply as being in possession of money, and releasing them either naked or dead. And the whole population can bear witness to these things, but I know the facts through having seen them with my own eyes and through having been present while they were being enacted. And I shall give an ex- ample. A certain Antiochus, a man of advanced years, was reported to him as being in possession of a certain amount of gold. So he arrested him and strung him up by the hands with stout ropes until the old man, with dislocated shoulders, was freed from the bonds a corpse. This out- rage I actually witnessed myself; for I was an acquaintance of Antiochus.

“Now this act of the Cappadocian was the mildest of all the things he did. And would that? he had been alone in his tireless quest for unholy deeds. But in fact, just as Briareus of the legend is said by the poets to have had countless hands, just so that avenging demon had an indefinite number of coadjutors in his evil deeds and so carried on his operations not only at the Imperial Palace, but he dispatched men like himself to every place and to every district, drawing up like a suction-pump the last obol which thus far had lain hidden away in each corner.”

There follows a specific example of the rapacity of John’s agents, and then he continues (p. 255. 19):

“And would that this man were the only one of the kind and that he had chanced to devour

1 Reading Ye. xvi

INTRODUCTION

only that one province; and would that it were not true that in every single city and district others like this man and even worse than he went about sucking up the last hidden obol wherever it lay, trailing after them an army of devouring demons and whole swarms of Cappa- docians.”’

Evagrius, V. 3, thus characterizes a certain Aetherius, one of Justinian’s ministers. “‘ Aetherius, who resorted to every degree of sycophancy, plunder- ing the properties of the living and of the dead in the name of the Imperial Household, of which he was in charge under Justinian... .”

In regard to the monkhood of Photius,! the matter is stated thus in the Syriac text of John of Ephesus, p- 31 : “ This Photius, who had come to the capital from Palestine, was the son of Belisarius’ wife Antonina. And when he was in the army and had gone off to war with Belisarius, for some reason or other he went off, had his hair cut off and assumed the garb of a monk. Yet he could not be reconciled to the monks’ way of living and he wore the garb only for the name. After a short time, however, since he could not tame his wild nature by means of religion, he hurried away to the Emperor. So this man, though to all appearances clothed in the cloak of a monk, was sent to the province of Syria because of a revolt of the Samaritans. And since he wished to make himself pleasing to men, but to cause pain to God his Creator and sought for dishonourable gain by (various) pretexts, he devoted himself to plunder, robbery and extortion for the destruction

1 Cf. Chap. xxiii. 19. xvii

INTRODUCTION

and ruin of the people, as if by barbarian robbers, in all the provinces of the East, the larger as well as the smaller, so that even the Bishops and the clerics of all the cities fled before him. But he seized upon every man, whoever he might be, whether in the city or in the country, if he discovered that he possessed bread for a single day, and such persons he plundered, he imprisoned, hung them up and tortured them. He demanded from them the sum of one gold pound for his portion, whether the individual in question possessed it or not; indeed he followed this procedure even if the poor victim would have been obliged to sell himself, his children, his house and his property—even in such cases it would have been impossible to alter one word he had uttered. For he always took his portion, and said, “Give many pounds; the Emperor needs money for his wars.’ In such fashion he gathered in the talents and sent them forward, to the end that he might retain the authorization to do whatever he wished.

““Give many pounds of gold,’ Photius kept shouting, he who lived in the time of Justinian and of Justinus ; ‘ the Emperor needs money for carrying on war’; and all magistrates of Justinian kept making the same demand from the Roman citizens, a matter which Procopius in the Secret History makes a particular ground of complaint. Obviously, since Justinian carried on many more wars than other Emperors, it is entirely natural that he needed more money. In order to be able to prosecute a war against the Vandals, he purchased peace from the Persians for eleven thousand pounds.” }

1 Cf. Persian Wars, I. xxii. 3, where the amount is stated as 110 ‘‘ centenaries.”

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INTRODUCTION

On the subject of Theodora’s offspring, both Greek and Latin authors are silent except Procopius, who makes mention! of her grandson Anastasius. This notice is corroborated by the Syriac Historia Eccles. of John of Ephesus (German transl., p. 55): ‘“‘ The blessed John, who was sprung from the family of the Emperor Anastasius and also was a son of the Empress Theodora’s daughter.” And on p. 196 of the same work there is mention of ‘“ Athanasius, son of the Empress Theodora’s daughter.’’ Also, in a German rendering of John of Ephesus, p. 269, Schoenfelder notes: “ Athanasius appears in Bar- Hebraeus as an intermediary between Ascosnagh and Philoponus: he says: ‘At that time the Empress Theodora had a grandson, by name Athanasius. 200) Cl alsoy Mich Syr-, sp: LOM: “ Athanasius, grandson of the Empress Theodora.”

On the matter of the close co-operation of Justinian and Theodora in the administration of the government? the words of Justinian himself should be noted; Novella VIII. Cap. I: “ After considering all these matters alone and then after taking as partner in the deliberation my most pious consort who has been given me by God. . . .”

Theodora’s method of handling recalcitrant subjects is well illustrated by a passage from the Vita Silver. “ Now the Empress, grieving for the Patriarch Anthemus, because he had been deposed by the most holy Pope Agapitus, on the ground that he had found him a heretic and in his place had appointed Menas, servant of God, then the Emperor, after conferring with the deacon Vigilius, sent his

1 Chap. iv. 37. 2 Cf. Chap. x. 13, 14, etc. ® Gesta Pont. Rom. I. 146 (ed. Mommsen).

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INTRODUCTION

letter to Pope Silverius at Rome begging and entreat- ing him: ‘ Make no delay in coming to us or without fail recall Anthemus to his own place.’ And when the Blessed Silverius had read this, he groaned and said : ‘ I know very well that this affair has brought an end to my life.’ But the most blessed Silverius, feeling confidence in God and in the blessed apostle Peter, replied by letter to the Empress: ‘ Mistress Augusta, I shall never consent to do such a thing as to reinstate a man who is a heretic and who has been condemned in his own wickedness.’

“Then the Empress in a fury sent orders to the patrician Belisarius by the deacon Vigilius with these instructions: ‘Seek out some grounds of complaint against the Pope Silverius and remove him from the office of bishop or at least send him quickly to us. You have there the archdeacon Vigilius, our most beloved deputy, who has promised us to recall the patriarch Anthemus.’ And then the patrician Belisarius undertook the commission, saying: ‘I shall indeed carry out the instruction; but that man who has an interest in the murder of Silver- ius must himself render an account of his deeds to our Lord Jesus Christ.’ And under urgent orders, certain false witnesses issued forth and actually made the statement that they had discovered the Pope Silverius sending messages to the King of the Goths. Upon hearing this the patrician Belisarius refused belief; for he knew that these reports were being circulated through envy. But since many persisted in this same accusation, he became afraid.

“Then he caused the blessed Pope Silverius to come to him in the Pincian Palace and he stationed all the clergy at the first and the second entrance.

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INTRODUCTION

And when Silverius and Vigilius had come alone into the salon, the patrician Antonina was reclining on a couch and the patrician Belisarius was sitting at her feet. And as soon as the patrician Antonina saw him, she said to him: ‘ Tell me, Master Silverius, Pope, what have we done to you and the Romans that you wish to betray us into the hands of the Goths?’ And even while she was still speaking these words, there entered John, the regional sub-deacon of the first ward, lifted his collar from his neck and led him into a chamber; there he unfrocked him, put on him monk’s garb and spirited him away. Then Xystus . . . came out and announced to the clergy that ‘ Our Lord, the Pope, has been deposed and has been made a monk.’ And Vigilius took him in charge, under his personal protection, as it were, and he sent him into exile in Pontus and sus- tained him with the bread of tribulation and the water of necessity. And he weakened and died and he became a confessor.’’ This grim story explains the sinister reference of Procopius in Chap. i. 14 and 27.

The Secret History has been translated into modern languages by several hands, sometimes anonymously and with the manifest purpose of exploiting the salacious tone of some of its passages. The only serious attempts to render the work in a scholarly manner in recent times are those of the Athenian Society, Athens, 1896 (anonymous) and of Domenico Comparetti, contained in his posthumous edition.

The following editions are of importance : 1623. Alemannus, Procopit Caesariensis, V. I., Arcana Mistoria, qui est liber nonus Historiarum (Editio princeps).

xxi

INTRODUCTION 1838. Dindorf, in Corpus Scriptorum Historiae By-

gantinae.

1899. Kraseninnikov, Procopi Caesariensis Anecdota quae dicuntur.

1906. Haury, Procopi Caesariensis Opera Omnia, Wo) ss iiiie

1928. Comparetti, Le Inedite, Libro Nono delle Istorie, di Procopio di Caesarea; edizione postuma da Domenico Bassi.

The Latin translation of Alemannus, which ap- peared in the (slightly expurgated) edition of 1623, was repeated with little change by Dindorf. The Comparetti edition contains, as noted, a new Italian translation.

The map of Constantinople is taken, with due acknowledgement, from Van Millingen, Byzantine Constantinople; that of the Eastern Empire from the Cambridge Mediaeval History.

The portraits of Justinian and of Theodora were supplied, through the courtesy of Professor C. R. Morey, from the Index of Christian Art maintained by Princeton University.

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PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

THE ANECDOTA or SECRET HISTORY

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PROCORTUS TOE VANES ARIA

THE ANECDOTA or SECRET HISTORY

i. Aut that has befallen the Roman Nation in its wars up to the present day has been narrated by me,} as far as it proved possible, on the plan of arranging all the accounts of its activities in accordance with their proper time and place. Henceforth, however, this plan of composition will be followed by me no longer, for here shall be set down everything that came to pass in every part of the Roman Empire. The reason for this is that it was not possible, as long as the actors were still alive, for these things to be re- corded in the way they should have been. For neither was it possible to elude the vigilance of multitudes of spies, nor, if detected, to escape a most cruel death. Indeed, I was unable to feel confidence even in the most intimate of my kinsmen. Nay, more, in the case of many of the events described in the previous narrative I was compelled to conceal the causes which led up to them. It will therefore be necessary for me in this book to disclose, not only those things which have hitherto remained undivulged, but also the causes of those occurrences which have already been described.

As I turn, however, to a new endeavour which is

' Books I.—VII. of the ‘‘ Histories’? had been published already ; see Introduction, p. vii.

3

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

Tia Kal dewas aduaxov TaV lovaTiWiave Te Kal Bcodwpa PeBiopévav BauBaivery te Kal ava- moditew éml mrelatov éxetvo SdraprOpovpevm EvuBaiver, 6te by por tTadta é€v TO TrapovTt yeypawetat Ta pte TLoTa punTe ElKOTa davn- comeva Tols OmicOev yevnoopuévors, GAXWS TE omnvika éml péya pevoas 0 Xpovos TanXaLoTépav THY akonv atrepyavetat, SédotKa pur) Kal pvOo- Noylas arroicopat SoEav Kav Tois TpaywoodioacKa- Rows TeTaEomar. exelv@m jévToL TO Oappety Exwv OUK aTrobEeLhLdaw TOV OYyKOV TOD Epyou, WS LoL oUK amapTupntos 6 AOoyos éaTiv. ol yap vov avopwro. Sanmovértato. waptupes THY mpakewy évTes aELoYpew TapaTrouTrol és Toy emEeLTa YpovoY THS UTEép AVTOV ThaTEWs ETOVTAL.

Kaitos we kal ddXo TL és AOYov TOVdE dpyavTa ToNNdKis él TAElcTOY avExXaiTice YXpovor. edogavov yap toils és TO émEerta yevnoopmevols ak&vpdopov écecOar TovTO ye, émel THY Epywy Ta TovnpotaTa pariota Evvoicer ayvwota ypove TO voTépw eElvat, %) Tois Tupavvois és aKonv HKovta Enrwra yiverOar. TaY yap KpaTovVTwY ael Tois mAElaTows eUVTopos Ud apabias 1) és TOV Tpoyeyevnuevov TA KAKA plunols, Kal TpOS TA NwapTnMéva Tois TaXaLoTepols Paov TE Kal aToVv@TEpov &€s del TpéTovTaL. GAA pe DaTEpoV és TOVOE TOV Epywrv THY ioToplay TODTO ivEyKED,

1 For contemporary evidence, see Introduction, pp. xiii. ff.

4

ANECDOTA i. 4-8

fraught with difficulty and is in fact extraordinarily hard to cope with, being concerned, as it is, with the lives lived by Justinian and Theodora, I find myself stammering and shrinking as far from it as possible, as I weigh the chances that such things are now to be written by me as will seem neither credible nor probable to men of a later generation ; and especially when the mighty stream of time renders the story somewhat ancient, I fear lest I shall earn the reputa- tion of being even a narrator of myths and shall be ranked among the tragic poets. But I shall not flinch from the immensity of my task, basing my confidence on the fact that my account will not be without the support of witnesses. For the men of the present day, being witnesses possessing full knowledge of the events in question, will be compe- tent guarantors to pass on to future ages their belief in my good faith in dealing with the facts.1 And yet there was still another consideration which very often, when I was eager to undertake my narrative, held me back for a very long time. For I conceived the opinion that for men of future generations such a record as this would be in- expedient, since it will be most advantageous that the blackest deeds shall if possible be unknown to later times, rather than that, coming to the ears of sove- reigns, they should be imitated by them. For in the case of the majority of men in power their very inexperience always causes the imitation of the base actions of their predecessors to be easy, and they ever turn with greater ease and facility to the faults committed by the rulers of an earlier time. But afterwards I was brought to write nty history of these events by the thought that it will assuredly

5

B 12

P3

B13

10

11

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

6Te On Tots es TO €mELTAa TUPaVYnaoVGLY évdnroOV éorar OS pddvora pev Kal TY Tlow avTovs Tov dpapravopsvar mepienOeivy ovK atrevKos ein, OTE Kal Tota be Tots avOparrots EvvnvéxOn mabeiv" errerta, 6€ cal dvarypaTrroL auTay ai mpagers Kal of Tporrot és del EvovTar, am avtod Te lows OKUNPOTEpOV Tapavoprcouct. tis yap av Tov Leuupapwdos akoraaTov Biov i THv YapdavaTarov Kal Népwvos paviav TOV em uryevopeveov avO parov eyve, €l fut) TOLS TOTE yeypapoar Ta punpeia TadTa ENENELTETO 5 addos Te Kal Tols TQ 6pova TELOO- pévols, av ovT@ TUYOL, T™ pos” TOV Tupavveav ovUK aKepons arn TavraTagw 1) akon éorat. mapa- pubeic bar yap oi dvatvxodvTes elwOact TO a povots oplot Ta Oelva Evpmeceiv. dua Tou TadTa mpara pev boa Bersoapio poxOnpa elpyactat epav épxopat atepov be Kal boa ‘lovotiviave Kal Ocodapa poxOnpa elpyacrat eyo dnhocw. "Hy 7d Berioapio yur", As 81 ev Tous eum poo- Gev oyous euvjaOnv, Tam TOU pev Kal TAT pos nvioxov, év te Bufavtiw cal Beccarovixn TO épyov todto évoeEapévwy, untpos Sé€ Tav Tivos}

1 ray twos év Suidas, ray Tivos ray a.

1 The topic od col udvw (non tibi soli) was used in formal literary Consolations as one of the standard sources of comfort to the bereaved. Cf. Seneca’s Z'0 Polybius on Consolation, ii. 4 (trans. of Basore, Loeb Classical Library, Seneca’s Moral Essays, Vol. II, p- 359) : man, therefore, will find the greatest comfort in the thought that what has befallen him- self was suffered by all who were before him and will be suffered by all who come after him; and Nature has, it seems to me, made universal what she has made hardest to bear in order that the uniformity of fate might console men for its cruelty.”

2 In connection with the following account of Antonina 6

ANECDOTA i. 8-11

be clear to those who hereafter shall hold sovereign power that, in the first place, punishment will in all probability overtake them likewise for their mis- deeds, just as befell these persons ; and, in the second place, that their own actions and characters will likewise be on record for all future time, so that consequently they will perhaps be more reluctant to transgress. For what man of later times would have learned of the licentious life of Semiramis or of the madness of Sardanapalus and of Nero, if the records of these things had not been left behind by the writers of their times? And apart from these considerations, in case any should chance to suffer like treatment at the hands of their rulers, this record will not be wholly useless to them. For those who have suffered misfortunes are wont to receive consolation from the thought that not upon them- selves alone have cruel disasters fallen. For these reasons, then, I shall proceed to relate, first, all the base deeds committed by Belisarius; and afterwards I shall disclose all the base deeds committed by Justinian and Theodora.

Belisarius had a wife,2 whom I have had occasion to mention in the previous books; her father and grand- father were charioteers who had given exhibitions of their skill in both Byzantium and Thessalonica, and her mother was one of the prostitutes attached to

the reader may well be referred to the judgment of Gibbon (Gibbon-Bury, Vol. IV, pp. 334 ff.). He says that “ the generous reader ’’ of Procopius “‘ may cast away the libel, but the evidence of facts will adhere to his memory; and he will reluctantly confess that the fame, and even the virtue, of Belisarius were polluted by the lust and cruelty of his wife; and that the hero deserved an appellation which may not drop from the pen of the decent historian.”

7

12

13

14

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

év Oupédn merropvevpévwv: avTn Ta mpoTEpa paxXrov twa Bidcaca Piov Kal tov TpoTov éEeppwyvia, dhappwaxedol te Tatpwois Toda @mrnKvia, Kal THY waOnow TaV ol avayKaiwv Tone apern, éyyuntn vaTepov Bedioapio yuvn ryévyove, pnTnp non Talowy yevomery BONN: evdus poev ovv &Lou HowxevTpLa To é€& apxijs* elvat, Evycadvm rer MévToL ToUpyov ToUTO év emeeon elyev, oV® KaTadvomévn Tols oiKelots emiTNoevpaci, ovdE TL T pos TOU Evvorcoby Tos detpaivovoa d€0s (ovTe yap aléa Twa epyou oTovoby édaBe TwTOTE Kal Tov avipa _payyavetars modXais KaTteiAndhev), Ara THY ex THS BactrLdos UTomTevovca Tiow. Alay yap é€s avTny 7 @codw@pa jypiatveTo Te Kal éoernper.* érret Oe avTny év Tots dvaykaLoT ators UTroUupyncaca xecponOn meTroinTat, mpara pev LArPéEprov dvaxpn- Taper) Tpome @mep é€v Tois omobev AOyous elpnoetal, Vatepov O€ ‘lwavynv KatTepyacapevn tov Kammadoxny, @aomep jor év Tois éumrpoobev

1 ef apxjs a: étfs Suidas, 2 ov om, Suidas.

3 ovdé€ Tt Suidas: odd 7d a.

4 éceonpe: Suidas: eueunver a,

1 Literally, ‘‘in the thymele,” @vuédn being at this time commonly used as the equivalent of dpxjorpa. Originally it meant the ‘altar’? in the orchestra, but later was extended to the whole orchestra area. The persons who gave exhibitions in the thymele were of a much lower class than the dramatic artists, who occupied the stage, being dancers, jugglers, acrobats, etc. The term ‘ thymelic per- formers” is almost always contemptuous. Cf. Vitruvius, De Architectura V.8.

* The treatment of karadvec@a: in the lexicons is in-

8

ANECDOTA i. 11-14

the theatre. This woman, having in her early years lived a lewd sort of a life and having become dissolute in character, not only having consorted much with the cheap sorcerers who surrounded her parents, but also having thus acquired the knowledge of what she needed to know, later became the wedded wife of Belisarius, after having already been the mother of many children. Straightway, therefore, she decided upon being an adulteress from the very start, but she was very careful to conceal this business, not because she was ashamed ? of her own practices, nor because she entertained any fear so far as her husband was concerned (for she never experienced the slightest feeling of shame for any action whatso- ever and she had gained complete control of her husband by means of many tricks of magic), but because she dreaded the punishment the Empress might inflict. For Theodora was all too prone both to storm at her and to shew her? teeth in anger. But after she had made her tame and manageable, by rendering services to her in matters of the great- est urgency—having, in the first place, disposed of Silverius in the manner which will be described in the following narrative,t and later having brought about the ruin of John the Cappadocian, as related

ce

adequate. Out of the literal meaning ‘‘ submerge one’s self,” “attempt concealment by submergence,” has developed the later usage, in which both the desire for concealment and the motive of shame are implied. Of. Procopius, Anecdota here and ini. 14, x. 3, xx. 17, and Suidas s.v.

% An echo of Aristophanes, Pax 620, jypiwpévous er’ GAAANOIot Kal ceanpdtas.

* An unfulfilled promise. See Introduction for a detailed account (Gest. pontif. Rom.) of the humiliation and deposition of Pope Silverius. That Procopius intended to writo more than the works we have is evident from Chap. xi. 33.

9

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

oyos éppnOn, evtavOa bn abdeéctepov te Kal OUKETL ATTOKpUTTTOMEVN amravTa éFapapTavel ov- dann atnéiov. B1415 “Hy d€ tus veavias éx Opaxns év 7H Bedtoapiov oixia, @eoddcros Tovvowa, Sd—ns yeyovws €x 16 tatépwv Evvopavay kaXovpévwv. TodTov, HviKa és AvBvnv amomdciy Ewerrev, EXOUTE LEV O Beduodpios TO Oeiov NouTpov Kal YEpalv avedo- peevos evOévbe oixelats eiatrointov émroinocato Evy Th yuvakl taida, nmep elaotrovetaoOar Xprotiavois vomos, Kal aT avTod 7 “Avtwviva tov @Beodocrov ate Taioa ovTa lep@® AOYW Nyaa TE WS TO EiKOS Kav Tots paduoTa éTipedouevn app } abtiv exer. 17 evOvs Te €pacbeica avtov? éxtoTas év TO S1aT® TOUT® Kal KaTAaKOpNs yeyovvia TH mabe atrecet- aato pev Oeitwy te Kal avOpwrivav tmpaypatov dé0s Te Kal aldad Evracay, éuiyvuto b€ av’T@ Ta fev mpata ev TapaBvotw, TeXeuT@TAa Oe Kal 18 oixeT@v Kal Oepatrawvidwy TapovT@v. KaTOXOS yap On TO TOOw TOUTH yeyevnpevn Kul diadavas €pwToAnTTos ovca ovdeV ETL TOD Epyou ® KHrAULA éBrerre. Kal mote 0 Bediodpios én’ avtopwpeo p 4 Thy Tpakéw AaBav ev Kapxynoov éEnmatynto Tpos 19 THs yuvatKkos Exov ye elval. Oo péev yap aude ev Smpatio KaTayel@ evpwv euepnver, 7) Sé oUTE

1 au’ Haury: o¢’.

2 ebOUs re epacbeioa aitod Haury: €/6’ torepoy aitod épac- Oetoa G, «10 botepoy épacbeioa ad’tovd Suidas.

3 rot épyov: Suidas omits, rod Epyou tovTov g.

TO

ANECDOTA i. 14-19

by me in my earlier books 1—then at last she felt no hesitation in carrying out all manner of wickedness more fearlessly and with no further concealment. There was a certain youth from Thrace in the household of Belisarius, Theodosius by name, who had been born of ancestors who professed the faith of those called Eunomians.2- Now when Belisarius was about to embark on the voyage to Libya, he bathed this youth in the sacred bath, from which he lifted him with his own hands, thus making him the adopted child of himself and his wife, as is customary for Christians to make adoptions, and consequently Antonina loved Theodosius, as she naturally would, as being her son through the sacred word, and with very particular solicitude she kept him near herself. And straightway she fell extraordinarily in love with him in the course of this voyage, and having become insatiate in her passion, she shook off both fear and respect for everything both divine and human and had intercourse with him, at first in secret, but finally even in the presence of servants of both sexes. For being by now possessed by this passion and manifestly smitten with love, she could see no longer any obstacle to the deed. And on one occasion Belisarius caught them in the very act in Carthage, yet he willingly allowed himself to be deceived by his wife. For though he found them both in an underground chamber and was trans-

1 Book I. xxv. 13 ff. John’s fate is mentioned also Chap. ii. 16, iii. 7, iv. 18.

* Kunomius, Bishop of Cyzicus, held and taught unorthodox views on the interrelationship of the persons of the Trinity. He was banished by Valens in 367 A.p. and again by acm See Hastings, Hncyclopaedia of Religion and Vthics, s.v,

Ty

> 15

20

21

22

23

24

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

? / ” / na v amovetNdcaca ote KaTadvaaméevn TO Epyo

/ > lal ” / lal 4 tout», “ Kytaiéa,’ ébn, “Tay Aadvpov Ta

By \ A , , W)) ¢ TLLLWTATA oY TH VEeavia KpU\yrovca 7HAOOV, ws

\ > / yy / » e \ ge pn €s Bacitéa Exmvota yévntar.” 7 pev ovdv

fal e A TavTa oKnTTOMEVY ElTreEV, 0 O€ avaTretcO vat Ookas aphKe, Kaitep TH Oeodociw éxdedAvpevoy TOV e , (2 fn) \ b \ \ > o \ ? / (wavTa opov Tov audi Ta aldoia Tas avakupisas

/ rn , Evydéovta. épwtt yap THs avOpwrov avayKxac- / nan an Deis €BovrETO of THY THY oiKxelLwy oPOarpav Oéav as HKioTa arnbifecBa.

Tis 5€ paydoovvns del tmpoiovans és Kakov ” e \ yy / \ / > apatov of ev AAdot Oewpmevor TA TpaTTOMEVa ev

a <7 / , / v > awn eiyov, dovAn Oé tts Makedovia dvoya év Yupaxovcats, nvixa YKedias expatnoe Bers- aaplos, GpKols SetvoTdtois TOV deaTOTHY KaTAaNa- Bodoa, uy Tote aUTHY TH KEXTNMEVN KATATPON-

\ / > an / ’ / , cec0at, TOY TaVTAa av’T@ Royov EEnvEyKE, SvVO

/ \ /

Talodpla Tpos papTupiay Tapacxopmevn, ols 81

\ nr n

TA Guhl Tov KOLTa@Va UTNpeTEty EmLpLEAES HV.

tadta pabav Beduodpios TOY ol Erropévmy Tas ] I 7 ¢

Tov Oeoddcvov éxédrXevce SiaxerpicacPar. o 6é \\ > a 1p a \ if

mpowabwrv eis “Kdecov hevyer. TOY yap émo-

, € a a 9 , a n> , bévov ol mAEioTOL TO ABEBaiw Ths Tod av9pw-

/ \ cal cr TOU YVOUNS NYwevol ApecKELY THY yUVaiKa “addov év omovdn elxov 1) TO avdpl Soxeivy evvoixas y vA \ NX / b / / 2 > éxyew, of ye Kal Ta ohiow EriKelmeva TOTE aup

b lal ” a \ / avT® mpovdsocav. Kwvotavrivos 5¢ Bedtodpiov 12

—

—

ANECDOTA i. 19-24

ported with rage, she, without either playing the coward or attempting to conceal the deed, remarked “ T came down here in order to hide with the aid of the boy the most valuable of our booty, so that it may not get to the knowledge of the Emperor.” Now she said this as a mere pretext, but he, appearing to be satisfied, dropped the matter, though he could see that the belt which supported the drawers of Theodosius, covering his private parts, had been loosened. For under compulsion of love for the woman, he would have it that the testimony of his own eyes was absolutely untrustworthy.

Now this wantonness kept growing worse and worse until it had become an unspeakable scandal, and though people in general, observing what was going on, kept silence about it, yet a certain slave- girl named Macedonia, approaching Belisarius in Syracuse, when he had conquered Sicily, and binding her master by the most dread oaths that he would never betray her to her mistress, told him the whole story, adducing as witnesses two lads who were charged with the service of the bedchamber. Upon learning these things, Belisarius ordered certain of his attendants to destroy Theodosius. He, however, learned this in advance and fled to Ephesus. For most of the persons in attendance upon Belisarius, moved by the instability of the man’s temper, were more eager to please the wife than to seem to the husband well-disposed towards him, and for this reason they betrayed the command laid upon them at that time touching Theodosius. And Constantinus,

' In sharp contrast to the dictum of Gyges to Candaules, Herodotus 1.5. 8, dra yap ruyxdver avOpsroict ovra amordrepa opbaruar,

13

B16

25

26

27

28

29

30

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

op@v tmepimduvoy yeyovota tots Euprecodar, Ta ” / \ r b] Lal ig oR 1 Te adXa Evyyndryet Kal TOUTO ETPEt TEV WS yore Oacoov av THY yuvaixa 7) TOV veaviay KaTELpya- cdunv.” birep Avtwviva pabodaoa, Kexpuumpevas avT@ éyadérravev, OTws ev Kaip@? évdeiEnTar TO els avrov EX Oos. ay yap cKoprrL@dns Te Kal opyny oKOTELV?). OU TOAA@ Oe Uorepov 7) pay- yavevoaca 0) Jomevcaca metBex TOV avipa OS ovX vyLes TO KaTHyopn ja TO TaUTNS yévoLTO" Kal 6s Qeoddarov wéev pedrrjoes ovdSeulad peteTeuato, / ‘ an rn Makedoviay 6€ kal Ta Taidia TH yvvaikl éxdodvat UTéoTn. ods 61) ATavTas TpwTa Tas yAwTTAS, @oTEp NEYougLW, aToTELOVGA, elTa KaTa Bpaxv Kpeoupyncaca Kal Ouraxious EuBeBAnpevy eS THY Oaratrav oxvioet ovdewla Eppie, TOV TWvOS OLKET OV Evyeviov bvopa Umoupyjoarrds of és amav TO ayos, ® 6 Kal TO és Ler Beptov elprya- otal placwa. kat Kwyvortavtivov &€ ov ToAd@ totepov Bedtodpios TH yvvaiki avareraGels xTelvel. TA yap aul TO IIpacovdin?® Kal Tots / / / / e Evdidiors tTyvixade EvynvéyOn yevécOar amep pot 2 a ” / / I ev TOUS ut poo bev oyols ded joTau. MedAOVTOS yap TOU av pamou apier bar, ou TpoTEpoy avijKev » “Avtwviva, ws avtov Tod Aoyou eric aro, ovmep éyw aptiws éuvyjo@nv. Kal am avTod

1 *Eywye Dindorf: éyd re.

2 éy xaip@ Herwerden: éyxora G and éyyiora G in margin are hoth corrupt. One would look for an adverbial expression consistent with kexpumpévws €xaderavey and the following yap clause. Herwerden conjectured év oxétw and éy xaip¢ ; Haury first Hora and later éyxoroy, cf. Aeschylus Choephorae 392

éyKoTov aTvyos. 3 Tpaoidfm Alemannus; mepoidlw.

14

=

ANECDOTA i. 24-30

observing that Belisarius had become very sorrowful at what had happened, sympathized with him in general and added the remark, “If it were I, I should have destroyed the woman rather than the youth.” And when Antonina heard of this, she nourished her anger against him secretly, in order that she might, when occasion offered, display the hatred she bore him. For she had the ways of a scorpion } and concealed her wrath in darkness.? So not long afterwards, using either magic or beguilement, she persuaded her husband that the accusation of this girl was unsound, and he without delay recalled Theo- dosius and agreed to hand over Macedonia and the boys to the woman. And they say that she first cut out all their tongues, and then cut them up bit by bit, threw the pieces into sacks, and then without ado cast them into the sea, being assisted throughout in this impious business by one of the servants named Eugenius, the same one who performed the unholy deed upon Silverius.? And not long afterwards Belisarius, persuaded by his wife, killed Constantinus also. For at that time fell the affair of Presidius and the daggers, as has been set forth by me in the pre- ceding narrative. For though the man was about to be acquitted, Antonina would not relent until she had punished him for the remark which I have

1 The scorpion lurks hidden under a rock or other object, ready to strike suddenly any who may disturb him. Hence the proverbial expression, im) mavt) AlOw oKxoprlov puddaceor, and the like.

2 Cf. the tragic fragment of an unknown author, crorewds doynv, Adesp. 345, quoted by Phrynichus with the explana- Ree ddAvos Kal ob pavepds dpyhv; cf. Bekker’s Anecdota, p.

, 5.

3 Of. § 14, note. 4 Book VI. viii. 1, ff.

T5

31

32

33

34

35

36

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

ExOo0s jéya mepueBarreTo 0 Bedtodpios &x TE Baoiréws cal tav év ‘Pwpaiows Noyipov arav- TOV.

Tatra pev ovyv THOE KeX@pnKe. Ocodocros éé OUK ef és Itandiav api (EecOat olds Te eivat, iva 61) TOTE Sear peBiv elYov BeAoaptos Te Kal ‘Avraviva, i a) Poros ex oO@Y yevnTau. 0 yap Patios TpoXerpos pev poe és TO baxvedOat 7, Hy Tis avTov Tap oTwodY dvvytaet parrov, év pévtor ois appl Ocodocta Kat OLKaiws amonviyecOai of EvvéBawev, btt 51) adtos ev KaiT@ep vios @y év ovoevl eyiryvero Novo, o Oé€ Suvapet TE TONN} exphTo Kal Xprypara peyara TmepleBarnero. A€youct yap avrov ex Kapxn- dovos te kal ‘PaBévyns és ExaTOV KevTnvapua e& appow Ianrariouw ovAnTavTa EXEL, émel Kal ove Kar efovolay Svaxerpioas TAUTA EvveBn. n O€ "Avra@viva ere Thy @ecodociou yveuny éuabev, ov mpoTepov avikev evedpevoucd TE TOV maida Kal doviois Tticly ériBovdais avTov petiovaa, éws xatampatacOar ioyuvoev avTov pev evOévde amaddayévta és Bulavtiov 060 iévat, ovKéTe pépew tas évédpas oldv te dvTa, tov 6€ @eoddcc.ov és tHv “ITadiav Trap’ adTHy KEW. Ov 61) KAaTAaKOpws THS TE TOD épwméevou diaTpiBhAs Kal THs Tov dvdpds ev’nOElas atrova- pévn xXpovw vaoTtepov Ev apdotvy és Bufavtiov jeev. €v0a bn Oeodociov edediaceTo TO cuVEt- dévar kal eotpehev adtod TH dtavoiay. DAHoELY

1 giry before dvynra: deleted by Alemannus.

16

ANECDOTA i. 30-36

just mentioned. As a result of this act Belisarius became the object of great hostility on the part of both the Emperor and all the Roman notables.

Such was the course of these events. But Theodosius declared that he was not able to come to Italy, where Belisarius and Antonina were then tarrying, unless Photius* should be got out of the way. For Photius was by nature prone to be vexed if anyone had more influence than he with any person, and in the case of Theodosius and his associates he chanced to have a just cause to be sorely aggrieved, in that he himself, though a son, was made of no account, while Theodosius enjoyed great power and was acquiring great wealth. Tor they say that at Carthage and Ravenna together he had plundered as much as one hundred centenaria? from the two Palaces, since he chanced to manage these without any associate and with full power. Now when Antonina learned of the decision of Theodosius, she did not cease laying snares for the youth Photius and pursuing him with certain murderous plots, until she succeeded in bringing it about that he departed from there and set out for Byzantium, being no longer able to withstand her snares, and Theodosius came to Italy to join her. There she enjoyed to the full both the attentions of her lover and the sim- plicity of her husband and later on came to Byzantium in company with both of them. There Theodosius became terrified by the consciousness of his guilt and his mind was in torment. For he thought that he

1 Stepson of Belisarius ; cf. Book V. xviii. 18.

2 The “‘centenarium ”’ was a sum of money in terms of gold, so designated because it ‘ weighs one hundred pounds” ; ef. Book I. xxii. 4,

17 VOL. VI. c

B 18

iPAG

37

38

39

40

41

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

yap és TO mavTenes ovdauh eto, émel THY yuvaina Ewpa OUKETL TO maos éyxpu ded teu olay Te ovTAaV, OVE KEK PUL MEVOS eFeppwyevat, ara Svappyonv potyanrioa elvai te Kal ovopater Bau @S NKLOTA anagtovoay.» 610 67 atOus és Ty "Edecov ALK OLEVOS Kal arr oO prEdpevos ITEP elOurrat eveyparyev els TOUS Hovaxovs karov- pévous avutTov. tote 6) KaT aKpas éuavn Kal THY éoOnra Evy TH Siaitn és TpoTr ov petaBadodca TOV mévOrmov mepurjet ovyva Kara THY olKLaV KoKvouca, oAoAUYH Te KEXPNpeVN @opupeTo ovK Groner puevou * Ta pos, o7mrolov aura aya- Gov BAWAEL, WS TLOTOV, WS EVYApPLY, WS EvVOIKOD, @s Opactipiov. Te\evT@oa Oe Kal Tov dvdpa és tavtas 6) émayayouévn Tas dropvpoets éxaOicev. ékAXae yovv 0 TaXalTwpos Tov To- Gewov avaxarov Ocoddciov. Uatepov dé Kal eis / % , > / \ \ / Baciriéa €dwv, av’tov te Kal THY Bactdioa ixeTevov, avétecce Oeoddcioy petatéurracbat ate avayxalov avT@® KaTa THY oikiay OvTAa TE \ > , 5) N / > tal nr Kal €oouevov. adda Mecodocios ameire pndayh > / If: € ? / 2 / > évOévee iévat, ws aodharéotata éutredwcew ioXu- pladmevos TO THY wovayar eTLTHOEULA. Tv dé apa 0 NOYOS KATUTAATTOS, OWS ETELOaY TAYLTTA BeX- capios €x Bufavtiov atodnmoin, avtos Tapa TV ’ / > / / ic4 s Nia, / Avte@vivay apixntatdabpa. otrep odv Kal éyéveTo. / ie \ 4 \ ¢ LU 8. Avtixa yap BeXioaptos pev ws Noapon , \ A , > a > Nas: moveunowy Evy TO DPwrtiw éotédrAXrETO, AvTwviva dé avtod Euewev, ovK elwOds avdTH mporTepov 1 amativocay Alemannus: agiovcar. 2 For amoAeAEMUevoUu Reiske suggests dmo\eAcinucyn, and Haury would prefer amoAoupeévov.

18

ANECDOTA i. 36-ii. 1

would by no means escape detection altogether, since he saw that the woman was no longer able to conceal her passion nor to let it break out in secret only, but on the contrary did not object either to being or being called outright an adulteress. So once more he repaired to Ephesus and first assuming the tonsure, as was the custom in such cases, enrolled himself among the monks, as they are called. Theodora thereupon became utterly frantic, and changing her dress together with the routine of her life to the mourning mode, she went about through the house moaning constantly, weeping and wailing even when her husband was close at hand and lamenting what an excellent man had been lost from her life, how faithful, how charming, how gracious, how energetic. Finally, she dragged even her husband into these scenes of lamentation and made him sit there. At any rate the poor man used to weep and eall upon the beloved Theodosius. And later he actually went to the Emperor, entreating both him and the Empress, and persuaded him to recall Theo- dosius as being both for the present and for the future an indespensable part of his household. But Theo- dosius declined absolutely to leave the place where he was, asserting that he intended to observe the practice of the monks as steadfastly as possible. Yet this answer proved to be fictitious, his purpose being that as soon as Belisarius should depart from Byzantium, he himself should come secretly to the side of Antonina. And this is exactly what happened.

ii. For soon Belisarius was despatched with Photius to carry on the war against Chosroes, while Antonina remained in Byzantium, contrary to her

19 c2

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

TOUTO Ye. TOD Yap pu) KATA povas TOV avOpwT ov Kabvarapevov év auT@® Te yevéoOar Kai TOV éxelvns paryyaveuparov ohuyw@podvTa ppovijicat TL cpp’ auth TOV SeovTaD, TAVTAX OTE THS yhs Eov avT@ oTé\NcoOat emripehes ot éyivero. om ws be Kat avOis Ocodociw mapa "Avta@vivav BUTTE cin, Dotiov exmodav oi yevéoOar év aomovon +

érroeito. reiOer Toivuy TOV Bedtoapio éErouévov Twas épecyeneiy Te avTov és ael Kal TpoTN- Naxiferv, ovdeva avievTas Kalpov' autTy Te? ypagovoa és mmepav oXedov Tl éxdo Hy duéBarnre TE dinveres Kal él T@ TaLol TavTa exivel. ols 67) 0 veavias dvaykacbeis d1aBorws éyvo TH pnt xphobar, neovnia Té TWA EK Bufavriov, os 8 cemapyyenne ® @coddociov Aabpa Evv ’Avto- vin SiatpiBny exe, Tapa Bediodpioy evOds eladyet, ppavew eémucteihas Tov TavtTa Aoyov. admep eémel o Bedtodpios éyvo, ogv0upwbels Umeppvas mapa tovs* Dwrtov modas emt oTOMa mimrel, Kal avroo édelTo TYLcopety ol abr@ maoxXovtTe Up’ wY hKiTa Xpiy avoo.a Epya "0 mat eyor ' ‘yAUKUTATE, TaTEpa pev Tov oov OoTLS TOTE iy ovoauh oiaQa, ere oe Uo Tet O0d Tpepopevov erL KaTadeTrov Evveuetpricaro TOV EavToo Biov, ov pay ovoe Tou Tov avTov Ovncat’ 7p yep Ta és THY ovolay ov lav evdaipov. un éuol dé Kaitrep ovTt TaTpo@ Tpadets, TIP TE nruktav THALKOTSE® El, WS GOV EivaL apuUvELY orovd) S: Bovay G.

avTn te Reiske: aith Te yap.

annyyeAAe g in margin, elsewhere in MSS, amayyéa- AerOa.

2 nme

20

ANECDOTA ii. 1-7

previous custom. For in order that the man might not be alone and thus come to himself, and scorning her enchantments might come to think as he ought concerning her, she had taken care to travel all over the world with him. Furthermore, in order that Theodosius might once more have access to her, she took measures to have Photius put out of her way. So she persuaded some of the retinue of Belisarius to torment him constantly and insult him, sparing him not a moment; she herself, meanwhile, by writing practically every day was maintaining a steady attack of slander and was moving everything against the youth. So he in turn, under the compulsion of these measures, decided to resort to slander against his mother, and when a certain person arriving from Byzantium announced that Theodosius was secretly staying with Antonina, he straightway brought him before Belisarius, bidding him to reveal the whole story. And when Belisarius heard the story, he was transported with rage and fell on his face before the feet of Photius and begged him to avenge his father who was suffering unholy treatment from those who, least of all, should do such things. And he said: “ O son most beloved, you have no know- ledge of who your father was, since while you were still being nourished at the breast, he fulfilled the term of life and left you and you have profited by no portion of his estate; for he was not very fortunate in the matter of possessions. But you were reared under my care, who am only your stepfather, and you are now of such an age that it is your duty to

4 rap tous Alemannus: ws mapa Tov. 5 rmdtcdode Dindorf: tndtkodros 5é.

21

B20 9

12 7

10

11

13

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

? / b] \ 4 ” ¢€ / adikovpuév@ fol €S TA pddLoTA, és TE UTdTwY > / vA \ / / akiwpma Kets Kat tmrovtov TeprBEBANcaL To- covee XpHua, Wate TaTHp Te Kal pnTNP Kal TO Evryyeves aay eyorye KaNoLnv av, @ yevvaie, Kal ely dixaiws. ovy aipatit yap, GXXa TOIS Epyous el@Oact dfta arab macbar THV és aX OUS oTopyny avO poor. dpa col Tolvuy pH mepivoetv cme pev pos 7H THS olxias diag Popa Kal xpn- faTov Eo TEP) LEVOV ToooUT@Y TO THOos, THY é pajrépa TI ony aicyos avadovpévny otTw én peya. Tpos TavTwV av pworror. evOupod TE WS ai TOV yuvareay dpaprtades ovK éml TovS avdpas (evTal jLovov, aNXAa Kal Taldwy aTTOVTAL baXXov, ots ye kal do€av twa hépecOar éx Tod ézl lal , / lal TAElaTOV GUUBHTETAL, WS PYTEL TOV TPOTrOV Tats yeva evans colkacl. ouT@at TE Novi fou Tmepl enod, ws eyo Thy yuvatka THY €“auTOU Tavu bev PirXO, Kal Hv joe tisacbar Tov d:apbopéa Tis oixias é€&9,2 ovdév adtny épydcouar daddor, mepLovTos b€ Meodoctiov TavTn TO éyKAnpma éTLYw- pety ovK ay duvaiunv.” r a 5) / G , e , \ Latta axovcas 0 Pertios UTTNPETNOELVY [LEV e / ? iA / \ / , @moroyer €s dmravta, dedvévar Sé pn TL AaBor > / 1 \ a qo AS) , a évOévde Kaxov, To Oapoeivy él TO aBeBaiw Tis Bedicaptov yvouns Ta ye &s THY yuvatxa ov U ” ” \ > \ \ \ \ opodpa éxwv' ada TE Yap avToV TOA Kal TO Maxedovias dvcwmeitv mabos. S10 8) auho iA 3 > / 4 > / if én >’ aTavTas” aXAnAoW* wWuoTaTHY Oocol On EV Xpictiavois Seuvotatoe bpkou eiai Te Kal ovo- Latuatig: dua. Ti GS, pnuacw Suidas. amavras G, Suidas: om S. 2 éof Reiske: étfy. GAANAOw Suidas: &AAHAots.

- oO

22

“

ANECDOTA ii. 7-13

defend me to the utmost when I suffer injustice; and you have risen to the rank of Consul and have ac- quired such a mass of wealth, my noble boy, that I might justly be called, and indeed might be, both father to you and mother and all your kindred. For it is not by ties of blood, but in very truth by deeds, that men are wont to gauge their affection for one another. The time has come, then, for you not to stand by and see me, in addition to the ruin of my home, also deprived of property in so vast an amount and your own mother fastening upon herself a dis- grace so great in the eyes of all mankind. And bear in mind that the sins of women do not fall upon the husbands alone, but affect their children even more; for it will generally be their lot to carry with them a certain reputation to the effect that they resemble their mothers in character. Thus would I have you take counsel concerning me, that I love my wife exceedingly, and if it be granted me to take vengeance upon the corrupter of my home, I shall do her no harm; but while Theodosius lives, I cannot forgive her the accusation against her.”

Upon hearing all this Photius said that he would indeed assist in everything, but that he feared he might suffer some harm therefrom, for he decidedly could feel no confidence in the unsteady judgment of Belisarius in matters touching his wife; for many circumstances, and in particular the fate of Mace- donia,' troubled him. Accordingly the two men swore to each other all the oaths which are the most terrible among the Christians and are in fact so de-

‘ A slave-girl who had informed against Antonina; cf. Chap. i. 21, above,

23

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

patovtar, unmote ANAnAW! KaTaTpOnTEDOaL aXpL 14 Tov és Tov ONEOpov depovTwY KLVS’VaV. év peEv obv TO Tapovte TO Epyw eyxerpelv EdoEe odhiow Vra77 3 G / NG , > akévppopov elvar, omnvixa d€ ‘Avtwviva €éx Bvu- \ ay / favtiou adixnta, és O€ Tay "Eqecov Oeoddatos ” , a , , 5) an? , lov, THviKdde TOD Xpovov Detiov ev tH Edéow yevouevov Ocodocrov Te Kal TA YXpHpata ovdevi 6K t \ , \ 5 movm xYetpwoacOa.? ToTE ev OVY avTOL TE THY 5) B Xt \ an lel 3 \ II (8 éoBodkny tmavtt TO aotpata® és tH Ilepcida / , > / L} fal meToinvrar xwpav, audi te lwavyn TO Karra- f? > / / / [cA doxn ev Bufavtiw EvynvéxOn yevéoOar, dtrep pot 16 é€vy tots Eurpocbev Novos SednrAwWTAL. EvOa 47) TOUTO Mol T@ Séer GETLWTNTAL [LOVOY, OTL YE OUK ~ t a A elk) Tov Te? “lwavyny Kal tHv* avTod Taida 4 "Avtoviva éEntatyKel, AXX OpKkwy avdtTovs TANOEL, avmep ovdev hoBepwrepoy ev ye Xpiotvavois eivar lal a fol fal / > doxel, mistwoapevn, pndewed Sorepad yvapn és > ‘ a lal 4 / 17 avtous xpijc@a. tadta te diaTeTpaypEevn Kal TONN@ ETL paddov él TH THs Bactrtidos Pap- r / / povoa didia Beodooroy pev és “Edecoy orédreu, aut? O€ undev bToToTalouca evaytiwpa él Tv (v4 / ” be B / \ Ss) / 18 €w KouteTac. ApTl O€ eXtoapio TO {LOAUPAV@V / / € a fal , povptov ENovTL 00H lovaa mMpos Tov ayyé\XeTAl. NEN 7 / > > \ ‘ / Kal 05 TaANa TavTa év ovdEeVvL NOYw TrEeTTOLNMEVOS . / a \ 19 6migw Umiye TO oTpdtevpa. EvvynvéxOn yap, ays, uy TEP “ol TA TpoTEpa Sedurjyntat, Kal Etrepa aTTAa 1 GdAhdw KraSeninnikov : adAAfAwy MSS., Suidas. 2 xeipooacbai: Haury conjectures xéipdécecdar.

3 +6yv re Reiske: réy ye. * +}y Alemannus, a: toy GS.

24

—

ANECDOTA ii. 13-19

signated by them, that they would never betray each other, even in the presence of dangers threatening their destruction. And so for the present it seemed to them not advisable to undertake the deed, but when Antonina should arrive from Byzantium and Theo- dosius should go to Ephesus, at that moment Photius was to arrive in Ephesus, where without difficulty he would lay hands upon Theodosius and the money. Now at that time, while they were making the invasion into the land of Persia with the whole army, the affair of John the Cappadocian chanced to be taking place in Byzantium, as has been set. forth by me in the preceding narrative.t But in the other account one fact was passed over in silence by me through fear—that Antonina had _ practised deception upon John and his daughter, not without intent, but after giving them the assurance of count- less oaths, than Which none is accounted more terrible among Christians, at any rate, that she was not acting with any treacherous purpose towards them. So after she had completed this transaction and felt a much greater confidence in the friendship of the Empress, she sent Theodosius to Ephesus and herself, foreseeing no obstacle, set out for the East. And just after Belisarius had captured the fortress of Sisauranon,? it was reported to him by someone that she was on the way. Whereupon he, counting all other things as of no importance, led his army back. Tor it so happened that certain other things

' John had been tricked by Antonina into compromising himself, whereupon he had been removed from the office of Praetorian Prefect and banished in disgrace. See Book I. KV Ud! [fie

2 Book II. xix. 24.

cs)

12) f33

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

b] nr / / A > \ > \ év TO oTpaToTédm yevéoPal, aTrep avTov €s THY avaywpnow apa. TOTO péVTOL TOAAM ETL 20 Oaooov évtavda dvijyev. arn Orrep} toddEe TOD Adyou apX O[EVOS elmov, ov Hoe axivouvov TNVLKGOE Tob Xpovov edofev elval TAS aiTias. TOV mem pary- 21 pévwyv atacas elreiv. eyKAnwa Te an avrtob éyéveto Bedioapiw mpos tavtwv “Pwpaiwv, 6tt 57) THs moduTeElas Ta KalpLwTaTa avTos TreEpl éNdaaovos TpayLarov TOV KATA THY oixiay Te- 22 mointa. apxny fev yap TO THs /uvaukos maGer EX OMEVOS, WS aT OTaTW yeveabat THs yAs Popatwv ovdaph) 70 rer, Orws emrevday * (TaXoTa muOnTat TD yuvaina éx Bvfavtiov Kew, avactpévas autixa 6) para katahaPelv Te Kal ticacbat 23 olds Te ei. 540 67) Tovs pev appt "A pé@av Tiypw Tora mov diaBaivery éxéXevcer, of ye ovdev 6 TL Kal oyou akov dvaTreTpaypevoe er’ olkov aTre- KopicOnoan, avros b€ ovde Tépas ® 00@ dr one- AcipOar Cpeov TOV “Pwpaiwv év onovdy elxe. 24 dpovpiov yap TO Licavpavev ola Mey TOES Nicifidos tovte mAéov 7) 00@ ruepas evtove avopt TOV ‘Popaixay opiwv buéyer, érepoOt 88 TOUTOU on TOU HETpou EvpBaiver TO peTakv * elval. 25 Kaitou eb TavTl T® oTpaTo Tiypwv wotapov dia-

1 Grep S, drep po G.

2 émeidav Alemannus: ei5° ay. 3 juépas Haury: dpas. 4 Alemannus unnecessarily conj. fucou for uerakd.

1 Book II. xix. 26 ff.

2 As far away, for instance, as Mesopotamia and Persia.

8 Book II. xix. 15. Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ed. Bury, IV, p. 369, cautions the reader to close his ears to the “ malevolent whisper of the Anecdota”’ and gives

26

ANECDOTA ii. 19-25

too, as related by me previously,! had occurred in the army which influenced him to this retreat. This information, however, led him much more quickly to the decision. But, as I said at the beginning of this book, it seemed to me at that time to be dangerous to state all the causes of what had taken place. As a result of this action Belisarius was accused by all Romans as having subordinated the most vital interests of the State to those of his own family. For from the first he was so constrained by the misconduct of his wife that he had been quite un- willing to get to a region as distant as possible from Roman territory,? in order that he might be able, as soon as he learned that the woman had come from Byzantium, to turn back and to catch and to punish her immediately. So for this reason he ordered Arethas and his men to cross the Tigris River,? and they, after having accomplished nothing worthy of mention, departed for home, while as for himself he saw to it that he did not get even one day’s march from the Roman boundary. For while the fortress of Sisauranon, if one goes by way of the city of Nisibis, is indeed for an unencumbered traveller more than one day’s journey* from the Roman boundary, yet by another road it is only half that distance. And yet if he had been willing in the first place to cross the Tigris River with his whole

high praise to the skill, strategy and diplomacy of Belisarius, whose miscellaneous army was “ without pay or discipline” and whose chief general Arethas was disobedient and intract- able, having neither returned from his expedition nor sent any intelligence of his movements.

4 This rough unit of measurement is defined by Procopius (Book III. i. 17) as 210 stades, or the distance from Athens to Megara—about 25 miles.

27

B23 26

27

28

29

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

BivatKkar dpxas 70erev, olwae av aurov Evpravra Anlcacbar Ta eri “Acoupias Xepia, Kal HEX pL €S Krnowpavra Tow ovdEevos TO mapan av avTitTa- TOUVTOS ohiow apixbat, Kal Tovs TE "AvTLoyewy aixymarwtous, dco Te ‘Pwpaiwy adror évtav0a dvtes eTUYYaVOY, SiacwWadmEVOY ETTaVIKEW &€S TA matpia On. €mevta dé nal Xoopon aitidtatos yéyovey adcéotepov em oixou atroxopivecOar éx Ths Korxidos. sévtwa dé TpoTov TeTUYNKE TOUTO avtixa dndow.

“Hvixka Xoapons 0 KaBdbou eis yiv éuBarav Thv Kodyida ta te adda Suerrpa~ato amep pou eum poo bev dedunyntat, cal Ilétpav cide, moAXOUS TOU Mysov orparod drep Oapbat EvvéBn TO Te TONELO Kal tals Suoxwpiats. dvaodos Te yap, @aoTep poe elpnrat, » Aafixn éote Kal drws Kpnpv@dns. Kal pny Kal Aotpod em LTreg OvTOS opict TO mrEloToV Tov OTpPATOU aTrohwhevat Evvérrece, ToNXovs b€ avTaY Kal TOV avayKalov Th aropia SvePOapOar EvvéBy. €v route 6€ Kal TIES €K yiis THS Tepatdos évtavda émixepudtovres NYVENNOV os NaBednv ev Beroapros audl modu NiowBw ayn yiKnoas Tpoow Ywpoin, TONLOPKLA éé TO Lioavpaveov EX@v ppovptov BAnoyauny Te Kal Tepoay imrmreis OxTAKOTLOUS Sopvahwrous TeTonTat, otpatevpa O€ adr “Pwpalwy Eup ye "Apé0a TO Lapaxnvav apxovre meéwerev, Orep duapav TmoTapov Teypw Evprravta AenAaToELE Ta éxelvn xYwpia, TpOTEpoy adywta dvTAa. éeTvy-

1 Captured by Chosroes when he sacked the city, 540 a.p. Cf. Book II. xiii. 2-6.

28

ANECDOTA ii. 25-29

army, I believe that he would have plundered the whole land of Assyria and would haye reached the city of Ctesiphon without encountering any opposi- tion whatever, and would have rescued the prisoners from Antioch! and all the other Romans who chanced to be there before he finally returned to his native land. Furthermore, he was chiefly responsible for the fact that Chosroes returned home from Colchis in comparative security. And the manner in which this happened I shall straightway make clear. When Chosroes, son of Cabades, made his invasion into the land of Colchis and achieved all those things’ which have been set forth by me above,? including the capture of Petra, it chanced that many of the army of the Medes were destroyed both by the fighting and by the difficult nature of the country. For Lazica, as I have stated,? is a country of bad roads and everywhere abounds in precipices. In addition to these difficulties it chanced that a pestilence fell upon the army and the greater part of it was carried away by it and many of the soldiers also met their death as a result of their lack of provisions. At this point also certain persons from the land of Persia, who were passing that way, announced that Beli- sarius had defeated Nabedes in a battle near the city of Nisibis and was moving forward, had taken the fortress of Sisauranon by siege and captured Bleschames and eight hundred horsemen of_ the Persians, and had sent out another Roman army under Arethas, leader of the Saracens, and that this army had crossed the Tigris River and laid waste that whole country, which had never been plundered

2 Book II. xiv. 3 Book II. xxix. 24, 25. 29

B 24

Oy

31

33

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

Nave dé Kal oTpaTeupa Ovvyey em "A ppevious TOUS “Popaiwr KaTNKOOUS 6 Xoopons oreihas, Strws TH és avTous aoyonla pndepnia Tols TAUTN ‘Peopaiors Tov ev Navich T pac cowevov aicOnots yévntat. Tovtous Te ToUs BapBapous amnyyeAXov Erepot Badepiave kal ‘Pwpaiows bravtiacacwy és xEtpas eAOovtas Tapa te! TOAV a’Ta@V naonOevtas TH ayn €k TOD él mAEeloTOV amroAwAévat. amep ot Ilépoat akovoavres Kal caxonabeta poev TH €v Aafois KEKAKO MEV OL, dediotes Se pn TW ev 7H amroropeig” EVTUXOVTES TONELLOV oTpar@ é€v Kpnpwots Kat Ywpliols Aoypuwdeciy amavtes ovdevi® Kooum SiapGapeiev, mrepidecis appl Te Tatol Kal yuvarki Kal TH TaTpLoe yeyevn- pévot,* ef Te® Kabapov hv ev 7@ Midway otpate, Xoopon éAo.dopodvt0 emikadodv7Es ws Es TE TOUS 6pKkous noeBnkas Kal Ta KOWAa VOLLLA TaYTOV avo pwrrwv éoBdrou mev ev otrovdais és “Pwpaiwv THY yi ovdev ol 8 spoonKonr, adiKxotn é mohuTevav apxatay TE Kal abiwtarny TATOV “adLoTA, IS TO Toe wen mepietvac ovK av Svvartor emeov dé vew- TEpols eyxetpely T paypal. ols 67) 0 Nog pons vyTapax Fels etpeto TOU KAKOD lacw T7V0e. ypau- pata yap autos avereEato, amep evaryXos 2) Bacinris TO ZaBepyavy eruyxave ypaaca. €01)ou d€ 1) ypadn Tae “ "Ons oe, a /ZaBep- yan, bua oTrovors EXO, eUVoUV cE _olopevn Tots NMETEPOLS Tpaypacw eivat, olcba em Tper Bela ov 1 rapa re Haury: mapa. * amomope(a Dindorf : amopia.

3 ovder! S: ev odder) G. 4 yeyernueror S: yeyernuevn G. 5 ria: iu Gs.

8 oddév of KraSeninnikov: odSéy Piccolos: obdevi.

3°

ANECDOTA ii. 29-33

before. It happened also that Chosroes had sent an army of Huns against the Armenians who are subjects of the Romans, in order that by reason of their preoccupation with this force the Romans there might take no notice of what was going on in Lazica. Still other messengers brought word that these bar- barians had encountered Valerian and the Romans and, upon engaging with them, and having been heavily defeated in the battle, had for the most part been destroyed. When the Persians heard these things and, partly because of the miseries which they had suffered in Lazica,! and partly because they feared lest they might during the withdrawal chance upon some hostile foree among the cliffs and the regions overgrown with thickets and all, in the utter confusion of their forces, be destroyed, had become exceedingly anxious for the safety of their wives and children and native land, then all the loyal element in the Medic army began to heap abuses upon Chos- roes, charging him with having, in violation of his oaths and the obligations commonly held to by all mankind, made during a truce an invasion of Roman territory to which he had no claim, and was wronging a State which was ancient and worthy, above all states, of the highest honour, one which he could not possibly overcome in war; and they were on the point of a revolution. Now Chosroes was thoroughly disturbed by this situation, but he found the following remedy for the trouble. For he read to them a letter which the Empress had recently chanced to send to Zaberganes. Now this letter set forth the following: ‘‘ How de- voted I am to you, O Zaberganes, believing you to be loyal to our interests, you know already, since you

1 Cf. Book VIII. vii. 4. 31

34

37

bo

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

TON TpOoTepov és wa apuypevos. ovKODY TPAaTTOLS AV ELKOTA TH 60&n nv ert} col Exo, el ye Baowéa Xoopony eipnvaia meiOors €s modiTelav \ e / 4 fa} 2 ef / > Aa THY NET EPAY BovrevecOa.2 otTw yap cou ayaba peydra TPs avdpos avabéxopuat TOUpOD ever Gar, ds ye ovdey av O TL ear? avev yvouns THs euAs mpakelev. TavTa Oo Xoapons dvanreEdpevos, overdiaas Te Ilepo@y tots Noyipows* ef modvTElav olovTas elvas iy yuvn SloiKeiTaL, THY TOV avdpov ¢ \ >’ / ” > \ \ A ‘\ opynv avactéddeLv Ecyev. adda Kal ws Evv / a) / > / \ ? \ / d€et TOAAW EvOévde amryer, Tors audit Bedrrodprov / , olomevos ofiow éeuTod@v atncecOat. ovdevds dé of TOY ToAELiwY UTayTLacaYTOS aopeEvos és yav THY olKelay aTreKouic On.

t al / de e / ? a tS y. Levopevos d€ 0 Bedtoadpios és yhv TtHv ‘Pwpaiov elploxet THY yuvaica eK Bufavtiouv adicopevny. Kal avTny pev ev aripig epvraace, TOANAKLS TE Svaxetpioac bar avrny eyvelpnoas éeuarOakicOn, épol bev Soxel, Epwros joonGels Svar vpou TLVOS. pact dé adtov Kal paryyavetars TPs THs yuvalkos catahapuBavopevor ev TO mapautixa éxrverOar. CPortios 5€ Kata Taxos ® és tv “Edecov até\deTal, TOY TWA EevvVOUYwD

, an

Kadnuyovoy dvoma, Tpoaryoryov THS KEKTN MEDS dvTa Oeopmevoas TE Kal Eby auT@ EXO, | doTEp auT@ aixiCopevos €v TH 00@ TavTn aravra eEnveyKe Ta arroppnta. kal @ecoddcvos bev mpoualav és TO (epov ‘lwavvov Kkatadevyer Tod

1 én) G, aug S.

2 Bovrcverbar S, BovrAcoba G.

3 Adyou &kiov added by Piccolos after 6 7: Kai ; cf. par. 23. In place of «xf, Capps would read kavdy ‘no new measure.”

32

ANECDOTA ii. 33-111. 3

quite recently came to us on an embassy. You would then be acting in accord with the high opinion I hold of you, if you should persuade King Chosroes to adopt a peaceful attitude toward our State. For in case you do this, I promise that great benefits will accrue to you from my husband, who can be counted upon to carry out no measure whatever without consulting my judgment.” When Chosroes had read this to the Persian notables, he reproached any of them who thought that any real State existed where a woman was the administrator, and thus succeeded in checking the vehemence of the men. Yet even so he departed from there in great fear, thinking that the forces of Belisarius would block their way. No hostile force, however, encountered him, and he gladly repaired to his own land.

iii. When Belisarius had reached Roman territory, he found that his wife had arrived from Byzantium. And he kept her under guard in disgrace, and though he many times set about destroying her, his heart was softened, being vanquished, as it seems to me, by a sort of flaming-hot love. But they say that it was also through her magic arts that he was brought under the control of the woman and immediately undone. Now Photius set off in haste for Ephesus, taking with him as a prisoner one of the eunuchs, Calligonus by name, who acted as a go-between for his mistress, and he on this journey revealed to him under torture all the woman’s secrets. But Theo- dosius, having advance information, fled for safety to the sanctuary of the Apostle John, which is the most

* Doyluots KraSeninnikov : Avytois. 5 thy ag, trav GS, 5 nara taXos Reiske: kdroikos G, kdtoxos 8.

33 VOL. VI. D

P 10 B 26

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

dmoaTohou, omep evTavda dyLorarov €oTe Kal eM LELKOS EVTLMOD. "Avdpéas 6€ 0 THs *"Edéoou apXvepers Xprjacty ol davaTreva els TOV av pwr ov EvexXElploTev. EV TOUT 1 Ocodepa apt TH "Avtovirn beipaivovea, nknKoet yap dca bn avTH Evverrentwxet, Bertodpiov Evy avtn és Bufavtiov metatréutretat. Dwtios d€ TavTa axovaoas Meo- Sdctov pev &s Kiduxas méurret, ot 67 of Sopupopor Te Kal UnacmiaTal SiaxerpadfovTes ETUYXOV, TOLS TapaToumois éemictethas NaPpavoTata fev TOV dvdpa todtov Svaxopifew, és Kiduxas d€ adixo- pevous * KEKPUMMEVWS €S TA padiora é€v puracy EXEW, pndevi ala @now TA peXOHLEVOLS Oro yas ein. auros dé Evy Te Kardduyove Kal tois @eodoctou Xpypactv adpols trow ovow &€s Bufavtiov 7dOev. evtav0a 7 Bacirts ériderEw tretoinrar és TavTas avOpatrous, bt 6) Yapitas hovious eidein petoot Te Kal plapwTépors apelBecbat Swpois. “Avtwviva pev yap &va oi évaryyos TOV Kamradoxny ex pov évedpevoaca Tpovdwxen, avTn 6€ TAOS exeivy eyxXetploaca avdpav dveyKAnT ws ® av npnKe. TOV yap Bedtcapiw cal Potio émitndeiwy TOV meV Ta ocwWpaTa aikicauévn, Kal TOUTO fovoy éTL- KaNécaca, OTL és Tw avope TOUTW EvVOIKaS éyouev, oUTw OéBeTO waTE avTois és 6 TL ToTE ) TUXN €TEAEUTA OUTwW VUV iopev' ANdOUS SE puyn étnuiwoe, TavTO TovTO emEveyKodca. eva pévtoe TaV Patio és tHv "Edecoy éricTopevor, Mcotociov dvopa, Kaimep és akiwpa BovrAs4 &picouevots KraSeninnikov : a¢ixomeévous.

éva Reiske: év@a.

1 2 3 Haury proposes aveyxAntoy for dveykAjtes.

34

ANECDOTA iii. 3-9

holy one there and held in very high honour. An- dreas, however, the Chief Priest of Ephesus, accepted a bribe and delivered the man over to Photius. At this point Theodora, being solicitous for Antonina (for she had heard all that had happened to her), summoned Belisarius and her to Byzantium. And Photius, upon hearing this, sent Theodosius into Cilicia where the spearman and guards! chanced to be passing the winter, instructing the escort to convey this man with the utmost secrecy, and when they reached Cilicia, to keep him in very strictly hidden confinement, giving information to no man where in the world he was. He himself, meanwhile, with Calligonus and the money of Theodosius, which amounted to a rather imposing sum, came to Byzantium. ‘There the Empress made an exhibition before all mankind, shewing that she knew how to requite bloody favours with greater and more unholy gifts. Tor whereas Antonina had recently laid snares for one enemy for her, the Cappadocian, and had betrayed him, she herself delivered over to Antonina a host of men and brought about their de- struction without even a charge having been brought against them. For she first tortured certain intim- ates of Belisarius and Photius, alleging against them only the fact that they were on friendly terms with these two men, and then so disposed of them that up to this day we do not yet know what their final fate was; others too she punished by banish- ment, laying this same charge against them. But one of those who had followed Photius to Ephesus, Theodosius by name, though he had attained the

1 Cf, Book LV. xviii. 6. 4 Bovais S, tiufs G.

35 pd 2

B 27

10

11

13

14

16

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

HKOVTA, THY ovalav aderomevn ev OwuaTio KaTa- ryelo te Kal Gros Copwder Eotncev eri pdtyns Tivos Bpoxov of Tov TpayndAov avarapuévn és toaovee Bpaxvy, @ate avT@ del! éevTeTacOar Kai yarapov pndaph eivar. éEotnKws auédeu dSienverés emt tavTns 51 THs patyns 0 Tddas adie TE Kal Umvov npeito, Kal Tas addraS ivVEY aTdoas THS pvcews ypelas, adro TE Ol ovdev és TO Tois dvOLS eixavecOar 6 Te 1) Bpwpacbar €XéXELTTTO. YX povos bé TO avOpore ovx ooo 7) LNvov TET oT apov ev TAUTY Th Suaity eTpiBy, Eos peday Xo as voow ddovs Mavels TE ExTOT WS Kal oUTw gi TAUTNS THS eipxTns adebels cita amébave. L Bedtoadprov ovTL Exovatov Avtavivn TH sai ea ae nvayKace. Patiov b€ aixicpois Te AAXOLS avdpa- modwbect TeptBadovoa Kal Edvaca Kata Te TOU V@TOU Kab TOV WLLwWVY TONGS, ex Reyewy exe Nevev O7roL Tore yas Oeoddaros Te Kal o T poay@w'yos Elje 0 oe KaiTrep umo THS Bacdvou KaTaTelvo- [LEvOs Ta uw pmo peva cumredovy & eyvo, avip yore dns mev Kal VEL MEVOS yeyovws mpotepor, és € THY appl TO copa Oepareiav eoToveaKas, UBpews TE YEVOMEVOS ) Tarai @ptas TLVOS aTrELpos. 2 ovodev yoov autos rev Behuoapiou KEK PUMMEVOY éfelmev. UVoTEpov mévTOL AtTravTa TA TéWS dr dp- pyta es das €dAnAOVGE. Kai KadXiyovoy pev Ho évtavda evpovaa tHde Tapédwxe, Tov Sé @codocrov® petaxarécaca és Bulavtiov, ered) apixeto, evOvs pev KpvTTe év LlaXatiw, 7H dé votepaia petameuWanevn “Avtwvivav, “°O. 1 airg ael Capps, a’toy del Reiske: adr@ 81) G, aitg wh S. 2 &me:pos g in text: Eumeipos GS, g in margin.

36

ANECDOTA iii. 9-16

dignity of Senator, she stripped of his property and forced him to stand in an underground chamber which was utterly dark, tying his neck to a sort of manger with a rope so short that it was always stretched taut for the man and never hung slack. So the poor wretch stood there continuously at this manger, both eating and sleeping and fulfilling all the other needs of nature, and nothing except braying was needed to complete his resemblance to the ass. And a time amounting to not less than four months was passed by the man in this existence until he was attacked by the disease of melancholy, became violently insane and so finally was released from this confinement and then died. And she forced Belisarius, quite against his will, to become reconciled with his wife Antonina. She then inflicted sundry servile tortures upon Photius, among others combing his back and his shoulders with many lashes and commanded him to tell where in the world Theodosius and the go-between were. But he, though being racked with torture, determined to hold fast to his oath; for though he was a sickly person and had in earlier life been dissolute, yet he had been devoted to the care of his body, having experienced neither wanton treatment nor hardship. At any rate, he disclosed not one of the secrets of Belisarius. At a later time, however, everything which hitherto had remained secret came to light. She also found Calligonus there and handed him over to Antonina. And she summoned Theodosius to Byzantium, and upon his arrival, straightway concealed him in the Palace; and next day, calling Antonina to her, she

5 Ocoddctov added by Maltretus. 37

1 wl we

B 28 18

19

20 21

22

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PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

pirrary marpicia” én “ mdpyapov &s xXelpas Tas: éuas Th Mpotepata eLTETT@KED, olov ovdeis TOT dO padray eide. Kal cou Bovropevn ovUK av POovncatpus Tod Oedwatos ToOUTOV, GANA érvdelEw.”

Kal » pev ov Evveica tod mpaccopévov Tov papyapov ol émudetEar ToAAA éNUT Apel. 7 6€ TOV @codocrov €& oixidiov THY TLWOS evvovxov eEaya- youoa emeCerEev, *Avtwviva 6€ Ta pev Tpara TEPLX ANS ayav yeyouuia vd’ nOovns axavns eperve, Naperas Té ol dedpaxevar @{LONOVEL TONGS, gwTELpav Te Kal EvepyeTIV ATroKaOdDaGAa Kal déc- Towav dV’TwWS. ToOUTOV bé TOY MEoddaiov 7 Baciris xatacxovoa év Iladatiw tpudis Te Kal THS adds evmaeias nEtou, oT paTny ov TE NTELANTE “Popatous avTov ouK els paxpay KataotncecOat. adna TLS TpoTEepnoaca bin voow adovra ducev- Teplas e& avOpoTwv avTov agaviter. my b€ oikidva 7H Oeodapa dmoxpupa pev Kal dws AeAn ora fopadn Te Kal ayeiTova, € évOa 87 ovTeE VUKTOS ouTeE npEpas dn Awors ylveTat. evtab0a TOV Peoriov éml Xpovou HiAjKcos cabeipEaca € eT npel. d0ev 61) avT@ Evvé8n Ts TUX ovy anak povov, adda Kal Sis duapuyovte atradrayhvat. Kal Ta bev TpATa KaTapuyev eis TOY vaov THs OeotoKov, bamep év Bufavtiows “Ayiitatos éoti te Kal ovouacOn, mapa tHv lepav tpdtefav iKxétns Kabjoto. évtev0év te avTov avacticaca Pia

1 This Church would seem to have been that known as the Church of the Mother of God, situated just outside the western city-wall on the Golden Horn, in what was later the ‘* Blacher-

nae’’ quarter of the city, and described in the Butldings

38

ANECDOTA iii. 16-23

said “‘ O dearest Patrician, yesterday a pear! fell into my hands, such as no man ever saw. If you wish, I should not begrudge you the sight of this, nay, I shall shew it to you.”” And she, not comprehending what was going on, begged her earnestly to shew her the pearl. And she brought Theodosius out of the room of one of the eunuchs and shewed him to her. And Antonina was so overjoyed that she at first remained speechless with pleasure, and then she acknowledged that Theodora had done her a great favour, calling her Saviour and Benefactor and Mistress in very truth. And the Empress detained this Theo- dosius in the Palace and bestowed upon him luxury and all manner of indulgence, and threatened that she would make him a Roman General after no long time. But a sort of justice forestalled her, for he was seized by an attack of dysentery and removed from the world. Now Theodora had concealed rooms which were completely hidden, being dark and isolated, where no indication of night or day could be observed. There she confined Photius and kept him under guard for a long time. From this place he had the fortune, not once but even twice, to escape and get away. The first time he fled to the Church of the Mother of God, which among the Byzantines is considered Most Holy, as it indeed was designated in its name,! and he sat as a suppliant beside the holy table. Thence she forced him with great

(1. iii. 3) as fepdraros Kal ceuvds &yav. Yet this Church was at a considerable distance from the Palace where Photius was confined, and the context seems to demand a location much nearer to the Palace and to the Church of St. Sophia, to which he later escaped; possibly the predecessor of the later Church of St. Mary Panachrantos, if such there was, is indicated,

39

tho We)

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30

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PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

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Xpioteavav lepets CE HUB SCL TO dceu eg- totavto Kal evexwpovy? ath dmarta. Tpidy meV ovv avT® evlavT@v Xpovos év TavTy TH diaity er pln, v bo repov b€0 Tpopntns auT@ Laxapias € emrL- oTas ovap OpKOLS, paaiy, EKENEUTE pevyew, TU weobat ol ev TO Epyo poe Oporoyioas. TAUTH Te TH oye dvarreia els avéaTn TE evévoe Kal Suadabav eis Ta ‘lepocodupa 7AOe, pevpiwy peév avTov duepevvmpévmyv avOpw@mar, otdevos dé Tov veaviav, Kaltep evTuXovTa, OpavTos. ov 6) amo prEapevos TE Kal TOV povaxav KaXovupevov TO oXhwa meptBardopevos THY éK Oeodwpas KONaCLY d.aguyeiv Ea ye. Bedtodptos 6€ Ta opeopoomeva TrOYNKS, TLUWpELVY TE ovdaph TOUT® EAOMEVOS TaoXOVTL, OoTeEp éppn0n, avocia epya, és mavra ol olTrov Ta emit OevpaTa ToNEMLA TA TPOs TOU Heod ws TO ElKOs EUpeD: evOds yap emi te Mndous kal Nooponv cranrels To Tpitov éoBarovtas és “Pwpaiwy thy yi KaKxo- TyTa @pre. Kaitor edoxer TL AOyou aktov S1a- meTpaxOat, Tov Todewov evOévde aTrocELaapeEvos,

1 évexwpouy G in margin, &vex#pouv G in text, S

4o

—

es

ANECDOTA iii. 23-31

violence to rise and once more put him into confine- ment. And the second time he reached the sanctuary of Sophia, and he suddenly seated himself close to the divine fountain ! itself, which the Christians have been wont to reverence above all things. But the woman succeeded in dragging him away even from there. For no inviolable spot ever remained inaccessible to her, but it seemed nothing to her to do violence to any and allsacred things. And not only the populace but also the priests of the Christians, smitten with terror, stood aside and conceded everything to her. So a period of three years was passed by him in this. manner of life, but afterwards the prophet Zachariah stood over him in a dream and with oaths, they say, commanded him to flee, promising that he would lend him a hand in this undertaking. Persuaded by this vision he got away from there and escaping detection came to Jerusalem, and though countless persons were searching for him, no man saw the youth, even when he stood before him. There he shaved his head, and by clothing himself in the garb of the monks, as they are called, he succeeded in escaping the punishment of Theodora. But Beli- sarius had neglected his oath and had chosen in no way to support this man, though he was suffering unholy treatment, as I have said; and so, in all his undertakings thereafter, he naturally found the power of God hostile. For straightway, being sent against the Medes and Chosroes, who were making their third invasion into Roman territory, he was guilty of cowardice. And yet he did seem to have accomplished something of note in having shaken off the war from that quarter. Yet when Chosroes

1 The Baptisterium.

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PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

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1 «al omitted by GS, added by KraSeninnikoy from 4. 2 trepiayayodoa Haury : : mapayayotoa. Reiske proposed mapadaBovca, 3 emitpé~wow Reiske: émarpévwouw. 4 Alemannus proposed @uuod weorH, unnecessarily.

42

ANECDOTA iii. 31-iv. 6

crossed the Euphrates River, captured the populous city of Callinicus which had not a man to defend it, and enslaved many thousand Romans, and when Belisarius was not concerned even to follow up the enemy, he won the reputation of having remained where he was for one of two reasons—either because he was willfully negligent or else because he was a coward.

iv. At about this time another thing also befell him, as follows. The plague which I mentioned in the previous narrative? was ravaging the population of Byzantium. And the Emperor Justinian was taken very seriously ill, so that it was even reported that he had died. And this report was circulated by rumour and was carried as far as the Roman army. There some of the commanders began to say that, if the Romans should set up a second Justinian as Emperor over them in Byzantium, they would never tolerate it. But a little later it so fell out that the Emperor recovered, and the commanders of the Roman army began to slander one another. Tor Peter the General and John whom they called the Glutton declared that they had heard Belisarius and Bouzes say those things which I have just mentioned. The Empress Theodora, declaring that these slighting things which the men had said were directed against her, became quite out of patience. So she straightway summoned them all to Byzantium

1 Book IL. xxii, xxiii.

2 weotds is used, especially in later Greek, with ® noun in the genitive to describe satiety and impatience with a thing. Cf. Plutarch, Mor. 541 d (of Themistocles): danvixa robs *ABnvatous éEdpa weorods bvras airod, ‘ that the Athenians were sick and tired of him”? (ef. ‘fed up with’’).

43

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Te TOU AdyoU TOUTOU ToLncapéern, TOV Bovfnv peteTréuwato els THY yuvatkwvitw éEaTTIVaiws, @S TL aVT@ KoLvoAoynoomévn TOV ayav aTrov- Saiwy. Av é TL olknua év Taratin KATAYELOV, aapanrés TE Kal AaBupwwOddes Kal olov Taprapo elxaleOar, i iva On TOUS poo Nexpoukoras OS Ta Toa kabeipEaca ETN pel.) kal o Bov&ns obv els TO Rapa pov ToUTO euBéeBrnTaL, evradda TE avnp. €& UmTdatwv yevonevos ayvooros det ToD TapovTos Kalpou emevev. ovTE yap autos év , Cd b U4 TKOTD abijper B SlayivocKkew olos Te éyeryover TOTEPOVY NMEpas” % VUKTWP ELN OUTE AAAW TH évtuyeiv elyev. dvOpwmos yap doTrep ol es nmepav ExdoTnV Ta olTia éppimtel, WoTep TL Onpiov Onpiw apwvos adovm @pirner. kal maor pev TETENEUTNKEVAL evOs d0£e, oyov pévtoe 4) penpny | movetabat avtov tive ® érorApa* ovoeis. éviautoiv dé dvoiv tatepov mpos nol tTécoapow oiKTLaamevy Tov avopa adhe. Kal ds @oTrep ava- BeBiwmxwos adracw whOn. Evvé8n Te TO AVOpOTH évOévee adel auBduwTTELV Te Kal TO GAO THpa VOowOoeL elvau.

Ta pev otv audi TO Bovfn THOE EXOPNTE. Bedroapiov 6€ Bacrrevs, KaiTrep ovdevos TOV KAT N'YOPOULEVOY ddovra, Ey KELBLEDNS THS Baor- ALdos Tapahvaas As eixev apxns |} Maprivov aut’ avtob TiS Ewas oTPATNYOV KATEDTIHT ATO, TOUS Te BeXicapiov Sopupdpovs te Kal UTacmicTtas Kal TOV OlKETOY El TL EV TOAEUM OOKIjoV HY, TOV TE

1 errpec Herwerden: évrnp7. 2 jmepas Herwerden: 7pépa. 3 adred rwwa Alemannus: radra Tid.

44

ANECDOTA iv. 6-13

and made an investigation of the report; and she called Bouzes suddenly into the women’s apartment as if to communicate to him something very import- ant. Now there was a suite of rooms in the Palace, below the ground level, secure and a veritable laby- rinth, so that it seemed to resemble Tartarus, where she usually kept in confinement those who had given offence. So Bouzes was hurled into this pit, and in that place he, a man sprung from a line of consuls, remained, forever unaware of time. For as he sat there in the darkness, he could not distinguish whether it was day or night, nor could he communicate with any other person. For the man who threw him his food for each day met him in silence, one as dumb as the other, as one beast meets another. And straight- way it was supposed by all that he had died, but no one dared mention or recall him. But two years and four months later she was moved to pity and released the man, and he was seen by all as one who had re- turned from the dead. But thereafter he always suffered from weak sight and his whole body was sickly.

Such was the experience of Bouzes. As_ for Belisarius, though he was convicted on none of the charges, the Emperor, at the insistence of the Em- press, relieved him of the command which he held and appointed Martinus to be General of the East in his stead, and instructed him to distribute the Sspearmen and guards! of Belisarius and all his servants who were notable men in war to certain

1 Book LV. xviii. 6.

4 éréAva added by Alemannus. 45

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15

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18

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PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

apyovtav Kal tov év Iladatiw evvovywy tiolv éméaTetre SiaddcacOat. of S€ KANpous em” ékel- VvoLs eu SeBrnpevor avTois OrrAots amavtas év opiow autots dteveiwarTo, Os 7 KaTaTuxely EKdoTO ouveBn. Kal Tov ditwy 6€ Kal adrAwS avT@ Ta TpoTEpa UToupynKOTwV ToANois amrettre + mapa Beduoapiov 2 MnKere lévat. Kal TEpinpyYETo TUK pov Oéapa Kal amloTos Opis, BeAvoaptos idearns év Bulavtie, oXedon TL {Lovos, GUVVOUS aet Kal oxvOpwros Kal Tov €& ériBouvrTs dppwdav Oavarov. Habotoa dé 7 Bacirts ToANa ot ert THs Ew VpPHUaTA eiva, méprpaca tav ev IlaXatio evvouxeov Tia KeKopeorar mavTa. ETvyXavE 58 » Avtwviva, Os pot elpntat, TO péev avdpl dia- popos yeyevnuévyn, TH O€ Bacidid. Pirtatn Kal avayKatoTaTn ovaa® év Tols wadwoTa ate 'lwavyny EvaryXos KATEPYATApLEVN TOV Karmasdoxny. 610 57) xapioacbar 7 Baars 7H "Avtwvivn Bovrev- rapern, amnavra émparrev om@s éEattioacbai Te Tov avopa 7 yuvn Kal amo Evpdopav THALK@VOE pucacba bo€ere, TavTn TE OV fovoy TO Tadat- TOpY és 70 TAVTENES KaTadnay var cunBroerar, ara Kal dtappnony avTov ate Tpos avris dlagecwopmevoyv alXyudrwToy avapracacba. éyé- veto 6€ woe. AGE pév Tote BeXtoadpios Tpat és Tladdriov, rep eiwder,s Ev avOpwrrois oixtpois Te Kal OALYyoLS TLalY. OvK evpevav® Sé TELpaca- pevos Baotréws te kal ths BaciAidos, adr Kal meptuBpiopévos evtav0a tr avdpav poyOnpav Te

1 Getme Alemanuus: ameimoy. 2 BeAiodpioy KraSeninnikov: BeArcapiw.

46

ANECDOTA iv. 13-21

of the officers and Palace eunuchs. So these cast lots for them and divided them all up among them selves, arms and all, as each happened to win them. And many of those who had been his friends or had previously served him in some way he forbade to visit Belisarius any longer. And he went about, a sorry and incredible sight, Belisarius a private citizen in Byzantium, practically alone, always pensive and gloomy, and dreading a death by violence. And the Empress, learning that he had much money in the East, sent one of the Palace eunuchs and had it all brought back. But Antonina, as I have said, had indeed quarrelled with her husband, yet was on terms of closest friendship and intimacy with the Empress, seeing she had recently accomplished the ruin of John the Cappadocian. So the Empress, in her determination to shew favours to Antonina, left nothing undone to have it appear that the woman had interceded successfully for her husband and had rescued him from such overwhelming misfortunes, and to bring it about that she should not only be completely reconciled with the wretched man, but also that she should unequivocally rescue him as though he were a prisoner of war whose life had been saved by her. And it came about as follows. Belisarius had on one occasion come early in the morning to the Palace, accompanied, as was his wont, by a small and pitiful escort. And finding the Emperor and the Empress not well disposed towards him, and also having been insulted there by men of the base and

3 otoa KraSeninnikov in appar. crit. : tuyxdvouca. § cidber G: efOiora S. 5 ejuevav Reiske; edmevas,

47

B 33

P 14

bo Oe

28

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

cal ayedalov, olxase aul dSetAnv oypiav aTTL@V OXETO, cuxva TE TeplaTpepopevos év TH ava- YO pT EL TavTy Kal TavTaxoae TEPLOKOTFOULEVOS, omdev tore TpogLovTas avUT@® TOUS amohhuvtas idoe. Evy TaVvTy TE TH éppwbta és 70 Swpa- TLOV davaBas emt TIS. oT Bados xabijoro [Lov0s, yevvatov bev ovdev evVvOMV, ovee OTe avnp erye- yoveu €v penn EXOV; (Spay oe ael Kal iheyyi@v kal Evy Tpoye@ TORN ATrOPOULEVOS, poBos TE dvdparrobwbect Kal pepiuvars ATOKVALO{LEVOS prro- Woxous Te Kal dws avavé pots. ‘Avtoviva 6é a aTeE OUTE TA Tpaccopeva OXWS ETL TAME oUTE TL TOV écopévmy KapaboKxodaa TepiTdtous évTavda EmolelTO auxXvoUS ofupeyuiavy cKNTTOMEVN* ETL yap eis GAXHAOUS UTOTTWS Elyov. peTakd bé Tis é€x IlaXariov, Kovadpatos dvoua, Kev Hon Oe- SvKoTos HALOV, THY TE aveiov uTrepBas eEaTrwaiws mapa TIV avdpwvitida éotn Ovpar, packer Tpos THS Baciridos evtav0a eaTadar. omep evel Beducapios EDITS Xelpas Kal 7r0das emt THIS o7“Bados édxvoas! Uarrtios Exevto, moos TV avaipecty éto“oTatos: ovTws aay avTov TO appevwr ov am eheolmrel. oUTw TolvuY oO Kova- Spatos map avrov eiaeav Ypaemara ol THS Baovnidos emederkev. édr)hou d€ 1) ypadbn rade

TA fev elpyaow nas, @ BeAtioTte, vic Ba. eyo 6é Ta TOANA OEelAovTA TH OH yuvatKt, TavTa 2 oy Ta eyejpara cor adetvar Evumavra eyvoxa, exelyy TV ony Swpoupevn Wuxi. TO fev obv evOev cot 70 Oapoeiy tmép te THs cwrnplas Kal

1 Alemannus proposed éxAvoas for éAxboas.

48

ANECDOTA iv. 21-28

common sort, he departed for his home late in the evening, often turning about as he walked away and looking around in eyery direction from which he might see his would-be assassins approaching. In such a state of terror he went up to his chamber and sat down alone upon his couch, thinking not one worthy thought nor even remembering that he had ever been a man, but perspiring constantly, with his head swimming, trembling violently in helpless despair, tortured by servile fears and apprehensions which were both cowardly and wholly unmanly. Meanwhile Antonina, as though not understanding at all what was going on or expecting any of the things which were about to happen, was walking up and down there repeatedly, pleading an attack of in- digestion; for they still maintained a suspicious attitude towards one another. In the meantime a man from the Palace, Quadratus by name, arrived after the sun had already set, and passing through the door of the court, suddenly stood by the door of the men’s apartments, stating that he had been sent there by the Empress. When Belisarius heard this, he drew up his hands and feet upon the couch and lay there upon his back, completely prepared for destruction; so thoroughly had all his manhood left him. And before Quadratus had come into his presence, he displayed to him a letter from the Empress. And the writing set forth the following. “You know, noble Sir, how you have treated us. But I, for my part, since I am greatly indebted to your wife, have decided to dismiss all these charges against you, giving to her the gift of your life. lor the future, then, you may be confident concerning

2

tavra Kraseninnikov : radrns, TavTp.

49 VOL. VI. E

B 34

29

30

31

33

36

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

TOY XPHLAToY mepleativ oTrotos b€ ov Tpos auTny eon. dua TOV TpaxOnaopevov elo opea.” TAUTA emel Bedioapros aveheEaro, apa pev ud’ 7dovijs éml péya apbels, dua S€ Kal TO Tapovre erriderEw eGéXwv moveta Oat TIS yvepns, avacras evOds Tapa THs yuvarKos TOUS mooas él oro ja TiTTEL. Kal yeipl ev Exatépa TreptiaBav avths audw Tas KUNLAS, TV oe yA@ooayv alt... Tov Tapoav THS yuvarkos peTaBiBalor, Tov pev Biou Kal Tis gwTnplas aitiay EXANEL, avdparrobov be auTHAs TO evOévde TLicTOV WmoroyEl Kai OUK aVvnp ésecbat. Kal TaY xXpnuatov Se Baciris és TPLUKOVTA YpUToD KevTnVvapla TO Bacirel Soda, Tad\Xa Berioapiw arédoto.

Ta bev obv aul Bedioapi TO oTpaTny@ THOE KEX@PNKEL, @TEp » TUXN OU TONS 7 pOTEpov Dedinepa Te Kal Ovirruy Sopvadwrous Tapede- d@xKel. ek Taravod dé "Tovotiviavoy Te Kal Oeodwpay TODTOS O ToUTOU Tod avdpos ax ptBa@s exveCev, UTEPOYKOS Te @Y Kal BacidtKkhs auras a&vos. epacKor TE WS TOV Onportov Xpnuarov Tedipmepos Te Kal Overriyidos TO TA€loTOY aTro- KpuYrajevos AdOpa ETvyXE,” potpay && adtav Bpaxetav Te TLVa Kal ovdapr) a€toNoyov Bacrrei edwke. movous 5€ Tovs Tov avOpwrrou Kal TOV eFabev THY Prac bnpiav dca piOwovpevor, dua bé Kal OKT dEoXpewv én’ avrT@ ovdeulay KEKO- [Lo HEVOL noUYy Euevov. Tote b€ 1 Bacirks avtov NaBomévn KaTwppwbdyKoTOs TE Kal arTro-

' Herwerden detecting a lacuna before tay taprayv, pro- posed é« Oarépov és Odrepoy, giving the probable sense.

5°

ANECDOTA iv. 28-36

both your life and your property; and we shall know concerning your attitude towards her from your future behaviour.’ When Belisarius had read this, being transported with joy and at the same time wishing to give immediate evidence of his feelings, he straightway arose and fell on his face before the feet of his wife. And clasping both her knees with either hand and constantly shifting his tongue from one of the woman's ankles to the other, he kept calling her the cause of his life and his salvation, and promising thenceforth to be, not her husband, but her faithful slave. As for his property, the Empress gave thirty centenaria! of it to the Emperor and restored the remainder to Belisarius.

Such, then, was the turn of events in the case of Belisarius the General, the man to whom not long before Fortune had delivered Gelimer and Vittigis as captives of war. But for a long time back the wealth of this man had been exceedingly irritating to both Justinian and Theodora, as being excessive and worthy of a royal court. And they kept saying that he had hidden away in secret the greater part of the State funds of both Gelimer and Vittigis, and had given only a small and utterly insignificant portion of them to the Emperor. But as they reckoned up the great labours of the man and the slanderous talk in which outsiders would indulge, and since at the same time they could not lay hands on any satisfactory pretext against him, they remained quiet. But just then the Empress, catching him terrified and utterly reduced to cowardice, by a

1 See Chap. i. 33, note.

* For érvxe Reiske proposed éoxe.

E 2

B 35

37

38

40

41

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

deuudcayTos OWS mpuger pa duet pataro Evp- TaoNs avrob ThS ovclas Kupla yever Oar. és KOS yap aAXnHros EvyynrAGETHY evOUs, Iwavviva TE 7, Beduoaptov Ovyatnp Homep povns eyeyover TAT np ‘Avacracto T@ THS Bacirt6os uyat pid pvnoTn yeyove. Bedtodptos pev ovy apxny TE arrohaBeiv THY olKelav nEtou Kal oT parnyos THS éwas amrodetx Gels Tarww él Xoopony Kal M7601 5 eEnyjoec Oat TO “Pwpatwv TTPATD, *Avteviva 6é ovdauas ela: * mepwBpicbar yap? év Tous exeivy Ywplois Tmpos avtod eEdacKev, AmEep ovKETL TO Noutrov Oreo Oar.

Avo 67 Bedwouptos dpywv tav Bacidixav KaTaoTas immoKkouwy €s THv ITtadiav To devTEpov €oTarn, Opforoynaus Bacirel, &s Pact, ypyuata pore avTov év TOSE TO TONE“ aiTHoELVY, AAA Evumacay avros TNVY TOU TONEMOV TApacKEUTD XPymacw oixelous mojoerbar.® TaVvTeS wey ovv UTeToTalov Ta Te auhl TH yuvarkl TavTy, HITEp eppnen,. Bedtodpiov Srovmnoacba Kal Baoiret TaUTAa Omor\oyhaaL apt T@® TOAEMLM A SEdinyynTat, amadrakeiovTa THS ev Bufavti@ dat piBis, emerdav TE TUXLOTA TOU THS Toews meptBorou EKTOS yevnrar, apmaces Gar" TE avtixa Ta oma Kal TL yevvatov Kal avdpt mpémov emt TE TH yuvacxt Kal Tots Biagapévors ppovncery.® auros be TavTa TA Evpmecovta ev ddoyig TET OLNMLEVOS OpKov me TOV Pwrtiw Kat Tots adXots emurndetous Open MOT LEV OV eV jOn TE TONY) Kal oduywpla rYyEVOMEVOS ElTTETO TH YUVALKL, KaTATTAaS EKTOTMS

1 efa Alemannus: eY7. * Orelli inserts yap with g; omitted by GS, 52

ANECDOTA iv. 36-41

single act brought it about that she became mistress of his entire property. For the two entered forth- with into a relationship by marriage and Joannina, the only daughter of Belisarius, was betrothed to Anastasius, grandson of the Empress. Now Belisarius made the request that he should receive back his proper office and, upon being designated General of the East, should again lead the Roman army against Chosroes and the Medes, but Antonina would have none of it; for she maintained that she had been insulted by him in those regions, and never would he again set eyes upon them.

For this reason, then, Belisarius was appointed Commander of the Royal Grooms and was sent to Italy a second time, having promised the Emperor, as they say, that he would never ask him for money during this war, but that he himself would provide the entire equipment for the war with his personal funds. Now allsuspected that Belisarius, in arranging matters concerning his wife in the manner I have described, and in making this promise to the Emperor, as here related, concerning the war, was prompted simply by the desire to be quit of the life in Byzan- tium, and that, as soon as he got outside the circuit- wall of the city, he would seize arms immediately and set himself to some noble and heroic task to punish his wife and the others who had done him despite. He, however, disregarding all that had happened, and forgetting completely and neglecting the oaths which had been sworn to Photius and his other kinsmen, meekly followed the woman, being extra-

3 roihoecOar Herwerden : morhoacba.

3 U ‘a ¥v 4 . * apracecOa Kraseninnikov : aprdcac 0a. ° ppovioew KraSeninnikoy : pporqoa.

53

B 36

42

43

44

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

els avery EpoTodyT Tos, Kal tadta éEnKxovTa On yeyovuiay ér7). érret6) MEVTOL év ‘Iraria eryevero, els nmepav Exadorny am évavtias auto Ta Tpday- pata EX@PEL, émret of Suappydnv ta én Geod Tone wa Hy. Tp@Tov pev ye Ta TO oTpaTny@ TouT@ év Tois Evyimtovow € emt re Oevddrov Kal Odirrey BovXevoueva, Kaitep ouK émiTndelws Tots Tpacc opevors doxovvtTa EXELY, és Evppopov ex Tob én meio Tov éreXevta Tédos: &y 6é TO vatépw Sofav pév amnveyxey OTe 5) TA Berrlo BeBovrevtar ate Kal TOY KaTa TOV TOAELOV TOVOE TPAYMATwY Yyeyovas EutrEeLpos, GAN’ ev TOIS atroBaivovet KakoTuXovrTL TA TOANG &s ABuvALaS doxnal avT@ atrexpiOn. ottTws dpa ovK avOpo- mov Bovrais, adda TH €x Oeod porn TpuTaveveTat Ta awOpwrea, ) 87 TUXNV eiobace kaneiy avOpo- TOL, OUK eldores ogee 67 é&vexa TavTn T poeiae Ta EvpBaivorra, nTmep 1 avrots évdnra yer. TO yap adoyo SoxovrTe eivat piret TO THS TUXNS dvopa TpoaXwpey. GANA TavTa ev WS TN Exdor@ pirov, TavTN Soxeito.

é’. Bedtrdpuos dé to dSevrepov €v “Itanria yevo- HEVOS aioxlora evOevde atrndrake: THs Hev yap hs és MevTaeres aTroBnvat ovdapi * ioxuoev, Homep jou ev Tots eum poo Bev oyots EpprjOn, 6 OTL p21) év0a tu OX Upopa my, vauTltAdXomevos 6é

mTavtTa TOvTOV TOY Ypovoy Ta émiOaddoota TeEpt-

1 jmep Dindorf, cf. Book VII. xii. 34: evrep; in VIII. xii. 34 the same thought is expressed in almost identical words, mapardye, however, being the reading of all MSS. instead of aAdya, as here.

2 obSau7n added by Maltretus.

54

ANECDOTA iv. 41-v. 1

ordinarily smitten with love of her, though she was already sixty years of age. However, when he got to Italy, matters kept going wrong for him every single day, because the hand of God was definitely against him. At first, to be sure, the plans of this General against Theodatus and Vittigis, in the existing circumstances, though they seemed ill adapted to what was going on, resulted for the most part in a favourable outcome; but in the later period, though he did gain the reputation of having made his plans for the best because of the experience he had acquired in managing the affairs of this war, yet failing as he did in the sequel, most of his misfortunes were credited to what was accounted folly. Thus it is clear that it is not by the wisdom of men but by the power of God that human fortunes are regulated, though men are wont to call this “ Fortune,” since they do not know the reason why events turn out in the manner in which they become manifest to them. For that which appears un- accountable is wont to have the name of Fortune applied to it. But let each man form such an opinion about these matters as he likes.

v. Belisarius, coming to Italy for the second time, departed from there most ignominiously. For during a space of five years he did not succeed once in setting foot on any part of the land, as stated by me in the previous narrative,! except where some fortress was, but during this whole period he kept sailing about

1 Book IIT. xxxy. 1.

% &0a 7 Piccolos : évédde G and corrector in S, évravéa first hand in 8,

55

37

2

cr

=~]

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

els! Tovtidras 6é Avoo ay Hv? avtov é& Tel yous AaBeiv, ov pévToL evipev, érel oppwola TOXNT avTos TE Kal Evumras 0 ‘Pwpateov TTPAaTos elyeto. 610 89 ovTE TOY ATOAWACT@Y TL aVE- gwoato, dda Kal ‘Pwunvy tpocata@dece Kal TANNA os elmrety am avra. eyeveTo dé pido pr- fuaTtos é€v TOUT@ TO Ypovw TavT@v padiota Kal Kepoous aloypov eripednriys dxpiBéoratos ate ovoev €xk Bacihews KEKO MLO LEVOS, ‘Iradovs apéret oxedov TavTas, olmep @KNVTO eml TE ‘PaBevyns Kal Lixehias, Kal el Tou adov KATATUYXELW EV éEovata é Eaxev, édnicato ovdevl KOT LO, Loyeg pods ondev Toy BeBiopevov KATAT PAaTTOMEVOS. ovTe@ yoov kal “Hpwdiavoy petimv XPnwaATA Tel, atavTa TO avo pore eTmavacelav. ols 6) éxetvos dx 90 pevos ameTaEatTo mev TO ‘Popaior oTpAaT®, autov dé evOvs Evy Te Tots éTromevols cab TO Lrohirin 3 Tourirg kal VorOots évédwxev. Straws d€ avT@ Te Kal Todivy TO Biradavob aENGLOD Siyootariioat o.veBn, 6 om€p Ta “Pwpalwy wpay- para paiora éogpnrev, autixa doce.

"Es TodTo dey Oeias Peppave » 7) Baoiris mrOev emtdn ora ov TE ATATL TO EXOos € emolet, @OTE AUTO KNOEVELD, Kaimep Baciréws avelre@ OvTL, éroApa ovdets, avunbal TE AUT@® OL maides Siayeryovact, HEX pus dxphs4 rod Biov. 1 Te Ovyatnp avT@ ‘Tovotiia emt oxtwxaidexa étn jBrjocaca ere

1 meptye: added by Maltretus.

4 hv g, omitted by GS.

° Srodirip added by Alemannus. Cf. Book VII. xii. 16.

- akcuiis Heisenberg: ait}. Haury inserts areAvén before Tov Bio, ° ‘up to the time of her death,” Dindorf proposed éBlov for rov Blou.

56

ANECDOTA v. 1-9

visiting one port after another. And Totila was frantic to catch him outside a walled town, but he did not succeed because both Belisarius himself and the entire Roman army were possessed by great fear. Consequently he not only recovered nothing of what had been lost, but he even lost Rome in addition and practically everything else. And he became greedy for money during this period above all other men and a most assiduous schemer for shameful gain, seeing that he had brought nothing with him from the Emperor, and he recklessly plundered almost all the Italians who lived in Ravenna and in Sicily and any- one else whom he had the power to reach, alleging that he was making them pay a reckoning for the acts of their past lives. Thus he, for instance, even pursued Herodian with demands for money, holding every sort of threat over the man. ‘This treatment made Herodian so indignant that he detached him- self from the Roman army and straightway put himself and all his followers and Spolitium into the hands of Totila and the Goths.t. And how it came about that he and John, the nephew of Vitalian, quarrelled, an event which did the greatest harm to the Roman cause, I shall disclose forth- with.

The Empress had come to such a point of hostility towards Germanus (and was making her hostility perfectly obvious to all) that no one dared to make a marriage alliance with him, even though he was nephew to the Emperor, and his sons remained unmarried until they had reached middle age. And his daughter Justina, though she had reached the

1 Cf. Book VII. xvi. 57

B 38

10

11

14

Je) dkyf As)

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

avupevatos Hv. Ld TOL TOTO jvica "Twavens ™ pos Beduoapiou 1 graves apiKero €s Bufavtov, és Aoyous | avTa KATAOTHVAL 0 Deppavos appl ™ xn dela 9) yayKaaro, kal TabTa Mav aro THIS akias THS avroo évTl, émrel TE To Tpayua npEerkev aude, Spxors aXoUS eyvacav devvoTatols catahaBew 7 hay TO KAOOS emLTENETELY duvdper TH Taon, eel avroiv Ex TEpOs To Oapoeiv érl darépw @s TKelora elev, 6 pev TO Evvedevar OTL 6 TOV Umeép Ty ED operyouTo, 0 6€ KndecToU dm opovpevos. o) be” ovK éyovoa Tis yevnt ae oa muons 0600 é iodoa Ex dTEpOV peT Leva unxyavn Taon OvUK amnkion, 6 Oras av Ta Tparroueva OvaK@rvor. émrel O€ avToiv Kaimep Tora OediEapévyn avaTet- Oew ovderepov ea ye. Stapprdnv atronely TOV ‘Todvyny nmelAnce. Kal an avtov “lwavyys avOrs és “Itariav orarels ovdauh EvupiEar Ber- capiw étorpunoe, tHv €& “Avtwvivns émtBoudnv deioas, Ews ‘Avtoviva és Bufavtiov #AOe. THY TE yap Baodiea Tauty * émvarethat TOV avrov povov OUK ATO TOU EiKOTOS AV TLS bromreuce, Kal Tov’ Avtwvivns oT ab wo wevep 4 TpoTov amavtd TE Bevo dpvov evdvd ovat 7H yuvarnl ETLTTAPLEV CD d€05 éyiveto péya kal avtov écee.2 TodTo your

1 BeAcoaplov Alemannus: BeAwdpiov.

27 5€ Alemannus: rév. Reiske assumes a considerable lacuna before rév.

3 raven Alemannus: ravrny.

‘ 5 PTO HOmevD Alemannus: oraduwpeérn.

5 kal adroy éree Capps, cf. Plato, Eryx. 397D Kal écere a’tév: kal roy eorfet. Reiske proposed Kal Témov cernplas eGjret, Dindorf Kai déos forfer meya, Piccolos wh rr dh keoroy kal é€s airdy Bdpacece. Haury would prefer kat odkéri map’ abroy éoret.

58

ANECDOTA v. 9-15

maturity of eighteen years, was still unwed. For this reason, when John came to Byzantium on a mission! from Belisarius, Germanus was forced to open negotiations with him concerning marriage, though John was much below his rank. And since the project pleased both of them, they decided to bind one another by the most terrible oaths that they would put forth every effort to bring about the alliance, inasmuch as neither one of them had any confidence at all in the other, the one because he realized that he was reaching above his rank, the other because he was in sore need of a son-in-law. The Empress, however, was beside herself, and resorting to every course she did not hesitate to bring every possible pressure to bear upon each of them to the end that she might put a stop to the negotiations. But since she was unable to convince either one of them, though she tried hard to intimi- date them, she threatened explicitly that she was going to destroy John. Consequently, when John was sent back to Italy, he did not dare to meet Belisarius, fearing the hostility of Antonina, until after she had gone back to Byzantium. For that the Empress had commissioned her to murder him was a thing which anyone might quite reasonably have suspected and as he weighed the character of Antonina, knowing well, as he did, that Belisarius gave in to the woman in every matter,” he came to feel a great fear which disturbed him much. This situation did, in any event, shatter the fortunes of

1 Cf. Book VII. xii. 1 and 11. 2 Cf. Book VII. xviii. 25.

oy)

B 39

16

17

18

19

20

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

‘Popatous Ta mpaypara Kal T poTepov él Oatépou OKENOUS ETTATA Tpocovoi ter Napat.

Bedecapio peev ov 0 Tot@tKos moXepos THoE EéX@pnoer. arroyvous d6€ Bacihéws édeito OTs ol e&N évOévoe OTe TaXaTa amrarhayhvar. Kal eTrel evOeX o4Levov Bacir€a THY dénow € eyvo, do pe- vos evOUs atL@y OXETO Xaipew TOAAa TO Te Eonalay oTpaT@® Kal Tots "I raXois bpdcas, Kal Ta} pep TAELTTA Umroxetpla TOLS Toneptots aT o- duran, Tepuciay é€ mUKpoTaTa ToALopKla mueto- pevnv, Hrep eTL2 a’ToD 06@ tovtos*® Kat akpas arodoa és macav Kaxovd idéav AOev, ATEP pot 7 pOoTepov Sedunryntat. EvvnvéxOn dé Kal KaTa THY olKiav TUYNS evavTiopa Evupmecetv TO! OVOE.

@coda@pa 7 Baciris TAS Bedtoapiou TaLoos eFepyaterdar TH éyyunu emrevyopev) TO Ouya- T poe, ouxva ypapovoa TOUS yelvamevous THY KOpny VOX AEL. ot 6é TO KOs dvadvopevor ametiOevto ev és mapovotay THY opetépay TOV ydpmov, petateutopnévns b€ avTovs és Bufavtiov THs Bactrioos, advvato. civat ataddXaocec bat tavov €& ‘Itadias éoxrmtovtTo. 1 d€ yALxouévn pev Kvptov tov Ouyatpidoov Tob Behicapiou Kataatnoes Oa TOUTOV, yoer yap émixdnpov Eo opevny THY maisa, ovK ovtos Bedicapio é eTEpOU Tov yovov, émi pévto. TH Avtwvivns youn Oapoeiv ovdauh Exouca, Sexpaivovod TE [2 pera THY Tov Biou KataaTpobiy ov paveioa ToT) €S TOV aUTHS olKoV, KalTEp AUTHS oUTW ditavOpwrrou 7a Alemanuus : 7a.

ért Alemannns: én). idvros Dindorf : iévros.

eo 1m

60

ANECDOTA v. 15-20

the Romans, which even before that time had been standing on a single leg, and dashed them to the ground.

Thus, then, the Gothic War proceeded for Beli- sarius. Finally, in despair, he begged the Emperor that he be permitted to depart from Italy with all speed.t And when he found that the Emperor accepted his plea, he returned home immediately, well pleased to bid farewell to the Roman army and to the Italians; and he left most of the strongholds in the hands of the enemy and Perusia in the grip of a very close siege; indeed this city, while he was still on this journey, was captured by storm and experienced every form of misery, as has been narrated by me previously.2_ And it happened that misfortune fell upon his own house also, as will now be related.

The Empress Theodora, pressing to bring about the betrothal of the daughter of Belisarius to her grandson, kept writing constantly and_ harassing the parents of the girl. But they, seeking to avoid the proposed alliance, tried to put off the marriage until they should be present, and when the Empress summoned them to Byzantium, they pretended that at the moment they were unable to leave Italy. But she was itching to make her grandson master of the wealth of Belisarius, for she realized that the girl would be the heiress, since Belisarius had no other offspring ; yet she had not the slightest con- fidence in the purpose of Antonina, and fearing that after she was gone Antonina would not shew herself faithful to her house, though she had found the Em-

1 Cf. Book VII. xxx. 25. 2 Book III. xxxv. 2.

61

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

€v TOls avayKaLOTaTOLS Tuxobca, diaomaonrar 7a

B 40 Evyxeipeva, épyabetat avooitov Epyov. T@ yap 21 peipaxi@ TY TaLolg KY Evvorxiver ovdevi VOLO. pact dé ws ral TANTLATAL OUTL éxovatav yvayKace KpuBony, oUTw TE SiaTremapBeverpevy TOV Upevarov

TH Kopn EvoTHvat, TOD pn Bacirea Tat T pacoo-

22 pea) dtakwAvoal. TOU pévTOL Epyou eFetpyac pe-

vou Epore aXXyphowv Siarvpy Tul 6 te Avaocta-

aos Kal » Tals elyovto, Kal xpovos adiow ovy

NOTWV 1) OKT@ pnvav ev? TavTn TH Staity éTpiBy.

23 nvica be ?Avtwriva THs Baoididos atroyevomévns

és Bufavteov AGev, ErreXabeTo ev Oedovala wv

exeivn evayxos els aUTHV ElpyacTo, ws HKLoTa Se UToAOYITaMEv) @S, WY TM ETEp@ 1 Tals aUTH Evvoxiforto, TeTopveupévn Ta TpOTEpa EoTal,

Tov Meodw@pas Exyovov KndecTHv atiualel, THY TE

Talia ws padicta axovoiay Biacapévn avdpos

24 Tov Ep@mevov aTETTHTE. peyany TE ayV@[L0- urns €x TOU Epyou TOUTOU aT NVEYKATO doEav els

TavTas avOperous, iKovTa TE ovdevi Tove ava-

melOer Tov advopa Tov ayous auth erahaxely

ToOE. MaTE OLappHony TIVIKGOE O 0 TOU avOpwTou

25 TpoTros EA AEYKTAL. KalTOU Otomo dmevos Poti

TE Kal TOV eTLTNOELWY TLOL TpPOTEpOV Kal Ta 6 pe-

Loo eva ovdapy EuTreowaas ovyyvouns eTvy-

26 Nave T Pos TaVT@V a0 poror. aiTwov yap TOU amiarou Tavd pos ® ov THY yuvarKoxpariay, anrra déos° to &€x THs BactridSos tra@mrevov eElvat. émel b€ kal Ocodadpas arroyevouévns, Womep jot

ho -~1

1 7a added by Dindorf. 2 év G, ém S. 3 ravdpds Alemannus: avdpds. 1 -fav Herwerden: -erav. 5 Séos S, omitted by G. 62

ANECDOTA v. 20-27

press so generous at times of the greatest necessity, and would tear up the agreement, she performed an unholy deed. For she caused the young girl to live with the youth without any sanction of law. And they say that secretly she actually forced her to offer herself, much against her will, and thus, after the girl had been compromised, she arranged the wedding for her, to the end that the Emperor might not put a stop to her machinations. Still, when the deed had been accomplished, Anastasius and the girl found themselves held by an ardent love for one another, and a space of no less than eight months was passed in this way. But when Antonina, after the Empress’ death, came to Byzantium,! she purposely forgot the benefits which the Empress recently had conferred upon her, and paying no attention what- ever to the fact that if the girl should marry anyone else, her previous record would be that of a prostitute, she spurned the alliance with the offspring of Theodora and forced the child, entirely against her will, to _ abandon her beloved. And from this act she won a great reputation for ingratitude among all mankind, yet when her husband arrived, she had no difficulty in persuading him to share with her in this unholy business. Consequently the man’s character was openly revealed at that time. And yet, though he previously had given his oath to Photius and certain of his kinsmen, and though he utterly repudiated this oath, he received pardon from all the world. Vor they suspected that the cause of his faithlessness was not the domination of his wife, but his fear of the Empress. But when, after the death of Theodora?

1 Cf, Book VII. xxx. 25. 2 548 a.p.; ef. Book IL. xxx. 40.

63

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PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

v lol ¢ elpytat, ovte Dwtiov ovte adXOU TOV THY OL ) / / / ’ > > fal bé avayKalw@y Noyos yeyevnto, GAN avT@ O€aTIOLVA

, pev 1 yuvn éepaiveto ovoa, Kvpios b€ Kadduyovos / / > lal 0 mpoaywyos Hv, TOTe 8 aToyVvoYTES avTOU ef 2 Popol a Sey,

amavtes éydevatov te SuafpuddovvTEs Kal ATE

” 5) , ? n \ \ = avotav oddurKdvovtt €doLdopodvTO. Ta peEV OvV npaptnuéva Bedicapiw amapaxarv’TTws elTretv

TAUTYH TN EVEL. \ \ , na , NESS oan ,

Ta 6€ Lepyiw 7H Baxyou radi ert ArBuns

Z an \ U cr HuapTnuéva OvapKas pev €v Royous por Tots

> / / a 1 A > , / emiTnoecors OednAwTAL, 051 61) aiTLMTAaTOS yéeyovE ‘Pwpators évtav0a dvapPaphvat Ta Tpdypata, TA te mpos Aevd0as aiT@ Tpos TaV evayyeriov / /

duwpwooméva €v adoyla TeTToLn“évos Kal ToOvS

? a / > \ / /, oySonxovta mpéaBers ovdevl Royo Siaypnad-

r r a / pevos’ TocovTov b€ por Tavdv évTiOévar TO NOYO dence, ws oUTE V@ SoAEP@ of avdpes ovTOL Tapa / 5 lal LA \ a c Se Lépytov AAGov ovTe Tia oKAYw o Lépy.os € / \ > \ 3 > \ 7 > \ UTowlas Tepi avTovs eiyev, GAA Orw@poTos eT / ~ ,

Gownv Kadécas Tovs avdpas Svexpynoato ovderi , > ? e &? Sy Xo r \ nx ‘Pp ¢ Koop@. adh ov 67 Loropwve kal TO ‘Pwopatiov

a \ ’ cal /

atpat@ Kat AiBuot mace dSiepOapOar Evvé8n. ) , > \ , BA \ SS Ul

lL auTov yap, AXAwWS TE KaL DoNOpwWVOS TETEAEV-

f? ‘ » »

THKOTOS, WAOTEP MOL EipnTat, OUTE TLS APYwV OUTE TLS TTPATLOTNHS €S TrONELOU KivduVOY Lévat ELOU.

/ be fi ’ / € SY / a fadtota d€ TavTwoy ‘Iwavyns o Licwvidrov TO

1 $s Alemannus: és.

1 Book IV. xxi. 1 ff.

ANECDOTA vy. 27-31

which I have mentioned, he shewed no consideration either for Photius or for any of his other kinsmen, but his wife was seen to be mistress over him and Calligo- nus, the go-between, his master, then finally all men repudiated him, mocked him with busy tongues, and reviled him as one who had shewn himself guilty of sheer folly. Such, then, in a general way, to state the facts without concealment, were the sins com- mitted by Belisarius.

Now the wrongs committed in Libya by Sergius, son of Bacchus, have been sufficiently described by me at the proper point in the narrative. This man, indeed, made himself chiefly responsible for the collapse of the Roman rule in that district, not only by disregarding the oaths which he had sworn on the Gospels to the Leuathae, but also by putting to death the eighty ambassadors without any justification 2; but at this point it will be necessary to add to my account only that neither did these men come to Sergius with evil intent nor did Sergius have any pretext for suspicion concerning them, but he had bound himself by oath when he invited the men to a banquet and there did them to death in a shameful manner. As a result of this act it came about that Solomon and the Roman army and all the Libyans were destroyed. For on account of him, especially after Solomon had died in the manner related by me,? no one, either commander or soldier, cared to face the perils of war. And, most serious of all, John, the son of Sisinniolus, because of the hostility

? The slaughter of these men, ostensibly envoys of peace from the Moors, is explained in Book IV. xxi. as dictated by necessity; they were cut down by the guards of Sergius.

3 Book IV. xxi. 28.

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B42 33

34

35

36

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és avtov éyOert dro paxos ° 7, €ws “ApeoBuvdos és AiBinv adineto. Hv yap f) LEpywos parOaxos peev Kal amroremos, TO 5é€ HO0s Kal THY ALKiaVY Kopudn vEOS, pOorve te Kal ddaloveia és UrepBornv eX OLEVOS és madras avOpwtrous, reOpuppéevos TE TY Startayv Kal Tas yvabous guc@v. arr érrel TAS *Avt@vivys THs Bedtoaptou yuvarkos eyyouns eT Uy NAVE pvnotnp YEyOves, Tiow TLva €s aUTOV % Baownris efeveyKely 7 1) Tapadve THS apXAs ovdauy nOenre, KalTrep cudeXexeorara SvapPerpopmevny AuBinv opaca, émel Kal Lodopova TOV Lepytou aderpov Tod IInyaciov dovov avtn Te Kai Baci- evs AMGov apfxev. 6 Te 6€ TODTO eat avTixa dnrkoow.

*"Ezre:d2) 0 IInyaotos tov LoAcpwva mpos Tov Aevabav avncato Kal of BapBapot ém oixov atrexouiaOnaav, o pev LorAopov Evv te IInyaciw TO €wvnuevm Kal oTpaTL@Tals OALyoLS TLolY els Kapynoova éatéAdeT0, €v 5é€ TH 06@ TavTy NaBov o Unydoos 6 te 8% adixodvTa Lodr\OMwva Xpivat ot epacKer €v juvr} pun eivau @S avToV EvaryXos ek TOV ToNeniov 6 Geos puoato. o &é Narernvas, Ott On Of TE opvarhare avetduce, tov IInydo.ov evOvs exrterve, Tavra TE caoT pa TO avOporw aTrédwxev. émretdy Te 0 LoAGpwv €5 Bufdvtvov HAGe, KaGapov avtov Bacireds Tod povou Emroler are Tpodorny dvehovTa THS Popaiov apXs. ypaumata TE aire ecigou T)v UmeEp ToUTw@Y acharelay Tapexomevos. Kal 6 ev

1 &€yGe: Alemannus: &yée G. * drduaxos Dindorf : &ropaxduevos G. 3 reOpuunevos Alemannus: reOpvdAdAnuéros G,

66

ANECDOTA v. 31-37

which he felt towards Sergius, refused to fight + until Areobindus came to Libya. For Sergius was soft and unwarlike and he was very immature both in character and in years, yet he was dominated to an excessive degree by jealousy and a spirit of brag- gadocio towards all men, effeminate in his way of living and puffing out his cheeks with pride. But since he happened to have become a suitor of the daughter of Antonina, wife of Belisarius, the Empress was quite unwilling to inflict any punishment upon him or to discharge him from his office, though she saw that Libya was being most systematically ruined ; indeed both she and the Emperor left Solomon, the brother of Sergius, unpunished for the murder of Pegasius. Now what this incident was I shall straightway explain.

When Pegasius had ransomed Solomon? from the Leuathae and the barbarians had gone off home, Solomon, in company with Pegasius, who had ran- somed him, and some fewsoldiers set out for Carthage ; and on this trip Pegasius, catching Solomon committing some wrong or other, made the remark that he ought to bear in mind that God had recently rescued him from the enemy. But he flew into a rage since he felt that Pegasius was reproaching him because he had been taken prisoner in battle and killed him out of hand and thus repaid the man for his rescue. And when Solomon came to Byzantium, the Emperor cleared him of the murder on the ground that he had slain a traitor to the Roman rule. And he provided him with a letter which guaranteed him

1 Book IV. xxiii. 32. 2 Book LY. xxii. 14 ff.

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LoroLwv ovTw THY Tiaw Stapuvywv em THY Edav do fevos nel, THY TE matpioa Kal yévos TO KaTa Thy oixiav Ow opevos. ” O6€ ato Tov Oeod Ticats ev gee Th 00@ xatahaBovoa €& avO parry aur ov ? apaviter. Ta pev ovv aul YorAowwrt Te Kal Unyactp THe EX@pnoev.

Tc Oirives Se avOparo * ‘Tlovotwiavos TE Kal Ocodwpa ijoTnv TpoTw Te OTw SuecTdcavTO Ta ‘Popaiwv mpaybara Epa@v EPXOMAL. Aéovtos ev Bufavtin THY avToKpaTopa apxnv EXOVTOS, ryewpryal veaviat Tpeis, Trrupeol YEVOS, Zipapyos TE Kal AutvBictos Kal lovativos 6 ex Bedepravys, mpay- pacw évdenexXéoTata Tos ato THs Tevias oiKoL MaNomevol TOUTwY Te aTaddrakeloyTes el TO atpateverOar Opunoav. Kal mefH BadciCovtes és Bufdvtiov yeoav, cicvpas él TOV @pwv avTol pépovres, év als 6%) GAXO OSV STL pur SuTvpous 4 apTous oixobev éuBeBAnpevor ah (KovTo, TaX- Oévtas te év Tols oTpatiwtikols KaTaXoyols Bactrévs avtovs és tod IlaXatiov tiv dudAaKny emeAcEaTOo. Kado TOL yap amTavTes TA TOmaTa oar. Ypove oé U batepov ‘Avactagio THY Baot- Nelav maparaBovre TONE LOS mpos TO ‘loavpav EOvos Oma er avTov dpapevous KaTéoTN. oTpa- TidVv TE Aoyou akiav em” avtovs erepurper, HomeEp *Twavyns ayeiT0, eTiKANOLW Kupros. oTos ‘l@avyns Tov lovativoy dpapTados TuVOs eveka év decpwrnpio KabetpEev, nuépa te TH eriovaon €&

1 jeg, ein G.

2 airby Alemannus: avrav G.

3 dvOpérw Reiske: avOpdérwy

4 Sindpouvs P! corrector, Suidas: rupods P! G,

68

ANECDOTA vy. 37-vi. 5

immunity on that score. So Solomon, having escaped punishment in this way, gladly went to the East in order to see his native land and his relatives at home. But the punishment of God overtook him on this journey and removed him from the world. Such was the course of events touching Solomon and Pegasius.

vi. Now what manner of persons Justinian and Theodora were and the method by which they ruined the Roman Empire I shall proceed to tell forthwith. When Leon was holding the imperial power in Byzan- tium, three young farmers, Illyrians by race, Zimar- chus, Dityvistus and Justinus from Vederiana,! men who at home had to struggle incessantly against conditions of poverty and all its attendant ills, in an effort to better their condition set out to join the army. And they came to Byzantium, walking on

_ foot and themselves carrying cloaks slung over their

shoulders, and when they arrived they had in these cloaks nothing more than toasted bread which they had put in at home; and the Emperor enrolled them in the ranks of the soldiers and designated them for the Palace Guard. For they were all men of very fine figure. But at a later time Anastasius, who had succeeded to the royal power, became involved in a war against the Isaurian nation, who had taken up arms against him. And he sent a considerable army against them, commanded by John who is known as the Hunchback. This John had confined Justinus in a prison because of some offence and was on the point of removing him from the world on the following

‘A hamlet in Illyria “ back from Epidamnus’’; ef. Buildings, IV. i. 17. The district, Dardania, was perhaps near modern Sofia. The Emperor Justinian was born there.

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avo pwomoy aUTOV adaveeiy * euehhev, el pn TLS peak € emiyevopevn orpus oveipou éexw@ducev. bn yap ot ev ovelpep ) oTpaTnyes évTuxely TWa TampeyeOn Te TO THuUa Kal TaAXA Kpelacw 7) avOparre eixadtecOar. Kat Tov pév oi éricKiyat peBeivar Tov avopa oviep KabeipEas éxelvn TH MEPS eTUYy Xaver avrov dé Tob bmvov efava- aoTavTa é€v aroyia THY TOD ovelpou Ow Tour) cacba. émihaBovans 6€ Kal eTepas VUKTOS edoKker pev of? év T@ ovetlpw Kal adOis TOV AOYwY AKOVELY WVTEP NKNKOEL TO TPOTEPOV, eTLTEAET AL dé Ta émitetaypéva ovd Ws BeBovrAnaOa. TpiTov Té ol emia tao av 7™Y Tob oveipou ovruy arreihijoat pev Ta anijKer ra, ay we) Ta emnyyedpweva. movoin, ETELTELY TE WS AUTOD TE TOD avOpwrou Kal THs Evyyevelas Ypéos of péya opyicOnocopéevw és povov Tov dra bev ein.

Tore peév ody ottws “lovotivw mepteivar EvvéBn, mpotovtos d€ TOU xpovou és peya Suvdpews ovTOS ‘lovorivos EX@OPNTED. adpxovra yap aurov *Ava- atdaolos Pacidevs KATETTIOATO Tov év Lladxatio gurakor. ered TE O Baovrevs €& dvO peo ov ipavioro, avTos TH THS apxns Suva per THY Ba- atdelav trapédaBe, TupBoyéepav jeer Yyeyoves 70; audOnros O€ ypaypatov amare Kat TO 87) Aeyopevov avarpaBnros @V, OU yeyovos év ue ‘Papaiors 7 poTepov TovTO.® eiOtopévov de* ypupuata oixela tois BuBXious evT evar TOV Bactréa, boa ay érrayyédXovTos avTov yivotTo,

1 adpaveiy Reiske: ale.

2 uev of Piccolos, wey Reiske: uévery MSS. 3 rovto Haury: rodté ye.

7°

ANECDOTA vi. 5-12

day, and would have done so had not a vivid dream come to him in the meantime and prevented him. For the General declared that in a dream a certain person came to him, a creature of enormous size and in other respects too mighty to resemble a man. And this vision enjoined upon him to release the man whom he had chanced to imprison on that day; and John said that upon arising from sleep he paid no heed to the vision of his dream. But when the next night came on, he seemed once more in sleep to hear

_ the words which he had heard before; yet even so

he was unwilling to carry out the order. And a third time the vision stood over him and threatened him with a terrible fate if he should fail to carry out the instructions, and added that when he in later

_ times should become exceedingly angry, he would

have need of this man and of his family.

So at that time it came about that Justinus was saved in this way, and as time went on this Justinus advanced to great power. For the Emperor Anasta- sius appointed him Commander of the Palace Guards. And when the Emperor departed this life, he himself, because of the power of his office, succeeded to the throne, being already an old man tottering to his grave, who had never learned to tell one letter from another, and was, as the familiar phrase has it, “ without the alphabet,” a thing which had never happened before among the Romans. And while it was customary for the Emperor to affix letters in his own hand to all documents containing the orders that issued from him, he was unable either to issue

* For ci@iopévoy 5¢, G’s reading, P has «l@opevoy déov and Suidas el@icuévoy b€ bv,

71

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2 \ / LA by I 1 7 val AUTOS MEVTOL OUTE ETAYYENAELV” OUTE TOLS TPATGO- pévous Evverriatacbar * olos Te HV. OS be Tape- dpevery avT@ Ehaxev, apxny exer ° THY Tod KaNovpEVOU KovalaT@pos ITpoxnos dvopa, autos oy) avTovope youn amavTa em paren. OTrws 6é€ poapTuptav TAS Bacrréws xeltpos exouev, ois 67 emixertas * TO épyov ToUTO, eTrevonOn Tade. EVAW elpyao mevep Bpaxet eyeoddwpavres poppny TLVA ypamuatwv TeTTdpwv, amep ‘avayvovar’>? TH Aatwov dovn dvvata, ypadida Te Bagh

/ e a / 7 Baavtes, 7 PBacirels ypadew eiw@Pacww, éve- yeiptSovro TH Bacinel TovTw. Kal To EvAov ovmep euvncOnv TO BiPrMo@ évOEpevor Aa Bopevot Te THS® Baciréws XELpos, Teperyov pev Evy T ypapisy € €S TOV TeTTapo@V YPapparov TOV TUTTO, és Tdcas Te Tas Tov Evrov auvTHY TepledtEavTeES evTomas oUTw 67 aTNAAAT GOTO, TOLAUTA Baciréws ypdupara pépovtes.

a pev appt T® “lovotive tavtn “Pwpaiols elye. yuvaikl d€ dvoma Aoummexivy EvvoKer.

e \ t \ y 5 an , avTn O€ dovAn Te Kal BapBapos odca Tod mpocbev

\ avTHY e€wvnuévou TAaANAKN Yyéyove. Kal avT?)

Na, A\ all / Syn AN , ny o \ , pev * Evy lovativw ei Biov duc pats tiv Bacidetav éaxXev.

1 énayyéAAew Haury: érnyyedev.

2 For tuvericracda: Haury would prefer tvveriypaWac@ar, ‘‘assume responsibility by writing’’; Reiske proposed tuvéreo Oat, z.c. ‘to keep up with,” or fvvedicracbat-

3 €ywy added by Haury.

4 ofs 8) émleerra: KraSeninnikov, ofs émixe:ta: Maltretus : H * * émlkeirat.

5 Vor avayvaéva: Haury would prefer avéyvav = legi.

8 ris G, ris Tov P.

7 For wey Piccolos and KraSeninnikoy propose uévror,

72

ANECDOTA vi. 12-17

orders himself or intelligently to share in the know- ledge of what was being done. But the man who drew the lot to sit as his Counsellor, Proclus by name, who held the office of Quaestor,! as it is called, himself used to attend to all matters with independent judgment. Butin order that they might have evidence of the Emperor’s hand, those who had this matter in charge devised the following plan.? Taking a small strip of prepared wood, they cut into it a sort of pattern of the four letters which mean in the Latin tongue “I have read,” and dipping the pen into ink of the colour which Emperors are wont to use in writing, they would put it into the hand of this Emperor. And placing on the document the strip of wood which I have mentioned and grasping the Emperor’s hand, they moved it and the pen along the pattern of the four letters, causing it to follow all the winding lines cut in the wood, and then went their way, carrying that kind of writing of the Emperor.

Such an Emperor had the Romans in Justinus. And he had a wife named Lupicina who, as being a slave and a barbarian, had been concubine of the man who had previously bought her. And she as well as Justinus attained the throne in the closing years of life.

1 Cf. Book I. xi. 11.

? With the following description cf. the account given by Anon. Vales. in Chronica Minora, I. 326, of the device used by Theoderic: ‘‘ Theodoricus inlitteratus . . . laminam au- ream iussit interrasilem fieri quattuor litteras ‘‘legi’’ habentem; unde si subscribere voluisset, posita lamina super chartam per eam pennam ducebat, ut subscriptio eius tantum videretur.”’ The word LEGI was cut in a flat strip made of gold, thus forming a stencil, which would serve as a guide for the imperial pen,

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"Tovativos pev ov OUTE TL Tovnpov TOUS UTN- Koous epyaber Bau ouTE aryadov loxvev. evnOeta yap Tor elxXeTO, dyhwTT05 Te Tavtdracw dy Kal arypouxttopevos pada. adeddub0ods bé avre *Tovotiviavos vEOS av éte OvwKeiro Thy apxny Evymacay Kal syeyove “Pepators Evppopav alttos, olas Te Kal boas és TOV dmavra aidva ovdeis Trou 7 poTepov Kon EraBev. és Te yap avOpor wy adixov ovov kal XpnuaTov daprayny aot plov piora ey@pelr, Kal ovdey Hv avT@ pupiadas Todas €&F arOpweTrwv adbavicbjvat, Kaltep aUT@ aitiav ovdeuiay TapacxYouévwov. Kal durdocev pev TOV Kabectapévor! ovdév nHE€tov, aravra dé VEOX [LOOV és del HOerE, KaL, TO Evyray elmeiv, LeyloTos 87 ovTos. Fv Siapopeds ee ev KabecT@TwV. TOV ev ovV RoLLMOP, @orep ® Hot év Tots Eur poo Bev Royous eppyOn, Kairep eTicKN- pavra els TV pay Evurracayv, duéhuyov avOpwmot ovxX Hooovs 7% daos SiabOaphvar TETUXNKEV, 1) ovdauh TH voow AXOVTES 1) TEPLYEVOJLEVOL > éareto7) chicw ddavar EvvéBn dvdpa Se todrov Siadv- yelv avOpoTrm ye dvtt “Pwpaiw tav TavTwV ovdevl EvvnvéxOn, AAN WoTrEp TL GAO €E oVpavod mados Ow TO yéver emelo Teo Ov averraov ovdeva TAVTENOS elace. Tous bev yap éxteivev § ovdevi Royo, Tods S€ Evia paxopévouvs adels aOUW-

1 For xabecrauévwy, the reading of GP and Suidas xaée- orapévos, 8.V., Kabeordrwy is read by Suidas s.v. veoxody, Kabiotauevwv S.

2 jv added by KraSeninnikov.

* domep Heisenberg: bomep.

4 4 omitted in MSS., supplied from Suidas.

(ai

ANECDOTA vi. 18-24

Now Justinus did not succeed in doing his subjects any harm nor any good either. For he had a very easy-going disposition, being an altogether tongue- tied man and a very boorish fellow. And his nephew Justinian, who was still young, used to administer the entire government and he proved the author of calamities for the Romans—calamities so serious and so manifold that in all the history of the world probably no one previoysly had ever heard their equal. For he used to proceed with the lightest of hearts to the unjust murder of men and the seizure of other men’s money, and for him it was nothing that countless thousands of men should have been destroyed, though they had given him no grievance. And he took no thought to preserve what was established, but he was always wishing to make innovations in everything, and, to put all in a word, this man was an arch-destroyer of well-established institutions. Now the plague which was described by me in the previous narrative,t though it fell upon the entire world, was escaped by no fewer persons than those who chanced to be carried away, either because they were not taken at all by the disease or because they recovered when they had the fortune to be caught. This man, however, not one living person of the entire Roman world had the fortune to escape, but, like any other affliction from Heaven falling upon the whole race, he left not a single soul wholly untouched. For some he killed without any just cause,’ while others he left in the grip of poverty, making them

1 Book If. xxii, xxiii.

5 mepryevduevor P? corr., yevduevor GPS. 6

éxtecvey Alemannus: éxrever.

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Tépous TOV TETENEUTNKOTWY ElpyateTo, EVYoMEVOUS Ta Tapovta odicr diadtdcar Gavatw oiKTicTo. TLV HEV TOL Ebv Tots: Xpnpace Kal Tas wWuxas elev. émrel O€ ovdev » HV avT@ povny katahioat THY “Popatov apxnv, AuBuns Te Kal "Iranias OvK adAXOU TOU évexa metro Oar THY émuxpatnow loxvoev 7) OOTE Eby Tols mpoTepov Ud avT@ ovat dtorécat Tous TAUTN avOparous. OUT yoov Sexataios eis Ty Sivapuy yeyovs Apavtiov tov év IlaXatiw evvovywv apyovta Evy érépors tialy €& aitias ovdemlas ExTetvey, AAO oVdEV TO avOporw éemeveyKov, TAnY ye 51 STL es “lwavyny TOV Ths ToAEwWS ApPXLepéa AOYOV TLVa TpoTrETH elmot. Kal at avtov poPepwtatos yéyovev avOporwv anavtwv. avtixa b€ kai Butadtavov Tov TUpavvov peTeTréwaTo, @ 51 TA TLTTA TpO- Tepov UTép THS acharelas TapéacyeTo, Siarayav avT@ Tov? év Xpiotiavols pvaTnpiov. Odlyw TE vatepov e& vroWias a’T@ mpooxexpovxota Evy Tots emutnoetors ev Iladatiw Noyw ovdevi Srexpn- CATO, TlaTELs OUTW SEeLVOTaTAS éuTEdHaAaL OVdALN) akiooas.

6’. Tod dé dSnpwou éx« taratod és poipas dvo SteaTnKOTOS, @oTEp pot év Tots eum poo Bev oyous eppnon, play avr os thv Bevétror ® é ETALPLEGLEVOS, H ol KaL TO ™ poTepov Kater Tovdacpevn € eTUYXaVE, Evy ely TE Kat Evvtapatar « aTavTa loxvoe. Kal at’ avtod és yovu éNely “Pwpaiors Tv ToNLTELav

1 Yor toxvoev Reiske proposed éomeucev. 2 G corr. gives cal ray. 3 Bevérwy Dindorf: Béverov.

76

ANECDOTA vi. 24-vii. 1

more wretched than those who had died, so that they implored him to resolve their present misery by a most pitiable death. In some cases, however, he destroyed both property and life. But since it was nothing for him to ruin the Roman Empire alone, he succeeded in subjugating Libya and Italy for no other reason than to be able to destroy the inhabitants of these countries along with those previously under his sway. Indeed, when he had been not yet ten days in power, he slew Amantius, Director of the Palace eunuchs, together with certain others for no cause whatever, charging the man with nothing except that he had spoken some hasty word against John, the Chief Priest of the city. And as a result of this conduct he became the most dreaded man in the world. And he immediately summoned also Vitalian, the usurper, having previously given him a pledge for his safety by sharing with him the Christian sacraments. Buta little later, when he was suspected of having given him offence, he executed him in the Palace together with his followers for no just cause, by no means consenting to honour his pledges, terrible as they were.

vii. Now the populace from of old has been divided into two Factions, as was stated by me in the preceding narrative, and he now adopted one of them, namely the Veneti or “ Blues,’’? of whom, as it happened, he had previously been an enthusiastic sup- porter, and thus succeeded in throwing everything into confusion and disorder; and thereby he brought

1 Book I. xxiv. 2.

* Called ‘‘ Veneti,’’ which is explained in Book II. xi. 32 as equivalent to “ Blues.’’ They wore blue (xepvAcov) as their colour, particularly in the hippodrome,

77

B 48

ou

10

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

/ > e/ \ e / > / meTroinkev. ovx amravtes 6€ of Béverou émiatrés Oar r r lol \ ] Th TOUSE TOU avdpos youn eyvwoaVv, aA Goot lal » 4 TTATLMTAL OVTES ETVYXAVOV. Kal aUTOL péVTOL ol fal rn mpoiovtos 70n Tov Sewvov 1 cwhpovéstator edoEav elvat avOpwTav atavTwy. évdeectépws yap 1 Kata THv €€ovolav nMapTavoyv. ov pny ovde TAV Tpaciver ot oTaglaraL NoUXN EpEvOD, andra Kal avtol em pacoov ael Ta eyKAnpata és dcov adiat duvata eyeryovet, Kaitrep KaTa povas dunveres Koratomevot. Omrep avtovs és TO OpacvvecBar a MW lal > SN a y) LO TONN@ ETL parhov és ael Hyev.2 adLKovpevol yap eidBaow és amrovolay Tpérred Oat avOpwrot. TOTE obv tovs Bevérous avtod? pumifovtes te Kal a BI ‘ ef >» ee Siapavas epebifovtos amaca Kat’ axpas 7 Po- pate apxXn éxwv1jOn aoTep ceionod 7) KaTakhva- pov émuTEeaovTos 71) TONES éxdo7ns, ™pos TOV ToNeuiwy adovans. wavta yap év arace Evve- ‘ ? lal TapayOn kai ovdév ef EauTod TO RoLTrOY Emewver, ? fl / GXX of TE vopmor Kal oO THS ToALTElas KOTpMOS / r Evyyvoews erruyevouevns és mav TovVvavTioy éxw- pyaar. \ n NV’ lal , \ > 4 \ Kai pata pév tois ctacimtais Ta €s* THY tL uj KOunv €s vewTepoy Tiva peTeSéEBXNTO TpOoTOV. aTreKElpovTo yap avTHv® ovdev Ofolws Tots aAXOLS / na cr ‘Pwpatos. Tod ev yap “voTaKos Kal TOU yevelou ovdauh Hartovto, aA avtois Kataxopayv émt fal er e , > 3. EN ” “A mreloTov woTep ot Ilépoas és aet Oedov. TaV dé év TH Keparyn Tpryav Ta EuTrpocbev aypt és 1 rod dewvod Alemannus: vod. 2 For és del Fryer Reiske proposed éojyev. 3 avrod Alemannus: aitdv.

4 For és Suidas has auf. 78

ANECDOTA vii. 1-10

the Roman State to its knees. But not all the Blues saw fit to follow the will of this man, but only those who chanced to be militant. And yet even these, as the evil developed, seemed to be the most temperate men in the world?; for their sins fell short of their

_ licence to commit them. And of course the militant

group of the Greens did not on their part remain quiet, but they too were constantly busy with crimes, as far as came within their power, although they were being punished continually, one at a time. Yet this very fact always led them on to deeds of much greater daring; for men, when they are unjustly treated, are wont to become desperate. So at this time, while he kept fanning the flames and manifestly stir- ring up the Blues, the whole Roman Empire was agitated from top to bottom, as if an earthquake or a deluge had fallen upon it, or as if each and every city had been captured by the enemy. For every- thing was thrown into confusion in every part and nothing thereafter remained fixed, but both the laws and the orderly form of the government were completely overturned by the confusion that ensued.

In the first place, the mode of dressing the hair was changed to a rather novel style by the Factions; for they did not cut it at all as the other Romans did. For they did not touch the moustache or the beard

_at all, but they wished always to have the hair of

these grow out very long, as the Persians do. But the hair of their heads they cut off in front back 1 The expression, taken from classical poetry, is used for the

poping posture of the weary and almost defeated warrior. 2 Cf. Chap. ix. 43.

5 aitiy Suidas: abdrol.

79

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B49 14

PROCOPIUS OF, CAESAREA

TOUS KpoTapous aTroTE“omevol Ta OTMLGOEV UaTrO- xpemacbar opiow emi paxpotatov+ Aoyw ovdevi elwv, BaTrep of Maccayétat. 610 67 Kal Ovverxcv TO ToLoUTOY? eldos éxadour.

"Ereita 6€ Ta és Ta iwatia evTrapudor nELovy dmavTes €ival, KouTwWoETTEpAaY 1) KATA THY EKdo- tov akiay évoudvoKxopevor THY ecOATa. KTacOaL yap avtots Ta TovadTa ef ov T poonKOVvT@Y TapHy. TOU be XeTavos TO appl Tw xelpe Hépos® TA ev és TOV KapTrOV Evvyev opiow ev oTEV@ padara,# Ta dé evO évoe axpe és @ ov ExaTEpoV és adarov TL evpous drexeXUTO XPHMG. OoaKIs TE 1) xelp avtots aelorto avaBowawy év Tols Oedtpos TE Kal immodpomiots, 1) éyKedevopevois, 77TEp elwOer, €s tyros avtois TovTO TO pépos aTEXV@S pETo, aic@now Tapexopmevov Tois® avontous OTL Oy avtTois oUTw Kadov TE TO Goma Kal adpov ein av date Sey ye avTols Tpos TAY TOLOUTwY (MaTiov KaduT Tea Oat, ovK évvoodai te by avTols TH THS éaOjTos npatwpmevw® te Kal Kev TOANRB ETL HadXrov TO TOD awpatos eEitHnrOV SiereyxOein.” at emwptoes O€ Kai avakupides Kal TaY UTr0dn- patov Ta TAEloTa és TOV Ovvywy TO TE dvOMa Kal TOV TpoTroV aTreKeKpLTO odiowy.

‘Eotdnpopopovy dé vUKTwp pev Ta Tpata éK Tod eupavods dmavtes oxXedov, ev dé ye ruépg Evpidia Tapa tov npov dictopa® bo TO (wari aTroxpuapevol, EvvioTapevol TE KATA TUMLMOpLas

1 én uaxpétatov omitted by MSS., supplied from Suidas,

2 For ro.odrov Suidas has airé.

3 aurots after uepos deleted by Alemannus,

4 uddtiora S: padtora 5€ GP. Reiske proposed uadiora 87.

80

ANECDOTA vii. to-15

to the temples, leaving the part behind to hang down to a very great length in a senseless fashion, just as the Massagetae do. Indeed for this reason they used to call this the “ Hunnic’”’ fashion.

In the second place, as to fashions in dress, they all insisted on being well clad in fine garments, clothing themselves in raiment too pretentious for their individual rank. For they were enabled to acquire such clothing from stolen funds. And the part of the tunic which covered the arms was gathered by them very closely about the wrist, while from there to each shoulder it billowed out to anincredible breadth. And as often as their arms were waved about, either as they shouted in the theatres and hippodromes, or urged men on to victory in the customary manner, this part of their garments would actually soar aloft, causing the foolish to suppose that their bodies must be so fine and sturdy that they must needs be covered by such garments, not taking into consideration the fact that by the loosely woven and empty garment the meagreness much rather than the sturdiness of their bodies was demonstrated. Also their cloaks and their drawers and especially their shoes, as regards both name and fashion, were classed as ‘‘ Hunnic.”’

Now at first practically all of them carried weapons openly at night, but in the day-time they concealed small two-edged swords along the thigh under their mantle, and they gathered in groups as soon as

5 rotro . . . mapexduevov trois omitted by MSS, supplied

from Suidas 5 jpamwpery Suidas: jpnuwpery. 7 Biereyx Gein Suidas: dieAeyOn. 8 Bictroua GP: diatouwrd S, 81 VOL. VI. G

B 50

16

18

19

20

21

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PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

errevoav EvoKotalor, éXwTodUTOUY TOUS E7TLELKET- Tépous év Te 6An1 ayopad Kav Tois oTEvwTrots, daparpovpevor ” TOUS TAPATETTOKOTAS Ta Te imate Kab Covas TE kal TMepovas Ypvaas Kal el Tl ado ev xYepolv EXOLEV. Twas dé pos 7H aprayh Kat KTELVELV n&lour, br ws pnoevi Ta

Evutecovta adic avayyeikwow. ols 67 arav-

tes? xal tov Bevétwr of 1) cTact@TaL par.oTa HXOovTO, eel OVE adTol amabeis Ewevov. Kal amv’ avTov yadKais TO RNowrroy Cowvais TE Kal Tepovals Kal (waTlols TOAA@ €XaTaOVWS 7) KATA Thy akiav ws TreEiaToL Exp@VTO, Tas 617) 41) TO PiroKarw aTrodwVTaL, Kal OUTw SeduKdTOS HALoU és Tas olKLaS avaxwpobyres €XPUTTOVTO. jLNKUVO- pévov 6¢ ToD KaKod Kal ovdemias em Lat pobijs és TOUS TuapTnKoras pos Ths TO nue epecToons dpxXns. ywoperns ert peya TO Tay avépav Opdcos és ael TIPETO. dpaptia yap mappynoias atiwleica em’ ametpov épecPar mépuxcev, eel Kal Koratoueva TA eyKAHU“ATA iret ovK €s TO TaVTEAes ATrOKOTTEGOaL.t ducer yap of WeloToe €s TO dwapTdvew evTETaS TPE- TOVTAL.

Ta pev odv trav Bevétwy épépeto THe. TaVv dé AVTLETATLWTOV Ob pev és THY é€xelvwY aTréKALVOV potpay, érreOupia Tob Evvapaptavovtas pndapod® Sobvat ri Sixnv, of S& duyh eX OpEvOL és éTépas Tivas €ddvOavov ywpas: Todrol S€ Kal avTod

1 For 6An Piccolos proposed rAnGoich : Reiske rf. 2 apatpovmevor Alemannus : apaviovpmevot.

3 Gravtes GP: aracS. 4 aroxdrrecbar GP: amotéuverbat S,

82

ANECDOTA vii. 15-22

it became dark and would waylay men of the better classes both in the market-place at large and in the alleys, robbing their victims of their clothing and their girdles and gold brooches and whatever besides they might have in their hands. And some they saw fit to kill as well as to rob, to keep them from carrying word to anyone of what had befallen them. Now these performances outraged everyone and _ particularly the partisans of the Blue Faction who were not militant, for not even they remained immune. The result of this was that thereafter most men used girdles and brooches of bronze and mantles much inferior to their station, in order that they might not be destroyed by their love of beautiful things, and even before the sun had set they would withdraw into their houses and remain out of sight. And as the evil continued and no attention was paid to the offenders by the city Government, the boldness of these men kept steadily rising to a great height. For when wrongdoing is accorded full licence, it naturally goes beyond all bounds, since even such crimes as are punished are usually not completely eradicated; for by nature most men turn readily to sin.

Such were the fortunes of the Blues. And of the partisans of the opposing side, some swung over to their faction through an eagerness to have a hand in committing offences without incurring punishment, while others took to flight and were lost to sight in other lands; many also who were caught there in the

5 tuvauapravovtas undopuov Piccolos: tvvauaprdvovros dhuov. bvvopaprdverw real uh Haury, tvvapaprdvovres 5) wy KraSenin- nikoy,

83 G2

P 23

B 51

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24

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PROCOPIUS OF CEASAREA

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> / > > \ eEoualg evradba TY MEV OL. ov yap €orLy ovdey Hiacwa bo avO pwrrov @vouac Levov Omep ovX HpapTnOn Te év TOUT@ 7@ xpove Kal TL@plas €xTOS EMELVe. TPO@TOV pev OV GhOV TOS aVTI- atactwtas SuepOerpov, mpoiovtes b€ Kal Tovs ovdeyv TpoaKEKpouKoTas avTois ExTevov.t modXol dé Kal XpPNmaAcLW avToUS dvareiaavres aTre- deixvuov TOUS odetépous exOpovs, ovaTrEp éxety ot S1expavTo evdvs dvowa ev Ipacivey avrois érreveyKovtes, ayvatas 6€ odhict tavtTataci dvTas. Kal TavTa ovK év cKOTw ETL Ovd ? év mapaBvor@ eyevero, GX’ év amace pev THIS nuépas Katpors, év éxdoTt@ 6€ THs TONEWS XOPO, dv0pdau Tots Noryypardrous Tov TpaccouEevan, dv oUTw TvxOL, ev OPOarmols dvTwV. OvdEev yap emikaruTTEW ed€ovTO TA eyKANMATA, eTEL TOL avuTols OUK €TEKELTO KOAATEWS dé€0s, QNAa TIS mpoohmv Kal pirotiuias akiwons, laxvos Te Kal av6petas € [LT OLOULLEVOLS érriderEw OTL <2) TANYN jud TOV TWA TApATrEeN T@KOTOY yumvov EXTELVOV, éAmis Te ovdevl Tov Ett BidoecOar ev TO TIS duaitns oparep@ Eweve. mavrTes yap éyxetcOar opion TOV Oavatov To mepoeets eval Umwmrevov, Kal ouTe TOTS TU dxUpOs oOUTE Kaupos eXeyyuos Tw és THY owTnpiay edokev eivar, evel Kav TOS

1 éxrewov PS: d:€pOerpov G. 84

ANECDOTA vii. 22-29 city were destroyed by their opponents or were put to death as a punishment by the Government. Many young men also flocked to this association, men who previously had never taken an interest in these affairs, but were now drawn to it by the lure of power and the opportunity for wanton insolence. For there is no unholy act which bears a name among men which was not committed during this period and remained without punishment. Now at first they were destroying their rival partisans, but as time went on they began to slay also those who had given them no offence at all. Many too won them over by bribes and then pointed out their own personal enemies, and these they would destroy immediately, attributing to them the name of Greens, though they were in fact altogether unknown to them. And these things took place no longer in darkness or concealment, but at all hours of the day and in every part of the city, the crimes being committed, it might well be, before the eyes of the most notable men. Tor the wrongdoers had no need to conceal their crimes, for no dread of punishment lay upon them, nay, there even grew up a sort of zest for com- petitions among them, since they got up exhibitions of strength and manliness, in which they shewed that with a single blow they could kill any unarmed man who fell in their way, and no man longer dared to hope that he would survive among the perilous circumstances of daily life. For all suspected, be- cause of their great fear, that death was pressing close upon them, and neither did any place seem to be safe nor any time to offer a guarantee of safety to

2 er. odd’ S, H5n 4) G, Er 9) Pz

30

31

32

33

34

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

TOV lepav TyuwTatoLs Kav Tals Tavnyipert oye | ovdevt Step Betpovo, mTLoTLS TE ovdepia pos TE TOV pidov ral TOV Euyryevov éTt ENEAELTITO. ToANOL yap Kal TH TOV olKeLoTaT@Y emLBovAT éOvynoKov.

Znrynots pévtot ovdoewia tToYV Tempayuévwv éyiveTo. aAAa Ta TAOn atrpoadoKntTa Tacw émimte” Kal Tols memTwKOoW ovdelS HuUvE. vosov 5€ TLvoS %) cupBodraiov Svvapmis Tis ev TO BeBaiw tis taEews ovKéte EhéAELTTO, GAN’ Errl TO Biaotepov aravta Tetpappeva EvvetapayxOn, Tupavule: Te HV * ToALTELA Eupepyns wadioTa, ov Kadectwoon HEVTOL 6 adr Kal éxaoTnv Te aperBouery Kal ael apxouévn. TeV Te apxXovT@y ai ywopmar @aTreEp exmeryNay Hey as EWKETAD, évos avépos PoBo dedovdwpevenn * TO povnpa, ot Te duxalovtes TAS vmep TOV avT ie yOHEVOV ToLou- Hevou yvecets © Tas wapous edidocay ovx iTep avtois edoxet Oixard TE Kal YO pepe elvat, arn’ @oTep TaV Siadepopévov ExdoT@ Ta ex TOV oTactwTop © duo pert} Te Kal pida _eTuyxavev ovTa. Sucaorh yap _@MywpnKore THS éKxelv@v TpoppnaEews Bavaros 7 7 Cnuta eTEKELTO.

Kal mroAndol pév davecatal Ta ypaupateia Tots apryKore Ely Bia TwodAH ovdev TOV oprnparos KEKOMLLO [LEVOL amédovro, TOoANOL O€ OUTL ExOvTLOL €revOépovs Tors oixétas adjKav. gaci dé Kai

1 xav- and kav G: xav- and kat P.

2 For émmre Reiske proposed érémumte.

3» added by KraSeninnikov.

4 SedovAwuévwy Alemannus for -uevor. Dindorf conjectured dedovAwpevat.

86

ANECDOTA vii. 29-34

any man, because men were being killed even in the most honoured of the sanctuaries and at the public festivals for no reason, and no confidence remained in either friends or relatives. For many were being killed through the treachery of those most closely akin to them.

No investigation, however, of the crimes which had been committed took place. But the calamity in all cases fell unexpectedly and no one would try to avenge the fallen. And in no law or contract was there left any effective power resting upon the security of the existing order, but everything was turned to a reign of increasing violence and confusion, and the Government resembled a tyranny, yet not a tyranny that had become established, but one rather that was changing every day and constantly beginning again. And the decisions of the magistrates seemed like those of terrified men whose minds were enslaved through fear of a single man; and those who sat in judgment, in rendering their decisions on the points in dispute, gave their verdicts, not as seemed to them just and lawful, but according as each of the dis- putants had hostile or friendly relations with the Factions. For should any judge have disregarded the instructions of these men, the penalty of death hung imminently over him.

And many money-lenders were forced through sheer compulsion to restore to their debtors their contracts without having received back any part of their loan, and many persons not at all willingly set their slaves free. And they say that certain women were forced

5 wéoes S, yrouas GP. ° crasiwray a in margin, otpariwray G, a in text.

87

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37

38

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1 For woAAa& Reiske proposed mpds moAAd. Haury proposed mpatat after éBovAovro.

ANECDOTA vii. 34-39

by their own slaves to many acts that were sore against their will. And already the sons of men of high station, having mingled with these lawless youths, were compelling their fathers to do much against their will and in particular to deliver over their money to them. And many unwilling boys were compelled to enter into unholy intercourse with the Factionists, with the full knowledge of their fathers. And women, too, while living with husbands, had to submit to this same treatment. And it is said that one woman, dressed in elegant fashion, was crossing with her husband to some suburb on the oppo- site mainland; and in the course of this crossing they were met by some of the Factionists, who tore her from her husband with a threat and placed her in their own boat; and asshe entered the boat with the young men, she stealthily urged her husband to be of good courage and to fear no harm for her; for, she said, she would not suffer any outrage to her person. And even while her husband looked upon her in great sorrow, she threw herself into the sea and straightway vanished from among men.

Such, then, was the outrageous conduct of the Factionists at this time in Byzantium. Yet these things distressed the victims less than the wrongs committed by Justinian against the State, for in the case of those who have suffered the cruelest treatment at the hands of malefactors, the greatest part of the distress arising from a state of political

2 ula Herwerden: uy.

3 eévredevoauervn Haury: -péevny.

4 For woArrelav Suidas has réAw, 5 kaxotpywy PS, kaxoupyotvrwy Ct. 5 60 dratlas Reiske: diardtews.

89

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PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

vOpov TE KL THS apyAs tiow: év yap 7 T pos Ta HehAovTa EVENT LOES eivat paov Te Kal amrove- Tepov Ta Tapovta adhict dépovow avOpwrrot, Biafopevor S€ mpos THs TH TodTELa efertwons apxns Tots te Evytrecovow Ett padAov, ws TO elKOs, Teptadyovat Kal és THY aToyvwoWw TO ampocdoknt@ THs Tiyuwplas és ael TpérrovTat. HuapTave S€ OVX OTL ovovy TpocroLEeicOaL TOUS Kakoupévous HKLaTa HOEXEV, GAN STL TpoTTaTnS TOV aTacLWTOY éx TOD éupavods! Kabiactacbar ovdapr} damngtou: Xpipara Te yap peyanra Tots veavials TOUTOLS TpoleTo, kal ToANOUS bev aug’ auTov elxe, Twas dé AUTO ES TE TAS apyas Kal TA adra akiopata Kanety edixaiouv.

Tatra pev ody év te Bulavtiw émpatteto Kal TOAe EXAOTD. domep yap aXXo TL voonma évoévoe dpEdwevov TO Kakov TAVT AX?) emréoknwe TAS ‘Pepatov apxijs- Baovnet dé TaV mpacao- pLév@V euora éwenev, rel Oude Tis aic@nows TO vO pare éyéveTo, KalTrep auronrn tov? Spw- peévov év Tots immobpopio.s a del YvOMEr(p. 3 HALBLOS Te yup UTEppvars ay Kal vobet dvm éudepis padiora Kal olos 7 TOV Narivov Exxovte €recOat, guXva of cEelcopéevay TOV wTaV. “lovoTiviavos Tavra TE empacce Kal EvuTravta Tada exvKa. domep erred) TaXLoTa émehaSero THS Tov Oetouv apxXns, Xenuara ev Ta Snboo ea, ev0ds KaTava- ody KOTUw OvdEVL EV GTOVSH Elyev ATE AVTODV

1 éupavods Alemannus: adavois. 2 airémtn Trav Alemannus: a’rdy 7... Tar. 3 / X / yiwouerw GP, yiwoudvwv S 4 For éreg@at Suidas has ref@er@a.

go

ANECDOTA vii. 39-viii. 4

disorder is removed by the constant expectation of punishment to be exacted by the laws and the Government. For in their confident hope of the future men bear their present ills more lightly and easily, but when treated with violence by the power in control of the State, they naturally grieve over their misfortunes the more and are constantly driven to despair by the fact that punishment is not to be expected. And Justinian offended not alone in that he refused absolutely to champion the cause of the wronged, but also because he did not object at all to making himself the avowed protector of the Fac- tionists ; for he kept issuing great sums of money to these youths, and retained many of them about his own person, and some of them he even saw fit to summon to the magistracies and to other stations of honour.

viii. These things, then, were being enacted both in Byzantium and in every other city. For the evil, like any other malady, beginning there fell like a scourge upon every part of the Roman Empire. But the Emperor Justinus paid not the slightest heed to what was passing, for he, in fact, had no power of perception at all, though he was an eye-witness at all times of what was being done in the hippodromes. For he was extraordinarily simple-minded and ex- ceedingly like a stupid donkey, inclined to follow the man who pulls the rein, his ears waving steadily the while. And Justinian was not only doing the things described but was also throwing everything else into confusion. Indeed, as soon as this man laid hold of the Government of his uncle, he straightway was eager to squander the public funds with complete

_ recklessness, seeing he had become master of them.

Or

P 25 B 54

or

10

11

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

KUpLOS yeyovws. Odvver yap Tots del mpoorvy- Xavovar TheloTa €Tl TH ToNTELA Tpotero. e& ov 67) ep odors amroKeia Bar cuxvais _EvvéBawe ‘Paopateor THY yn. aToyevodwevor yap ob Bap- Bapou ovTor ‘Pwpyaiwy trovTov peOiecPar ovKETL rvelXovTo THIS evradda pepovons 000d.

IloAra 6é p plarrew Kal €s 9ararriovs oixodopias tivas n&lov, Biafopevos TO TOY KUpaTwY es cel podtov. &€x yap jLovos tals TOV ALOwy érriBorais émim poo Bev nel peroveiKos * Tats €k TOU ToVvTOU émruppoais Exon ® Kal KaOarep éEovcla movTov® mMpos THY THS OGaraoons av TUptoT pov pEvos dvvamiv. Tas Te TOV ‘Pwpaiwy dias ExdoTwV ovcias é€x Taons vis és avTtov nryELpe, Tots pev 6 TL én eyehnpua ovx dapaptn bev emlKanéoas, TOV bé kal TV yvoOuny ATE avToOV Sed@pnwevev TEepa- Tevodpevos. Torro dé hovwv Te Kal addwv ey nya ov TOLOUT@U anovres, eita efvoT dwevor avT@ TOY TavT@v XPnmarov Suepuyor @ @v Tjmaprov pn dodvat THY Steny: Erepor € ywplov ov déov Tots TEAAS TOY, Av OUTw TUXOLs apis BntovvTes, émel karadiarrpoacbat TOV AVTLOLKOV ovdaph eixov TOD vopou opiow avriaTaToovTos, oi é Tovtos On Tots av TiNeyopevoLs avTov dwpyad- pevol ama oovTO9, autol jev4 Xapere atnpio epdavarres TO yvw@pLwoe ryeryoveva TO avdpl TOUT®, TpoTw Oe Tapavoworare katadixacacbat® Tov avridican i laxvoarTes.

1 For piAoveixws Reiske proposed piAoverkay. 2 €xwv added by KraSeninnikoy.

3 wAovrov Alemannus : mAod.

4 wey Reiske: 8€.

92

ANECDOTA viii. 4-11

For he kept squandering very great sums for service to the State on those of the Huns who chanced from time to time to meet him; and as a result of this the land of the Romans came to be exposed to frequent inroads. For when once these barbarians had tasted the wealth of the Romans, they could no longer keep away from the road leading to Byzantium.

He also saw fit to throw much money into certain buildings along the sea, seeking to put constraint upon the incessant surge of the waves. For he kept moving outward from the beach by piling up stones, being determined to compete with the wash of the sea, and, as it were, seeking to rival the strength of the sea by the sheer power of wealth. And he gathered into his hands the private property of every Roman in the whole world, charging some of them with some crime or other which they had not com- mitted, and in the case of others deluding their minds with the idea that they had made him a present. And many who had been convicted of murder and other such crimes handed over to him their entire fortunes and thus escaped paying the penalty for their misdeeds; and others who might, for instance, be urging against their neighbours a claim to certain lands to which they had no right, finding themselves unable, because the law was against them, to secure a judgment against their adversaries by arbitration, simply bestowed this disputed property upon the Emperor and so were free of the business, thus winning for themselves, by a gift which cost them nothing, an acquaintance with this man, and having succeeded by most illegal means in getting the better of their opponents at law.

5 katadiindcacba: GP, Karabiairhoacba 5,

93

cr

or

12

13

14

16

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

Ovx« aro 5 Katpod ryodpmar eivar Kal TO €id0¢ TOUTOU 61 TOD avOpwrous onunval. TO pev ovY c@ua ovTe paxpos ovTe KoAoBos ayav adda METpLOS HV, OV mévTOL laxXVOS, GAA KaTAa Bpaxd eVoapkos, THY bé 67 Oyu oT poryyvros TE Kal ouK cpmopdpos- emuppia yap eal duolv » HMEPALY ATTOTLTOS Ov. ores 6€ adtav avtov TO Eidos curr) Bony onpnver, Aopetiave TO Oveoracravod TaLol ex TOD él helo Tov eudepéartepos 7) 7, ovmep ‘Pwpaior THis KAaKOTpoTrias €s Tooovec dm @vavTo Gate ovde KpeoupynaavTes OAov exADaaL THY és avTov opyny éyvwoav, adda doypa éryeryover THS ouyKdynTou Bovrhs pndé dvowa tod Bacidéws tovTov ev ypdupaciw evar pnd elkova nvtivaody avTod diacwlecOat. TO TE yovV dvoya TODTO TaVTAaYOE éml TOV THS ne ypapmatov cal el mov addy TOUTO yeypape at EvvéBy EKKEKONG|LLEVOD ” iSeiv petakv TOV ANNOV mapeore povov, Kal TLS avrod eix@v ovdaun daivetat ovca THs “Pwpaiwy apyis, OTe pn XaAKH pia é€& aitias Toldcde. Aw TO Aopetiav@ yuvn édevOépios Kal adAwS Koopa, Kal ovTE® avTN KAKO TL OVOEVA ElpyacaTo TWTOTE TOV TavT@V avOpwrarv, oVTE® Tis AUTH TOY TOD avdpos mpakewy ipecke. SuoTep avTny ayav

8 avOpdmov GP, avépds S. 2 €xkexoAamevoy Alemanuus: éykexoAacméevoy G, éyKeroAau-

bévoy PS. 3 o're .. . odre KraSeninnikov: ovdé . . . ovde.

1 An unsubstantiated report. According to Suetonius, Domitian’s body was cremated by his faithful nurse. See Appendix Il.

2° Suetonius, xxiii, records that ‘‘ memoriae damnatio 2 was decreed by the Senate against Domitian, also * *“eradendos ubique titulos abolendamque omnem memoriam.’

94

ce

ANECDOTA viii. 12-16

And I think it not inappropriate to describe the appearance of this man. He was neither tall in

__ stature nor particularly short, but of a medium height, __ yet not thin but slightly fleshy, and his face was round and not uncomely; for his complexion remained ruddy even after two days of fasting. But that I may describe his appearance as a whole in few words, I would say that he resembled Domitian, son of Vespasian, very closely, an Emperor who so im- pressed the Romans who suffered under him that even

__ after they had chopped his whole body into pieces they felt that they had not satisfied their rage against him,! but through a decree of the Senate ? determined

| that not even the name of this Emperor should appear on documents nor any likeness of him what- soever be preserved? His name, at any rate,

t everywhere in the inscriptions in Rome and wherever else it chanced to have been carved has been chiselled out, this name alone among all the others, as the _ observer may see, and not a single statue of him is to be seen anywhere throughout the Roman Empire, with the exception of one bronze statue, accounted for as follows.4 Domitian had a wife® of noble character and discreet, and neither had she herself ever harmed any man in the world nor was she pleased at all with any of the actions of her husband. Conse-

The decree was only partially effective; the features of _ Domitian are known from coins and from a limited number _ of statues. __ 4 It is a fact that only one inscription of Domitian’s reign __ has come down to us from the city of Rome (C@.J.L. VI. 932), _ though many have been found in the provinces. Gibbon (4th _ ed. Bury, Vol. IV, p. 430 note) frankly characterizes as foolish _ the belief of Procopius that only one bust of this Emperor survived to the sixth century. __ ® Domitia Longina. She was the divorced wife of Actius Lamia,

95

17

18

19

21

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

ayaTromevny a) Bourn TOTE peTarreprrapevy ai- tela Gar 6 Tt av avr? Bovropévn ein éxédevev. 1) O€ TOUTO Lovo (KETEVE, TO Te Aopetiavod cdma AaBovoa Bayar Kai pilav a’Ttd avabeivar eixova Yarkhv, Oro. av eOérot. Kal 2 pev Bovry Evvexwper TavTa: 7 O€ yuvi) Tis amavOpamias TOV TOV avopa KpeoupynaavTmv amroneiypar * Bovdopevy pvnpeta TH OTLaOevy Ypovw EmrevoeL Ta0e. TA Aoperiavod EvhreFapevn) Kpéa, Euy- Oeiod Te av’ta és TO ax pipes Kal evappooapern és ahAnda Katéppawe pév TO T@ua Orov, Tois Se TAadoTas évderEauevn ev eiKove YAAK TO Taos aTroppetabar TovTO exédevev. Ol fev OvV TEXVI- Tal Ty elkova evdds érrotouv. AaBodaa 6é 1 yun Eatnoey em TIS és To Kamrit@dtov pepovons avodov év be&id ex TIS aryopas évtav0a lovtt, eidos Te TO Aopetiavod Kal TO mabos dnodoay és T06E TOU Xpovov. ela evev av Tes 70 TE aXXo ‘Lovatweavod capa Kal TV oy auTny Kal Ta TOU mpoowmou amavta 10n év tavtTn TH elKOvE dtahavas eivar,

To ev oby el00s ToLobros Tis Av? Tov 6é TpoTrov és pev TO aptBes ovK av ppdc arp. Av yap ovTOS avnp KaKkodpyos TE Kal evTapayoyos, Ov 61) popoxaxonOn Kadodow, ovTe avTos adn- Ovfdpevos Tots evtvyydavovow, addAa V@ Sorep@ amravta és ael Kal NEyoV Kal TpaTT@Y, Kal Tots éEatratav €0édovaly amoxeipevos ovdevi Tove.

1 ris Alemannus: ras. 2 amodeiWa: Alemannus: amadeia.

1 No such statue has been found. The original and fairly accurate reports of Domitian’s reign would seem to have given rise to a saga of horrors.

96

ANECDOTA viii. 17-22

quently she was dearly beloved, and the Senate at

that time summoned her and bade her ask whatever she wished. And she begged only this, that she _ might take the body of Domitian and bury it and that _ she might set up one bronze statue to him wherever she wished. And the Senate conceded this. And the woman, wishing to leave to future ages a memorial of the inhumanity of those who had butchered her husband, contrived the following. Collecting the flesh of Domitian, and putting the pieces accurately together and fitting them one to the other, she sewed up the whole body; then, displaying it to the sculp- tors, she bade them represent in a bronze statue the fate which had befallen her husband. So the artists straightway made the statue. The woman then took it and set it up in the street leading up to the Capitol, on the right as one ascends thither from the Forum, and it shews both the features and the fate of Domi- tian, even to the present day.t And one might azard a guess that the body of Justinian in general and particularly the face and all the characteristic features of his countenance are clearly embodied n this statue. Such was Justinian in appearance ; but his character I could not accurately describe. For this man was oth an evil-doer and easily led into evil, the sort f a person whom they call a moral pervert,? never of is own accord speaking the truth to those with whom e conversed, but having a deceitful and crafty intent behind every word and action, and at the same time exposing himself, an easy prey, to those who wished to deceive him. Anda certain unusual mixture had

3 The Greek word indicates a combination of folly and _ wickedness.

Hy VOL. VI. Wt

B 57

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PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

Kal TLS anOns Kpaots €v avuT@ émepvKer Ex TE avoias Kal KaKOTpoTrias Evykexpapévn. Kal Taxa TOUTO HV omep év Tols dvw Xpovols THY Ts ex TOU TepuTarou prrocopoy amepbéyEaro, os Kal Ta evavTi@rara €v avO pwrou pucet EvpBaiver elval, WoTEp EV TOV YpwmaToV TH piEel. ypapa pérvrou} Ov poe epixed Bau ov* duvatov yéyovev. nv tolwvy o PBacired’s ovTos eElpwv, SodeEpos, KATATAATTOS, TKOTLOS OpynV, SiTrAODS, aVOpwTOS dewvos, UToxpivac bat yvonne TENEWTATOS,® Kal uxpua ovx, id’ HOoviis TLVOS 7) mabous Exhepar, ara Teyvat@y ert KaLpOv | Kara TO THIS xXpelas mapov, yrevdopevos és adel, OUK ElKA HEVTOL, ava Kal ypdmpara Kal OpKous deworatous ent Tots EvyKerpevors TETOLNLEVOS, Kal TavdTa 7 pos TOUS KaTNKOOUS TOvS auUTOD. avexwper SE TAY TE @moroynwevov Kal ouwpmocpévov evs, WaTrEp TOV avopaTrobwy Ta xelptaTta, SéeL TOV EeyKEL[ME- vo odiat Bacavev bi@pota és TV Opforoyiav VY PED A. piros aBéBatos, ex O pos dom oveos, povev Te Kal Npnwatov d.atrupos Epaorns, dvcepis Te Kal VE@TEPOTFOLOS Madore, és pev Ta KaKa eUTrapayoryos, és 6€ Ta ayaba ovdewid EvpBourn * HKov,” emvonoat pev Ta patra Kal emiTed€oat o€Us, TOV 6€ 61) ayaP@v Kal avTHY TroU THY aKoryV GApupay eivat olopmevos. Tas av TLs TOV lovaTE- viavod TpoTrwv édixécOat T@ OY SvVaTOS Ein ; TadTd Te Kal ToAda ett pelfw Kaka ov KaTa

5 Heyl GP, roivuy S. ov added by H aury, cf. Sec 27. S » Reiske proposed Bewds dmoxplvacGar yvduny TeAcwTdTws (reAewTaTra KraSeninnikoy) ‘‘clever at acting out in the most perfect fashion an opinion which he pretended to hold.”

98

ANECDOTA viii. 23-27

developed in him, compounded of both folly and wickedness. And possibly this illustrated a saying uttered by one of the Peripatetic philosophers in earlier times, to the effect that the most opposite elements are found in man’s nature, just as in mixed colours. (I am now writing, however, of matters in which I have not been able to attain competency.) But to resume, this Emperor was insincere, crafty, hypocritical, dissembling his anger, double-dealing, clever, a perfect artist in acting out an opinion which he pretended to hold, and even able to produce tears, not from joy or sorrow, but contriving them for the occasion according to the need of the moment, always playing false, yet not carelessly but adding both his signature and the most terrible oaths to bind his agreements, and that too in dealing with his own subjects. But he departed straightway from his agreements and his oaths, just like the vilest slaves, who, through fear of the tortures hanging over them, are induced to make confession of acts which they had denied on oath. He was a fickle friend, a truceless enemy, an ardent devotee of assassination and of robbery, quarrelsome and an inveterate innovator, easily led astray into wrong, but influenced by no counsel to adopt the right, keen to conceive and to execute base designs,! but looking upon even the hearing about good things as distasteful. How could any man be competent to describe adequately the character of Justinian? These faults and many others still greater he manifestly possessed to a

1 Cf. Book III. x. 25.

4 EuypBovan PS, EvuBoaq G. 5 Reiske proposed efx wv for Hxwv,

H2

12 Yl B 58

28

29

30

32

33

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

avOpwrov éxywv épaiveto, dAdka Tacav 7 dvats edokel THY KaKOTpoTriay apedopévn TOvsS adOUS avOpwrovs ev TH TOvdE TOD avdpos KaTabécbat wuyn. iv € mpos Tois dAdo €s pev Tas d:a Boras evKoros ayav,} és dé Tas Tyuwplas dEUS. ov yap TL Tw@TroTE StepevyNodpevos Expivev, GAN aKovaas Tob dtaBddrovtos THY yvaow e€vOds eEeveyxety eyo. eypape TE ypadupara ovdemeg OKT EL, Xeplov TE GNWOELS KA TOEWY eu pno- povs Kal OX\wv eOvav avdpatrodicpods e€ aitias ovdemiads ExovtTa. ware el Tis dvwOev GnavTa Ta ‘Pwpaios EvvevexPévta ctab wwpevos avticnKovv” avTa Tovtos éérou,® dSoxet proc Av TAELwW Povoy evpécbat a0 paar T pos Tob _avdpos TOUOE EvpBavra 1 7 €v TO AXRW TravTl aiave yeyerna at TETUX KE. tov de dddwv 4 XPNHAT OV és ev THY avatoOnrov® Kthow dOKVOTATOS Av* ovede yap ovoe coxa nov Twa Taparétacpa TOU duxaiov mpoBeBrAnuévos THY ov mpoanKkovTwY émuBatevev’ yevouevav S€ oixetwy étoLmoTaTos jv adoyioTtm pirotipia mepippovety te Kal Tots BapBapos mpoter Gar ° ovdevl Aoyo. Kal TO Evymav elmety, NPNMAT A ovTE avTos elev ove aAXov TWA EXEL TOV aTrdvTwY ela, GoTep ov piioxpnpwatias }T@pEVOS, adra POovw és Tous TavTa” KexTnmévous éxyomevos. €Eouxicas® ovv

ayay Alemannus: amav GP, amas S.

ayvtionkody Alemannus: aytionkay.

€6€ro1 PS, eberer G.

Haury would prefer &\Aorplwy for &AAwy.

avaiaxuvrov proposed by KraSeninnikov for aval Onrov. mpolecOat GS, mpoclerda P. 7 ratra GP, raura S. efouxloas GP, étoucidoas 8.

oa oc fr we wp

I0o

ae

ANECDOTA viii. 27-33

degree not in accord with human nature. On the contrary, Nature seemed to have removed all baseness from the rest of mankind and to have concentrated it in the soul of this man. And in addition to his other shortcomings, while he was very easy-going as to lending an ear to slanders, yet he was severe as to inflicting punishment. [or he never paused for a thorough investigation before reaching a decision, but straightway upon hearing what the slanderer said, he would make his decision and order it published. And he did not hesitate to write orders that called for the capture of towns and the burning of cities and the enslavement of whole peoples, for no reason whatever. Consequently, if one should care to estimate all the misfortunes which have befallen the Romans from the earliest times and then to balance against them those of the present day, it seems to me that he would find a greater slaughter of human beings to have been perpetrated by this man than has come to pass in all the preceding time. And while he had no scruples whatever against the

quiet acquisition of other men’s money—for he

never even made any excuse, putting forward justice as a screen in trespassing upon things which did not belong to him—yet when once these had be- come his own, he was perfectly ready to shew his contempt for the money, with a prodigality in which there was no trace of calculation, and for no reason at all to fling it away to the bar-

_barians. And, to sum up the whole matter, he

neither had any money himself, nor would he allow anyone else in the world to have it, as though he were not a victim of avarice, but simply consumed by envy of those who possessed money. Conse-

Ior

B 59

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

padaota tov wAodTOV ex “Pwpaiwy ths yhs mevias Snuloupyos arace yéyovev.

0’. “lovetiwiave pev ody ta és Tov TpoTrov boa ye nuas dvvacbau ppacar THOE TH eixen. eynpe dé yuvaika, 2) OvTLVa TpoTOV yevopern Te Kal tpageica Kal Tade TO avOparr@ és yapov Evvadpbeiaa mT poppitov “Papators THD mrouTelay éFétpiev, eyo onrwro, "AKaKLOS ay Tus eV Bulavrip Onptoxopos TOY €v BB neat Onpiwv peoipas Lpaciven, 6 évTep apxtotpodov 1 Kadovour. ovTOS 0 avinp ‘Avacraciou THY avToKpaTopa apynv EXOVTOS eTeMeVTHTE voow Talowy ol amo- Acherppeveov T ploy OnreEos yévous, Koputods TE Kal Geodopas wal ‘Avacractas, avTmep 7 mpeo Bu- rat ovTr@ émrTaérns yeyovuia eTuyxavev. 7 O€ yuvn éextrecovaa étépw avdpl és Koitnv 7dOer, Os 69 Ely ad’Tth TOV Te KaTA THY oiKiav Kal TOD Epyou TOUTOU emipedr ver Oae To NoeTrov ened rev. o 6€ TaD Ipaciver OpXNTTS "Aoréptos dvopa XPHpwace T pos eT épou avarreva Beis TovTOUS ev THS TULAS TavTNS am éaTn oe, Tov dé Ol Ta Xeywara dovta és avtTny arexatéaTnoey ovdevi Trove. TOUS: yap opxna nas Td TovabTa efi Siocketo Bae kat é€ovaiay 77 BovrowTo. érrel d€ Tov Shuov Evptravta ) yuvn ev KuYnyecio aynyeppéevon Eide, oTéupata tais tatoly év te TH KEehary Kal aupotépats Tals yepoly évOeuévn es THY iKETELav éxabicev. Grr of I pdowor pév mpoctec@ar®

1 apxrotpépoy Alemannus: apkotpégoy.

2 4 Alemannus: ei. mpooterOat GP, mpoledat pev S,

a

ANECDOTA viii. 33-ix. 7

quently he lightly banished wealth from the Roman world and became the creator of poverty for all.

ix. The traits, then, of Justinian’s character, as far as we are able to state them, were roughly these. And he married a wife concerning whom I shall now relate how she was born and reared and how, after being joined to this man in marriage, she overturned the Roman State to its very foundations. There was in Byzantium a certain Acacius, keeper of the animals used in the circus, an adherent of the Green Faction, a man whom they called Master of the Bears. This man had died a natural death during the reign of Anastasius, leaving three girls, Comito, Theodora and Anastasia, the eldest of whom was not yet seven years of age. And the woman, now reduced to utter distress,! entered into marriage with another husband, who, she thought, would later on assist her in both the care of the household and in her first husband’s occupation. But the Dancing Master of the Greens, a man named Asterius, was bribed by another man to remove these persons from that office and to make no difficulty about putting in the position the man who had given him the money. For the Dancing Masters had authority to administer such matters as they wished. But when the woman saw the whole populace gathered in the Circus, she put garlands on the heads and in both hands of the three girls and caused them to sit as suppliants. And though the Greens were by no

Z Haury, comparing é«mimrew els aunxaviay in Procopius VIII. xi. 48 and VIII. xxvii. 25, suggests that there is here an ellipsis of efs éunxaviav. The absolute use of écnimrw is illustrated by such usages as éxtlrtovoa, ‘“‘ widow” (sc. toi yauou), “a fallen woman” (sc. ris &perijs), exmlmres, “to fail” in an undertaking (as in Plutarch Sertorius 4), etc.

103

B 60

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

\ e / > A) / \ > \ THY ikeTelav ovdaun éyvwoav, Bévetou b€ avTtas él TavTns 61) KATETTIGAYTO Thy TLS, eel € r 0 Onptoxopos éteTeAEuTHKEL Kal avTois EvayXos.

8 émel 6é Ta Taidla TavTa é€s Ary mrGe, Kabijcev

aura éml THS crnstenele TKNV IS avutixa y) PNTNPs érrel evmperre’s * Ty owey Hoav, ov HEVTOL uo Ypovoyv TOV avToV aTUaas, AAN ws ExdaTn edokEev

e > X ” tal e / 7. (2 \ = 9 ol €S TO Epyov TOVTO wWpala ELVal. 1) BEV OUV

10

11

T POTN Komi non év tails Kal’ abtHny éraipais Aapmpa eyeyovet' Ocodwpa b€ 7) pet exelvnv XeT@vic KOV Xerplo@rov dre Xoevn) dovdo marbl TPETOVTA Ta TE adr UmnpeTovoa el TeTO ral TO Babpov evi TOV wuwv adel Epepev ep’ ovTEP exetvn €v Tots Evdroyous Kabir bac eloOet. TEWS bev ovv awpos ova 7» Qcodwpa és koirny avopi Evvrévat ovdaph elyev, ovSé ola yur) piyvuc@ar: » 6€ Tots KaKodaLpovodaly avdpelay TLVa pion- tiav? aveployeto,® Kal tTadta SovXols, boot Tols KEKTHMEVOLS ETrOmEevOL és TO OéaTpov mapEpyov THS ovoNS avrois evauplas * TOV deBpov ToOT Ov eipyalovro, € év Te Haat poTrel ToNvy TWa xpovov eri tavtn 5) TH mapa puow epyacia Tou cwpatos duatpiBnv eixev. érev67) dé TaxioTa és te THY HBnv adixeto Kal wpaia nv dn, els Tas é€mt oxnvyns KabnKev avtnv, ETalpa TE evOvs éeyeryover, olavmep ol maar avOpwroe eKd- Nouv metnv. ov yap avrrT pia ovde WaXrpia 7, ov pay ovee Ta és THY opxnoTpav aUTH HOKNTO, andra THY @pav Tots del TepiTriT TOVoLY amedisoro povov ove €x® qavtos épyalomévn TOU cwpmaTos.

1 eirpemets GP, amperes S.

2 wonriay Dindorf, wonrefay Alemannus: monthy.

3 dveuloyero Krageninnikoy: éuloyero. O04

oa

i

ANECDOTA ix. 7-12

means favourable to receiving the supplication, the Blues conferred this position of honour upon them, since their Master of the Bears also had recently died. And when these children came of age, the mother immediately put them on the stage there— since they were fair to look upon—not all three at the same time, but as each one seemed to her to be ripe for this calling. Now Comito, the first one, had already scored a brilliant success among the harlots of her age; and Theodora, the next in order, clothed in a little sleeved frock suitable to a slave girl, would follow her about, performing various services and in particular always carrying on her shoulders the stool on which her mother was accustomed to sit in the assemblies. Now for a time Theodora, being immature, was quite unable to sleep with a man or to have a woman’s kind of intercourse with one, yet

_ she did engage in intercourse of a masculine type of

lewdness with the wretches, slaves though they were,

_who, following their masters to the theatre, inci-

dentally took advantage of the opportunity afforded them to carry on this monstrous business, and she spent much time in the brothel in this unnatural traffic of the body. But as soon as she came of age and was at last mature, she joined the women of the

stage and straightway became a courtesan, of the

sort whom men of ancient times used to call “infantry.’’! For she was neither a flute-player nor a harpist, nay, she had not even acquired skill in the dance, but she sold her youthful beauty to those who chanced to come along, plying her trade with practi-

1 The foot-soldiers, as the humblest of fighting troops, gave their name to the plainest of the courtesans.

4 ebxaipics Alemannus: dkatpias. 5 mada. GS, madaiol P. 8 ovic x Reiske: éx. 105

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PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

eita Tols pipows Ta és TO O€atpovy mavTa wpider Kal Tov évtavda emriTnOevpaTov peTeixev autos, Yerwromo.ois tTiat Bwporoxylas v UmnpeTovoa. Hv yap aotela SiapepovTws Kal TKOTT PLA, amro- Brerros Te €x Tov épyouv evbvs eyeryovee. ov yap TIVOS aidods TH avo pore pet hy 7) dvatpa- meio dv Tes auTny TOTOTE eldev, arn és dvatc- xuvTous Umoupyias | ovdEmLa OKYITEL EX@PEL, Kal ToLauTy TLS HV ola patriloméevn puev kal KaTa KOppNS TaTaccomevyn YaplevTi€ery TE KAL peyLoTa dvakayx ater, arrobucapevy TE Ta* Te Tpocw Kal Ta OTiow Tols evTUYYavoUGL yuma erriderEaL, & Tois avopact Deus dna TE Kal ahary eivat.

"Es 5€ Tobs épactas éydevalé Te BaKkevovca Kal vewTépats ael ToV pikewy évdraOpuTTopérn eMLTEXVIT ETL mapactncac bat Tas T@V ako\da- Tov vpuyas &s del loxvev, émrel ovdé metpac Bar ™pos TOU TOV eT UYXAVOVT@Y nEiou, GX’ ava- maw avtn yedoud loved Te Kal Boporoxas ioxedlovoa TOUS TapameTT@KOTAS amavras, an- Aws Te Kal ayevelous OvTas érreipa. Mocwy yap TUS ovTws nOovis amaans ovdanh yeyouer, eTrel Kal €$ Evvaryoy mov deimvov TONNGKLS Moda Eby veaviais déka 7) TOUTwY Treloo ly, ioxvi TE Tw pLAaTos axpaSover lav Kal TO Aayvevew Te- TOLNLEVOLS Epyov; Evvexouratero bev Tos ouvveet- TVOLS atTact TD VUKTA odyy, émrevOav bé 7 pos TO Epyov ToUTO mavTes ametrotev, be mapa Tous éxeivov olkétas lotca TpidKovta dvTas, av ovTw TUXOL, Evveduatero Mev avTaY EKaTTe, Kopov O€ ovd ws TavTNS 512 THS mLeNTlas eddBave.

1 For re ra Piccolos proposed 6€ ra.

106

ANECDOTA ix. 13-16

cally her whole body. Later on she was associated with the actors in all the work of the theatre. and she shared their performances with them, playing up to their buffoonish acts intended to raise a laugh. For she was unusually clever and full of gibes, and she immediately became admired for this sort of thing. For the girl had not a particle of modesty, nor did any man eyer see her embarrassed, but she undertook shameless services without the least hesitation, and she was the sort of a person who, for instance, when being flogged or beaten over the head, would crack a joke over it and burst into a loud laugh; and she would undress and exhibit to any who chanced along both her front and her rear naked, parts which rightly should be unseen by men and hidden from them.

And as she wantoned with her lovers, she always kept bantering them, and by toying with new devices in intercourse, she always succeeded in winning the hearts of the licentious to her; for she did not even expect that the approach should be made by the man she was with, but on the contrary she herself, with wanton jests and with clownish posturing with her hips, would tempt all who came along, especially if they were beardless youths. Indeed there was never anyone such a slave to pleasure in all forms; for many a time she would go to a community dinner 1 with ten youths or even more, all of exceptional bodily vigour who had made a business of fornication, and she would lie with all her banquet companions the whole night long, and when they all were too ex- hausted to go on, she would go to their attendants, thirty perhaps in number, and pair off with each one of them; yet even so she could not get enough of this wantonness.

1 A ‘feast’? to which everyone brought something. 107

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Kat morte és tay Tivos émrihavay oixiav é-dOodca petakv Tod moTou Oewpévav avrny, Os pact, TOV Evproray dmdvror, és TO m pov xov avaBaca TiS KMUNS appl Ta _T pos TOOWY dvacvpaca Tel Ta (uaTia ovsevl Koopm éevTadOa ovK amntiwoe THD axoraciay evoeixvucGar. 1 b€ Kak TpLOV TPUTNLATOV epyatouevn ever dre Th puoet, dva- popouperr) OTe én [1) Kal TOUS Tur Bods cy EUPUTEPOV 7 VUV ELoL TpUTON, OmTws Kal addnv? evratda mew émuTexvacbat Suvat?) ein. Kal ouxva pev éxvel, mavta b€ oxedov Texvalovca éFauPrALoxew evOs loyve.

TloAAdkKis 6€ Kav TH Oedtpw U0 Death TavTi TO SHnuw amedvcate Te Kal yupurr bia pécov® >? / ? \ \ >’ n ‘ \ r eyeveTo, aul Ta aidoia Kal Tous BovBdvas dia loopa exoura fovov, ovX OTL HEVTOL NOXVVETO Kal TavTa 7 bnwo Serxvuvat, aX’ OTL evtadda yuLV@ twavtdtact tapévar ovdevl é€eotw O74 hn TO aul TOUS BovBdvas * dua loa EXovTL. oUT@ HEvToL TOU TX MATOS exouca, avaTeT T@- kvia Te év T@ ebader Utia Exerto. Ones bé€ TLVES O15 on TO &pyov 700 EVEKELTO,” xpias aura UrrepOev TOV aldoiwy éppimtovr, as 67 ob xAveEs ol és TovTO Taper kevac wévor eT Uy Xavov Tots otopacw évOévde Kata pilav avedopevor HaOrov. e \ > ic4 > > rn > / >’ \ n 5€ OVX OTL ovK EpvOpid@ca e~aviotaTo, adda

1 KraSeninnikov proposed to transfer the te from after avacvpaca to after aupl, thus making the feet Theodora’s—an improbable suggestion.

2 YAAny S, tAAwy GP

3 uéeoou PS, péoov G.

4 BovBavas PS, BouBavas udvov G.

5 Wor évéxerro KraSeninnikoy proposed éréxe:to,

108

=

i:

ANECDOTA ix. 17-22

On one occasion she entered the house of one of the notables during the drinking, and they say that in the sight of all the banqueters she mounted to the projecting part of the banqueting couch where their feet lay,! and there drew up her clothing in a shameless way, not hesitating to display her licentiousness. And though she made use of three openings, she used to take Nature to task, complaining that it had not pierced her breasts with larger holes so that it might be possible for her to contrive another method of copulation there. And though she was pregnant many times, yet practically always she was able to contrive to bring about an abortion immediately.

And often even in the theatre, before the eyes of the whole people, she stripped off her clothing and moved about naked through their midst, having only a girdle about her private parts and her groins, not, however, that she was ashamed to display these too to the populace, but because no person is permitted to enter there entirely naked, but must have at least a girdle about the groins. Clothed in this manner, she sprawled out and lay on her back on the ground. And some slaves, whose duty this was, sprinkled grains of barley over her private parts, and geese, which happened to have been provided for this very purpose, picked them off with their beaks, one by one, and ate them. And when she got up, she not only did not blush, but even acted as if she

1 The guests were presumably reclining in Roman fashion on three couches arranged on three sides of a rectangle open at the foot (the triclinium). As they lay propped upon their left elbows, their heads towards the head table, their feet would extend toward the open side through which Theodora made her entrance. Her act was performed, then, upon the un- occupied lower end of a couch which projected beyond the feet of the three banqueters on each of the side couches.

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L Pidorimoupery | éml TAaUTY 87 77 mpaker e@Kel, nv yap ovK dala XvVTOS jlovov, adAa Kal avaloyvVTOTOLOS TaVTwY fL.ddLTTA. TONAG- Kis 6€ Kal aTodvaamevn Edy Tois pipots ev péow eloTyKe. eml THs oKNVAS Nopdoupévyn TE Kal TA oTlaw amoxevT@oal Tols Te OlaTrelpay avTAs éyovat kal tols ovmw TemAnoTLaKOoL, TA éK Taralatpas THs avTH elwOvias BpevOvopérn. ovT@ be aKoaaTws és TO copa TO auThs UBpicev, WOTE THY alo@ ovK ev TH THS pucews XOPY Kara TauTa tats ddrats yuvaréiv, adn’ ev TO TPOTOT@ éyew €ddxer. of pev ody avTh mAnoudCovtes évonrot evOus at? avTod oav, OTL 67 OV KATA vo pov Tis pucews Tas pikes TovopyTau dao O€ avTn é€v ayopa Tov eT LELKET TEPOV evTUX OLED, GTOKNLVO MEVOL omoven UmeX@pour, by TOU TOV imatiov THS dv perrov dypdpevor peTaraxetv TOU pudo MaTos ToUTOU dofevav. Hv yap Tots opaaw ANOS Te Kal apxopenns mpepas Braodnpos ol@vos. és pévtoe Tas avvOeaTpias dypiotara eloder és ael cKopTaiver Far: Backavia yap TON} ELXETO.

“ExnBorw é Uo Tepov Tupi dvdpl TV apxny maparhaBovre Ilevtatrorews és Ta aloyiota bTrn- peTi}ovea elTreTO, andra TL TO avOpare TT poo- xexpovavia evOévde OTe Taxlora aT AAVVETO" 610 6) auth amopeicPar TaY avayKaiwy Evvétecer, amep TO NoLTro erroplfeTO THY és TO THma Tapa- vomiav, nmep el0toTto, épyalomevn. és pev ody

> an > a 1 amoxevt@ca PS, amoxovtaca G.

1 On this meaning, alddés = aldoiov, cf. Suidas, s.v., Iliad, II. 262, Odyssey, x. 70.

IIo

ANECDOTA ix. 22-27

took pride in this strange performance. Tor she was not merely shameless herself, but also a contriver of shameless deeds above all others. And it was a common thing for her to undress and stand in the midst of the actors on the stage, now straining her body backwards and now trying to penetrate the hinder parts both of those who had consorted with her and those who had not yet done so, running through with pride the exercises of the only wrestling school to which she was accustomed. And_ she treated her own body with such utter wantonness that she seemed to have her privates! not where Nature had placed them in other women, but in her face! Now those who had intimacy with her immediately made it clear by that very fact that they were not having intercourse according to the laws of Nature; and all the more respectable people who chanced upon her in the market-place would turn aside and retreat in haste, lest they should touch any of the woman’s garments and so seem to have partaken of this pollution. For she was, to those who saw her, particularly early in the day, a bird of foul omen. On the other hand, she was accustomed to storm most savagely at all times against the women who were her fellow-performers ; for she was a very envious and spiteful creature. Later she was following in the train of Hecebolus, a Tyrian, who had taken over the administration of Pentapolis, serving him in the most shameful capacity ; but she gave some offence to the man and was driven thence with all speed; consequently it came about that she was at a loss for the necessities of life, which she proceeded to provide in her usual way, putting her body to work at its unlawful traffic. She

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"AreEavopeav Ta mpata heev. Errerta 66 macay THY &w Tmepiebodaa és BuCav tov emany- kev, €pyacla xpwpuéevn év monet éxdoTn, iy rye ovopatovrt, oipae, avd por ovK av tote thews ) Geos ein, HoTEp OUK dvexopevou TOU Saipovos XG pov Tia THS Oeodmpas akoraclas ayvata elval.

Oita pev ody tetéyOar Te TH OE TH yuVatKi Kal tetpapOar EvvéBn Kal és Snuociovs modAas bia- Bontw? yeyericbar Kal és mavtas avOpwrrous. emel d€ apixeto és Bufavtiov adOis, npacOn adtis lovariwiavos pera efatovov olov, Kal Ta Tpara émdyotacer OS epwpery, KalTeEp avTny avaryayov és TO TOV Tar pixiov akioua. vvapty Toivuy éEaiciav Twa Kal XpHpara, em Lele as peydha meptBarécbat 7 Deodwpa evs laxyvoe. TdavTwY yap ioictov TO avOpwrm@ épaiveto, 6 by Evp- Baivery tois éxtomws ép@ot dire, yapitds TE mdoas Kal xpnuata TavTa TH eEpwpevn yapite-- cOa. éyiveTo Te 1) TOALTELa® TOD EpwTtos TOUE Uméxxavpa. Evy avtH Tolvuy TOAA@ ETL waAdov Tov Onjmov SuepOerpev ovK evtTavOa povov, aA’ ava Tacav Tnv “Pwpatwv apynv. audw yap polpas Tis Bevérov €x TaNaltovd OvTES ev TON eEoucla ToUToLs 61 TOis oTacL@Tats Ta és THY ToNLTELAY mpaypara éGevto. Xpove 5€ TOAA@ vaTepov TO WAEloTOY TOD KaKOU edehagnuer T pore TOL@OE.

"Tove rimare éy nuépats moddals voohoar EvvéBn, év 6€ TH voow TavTH és TOcoV KiVdUVOU

1 jeev GP, HAGev S. EZ

ANECDOTA ix. 27-35

first went to Alexandria; later, after making the round of the whole East, she made her way back to Byzantium, plying her trade in each city (a trade which a man could not call by name, I think, without forfeiting forever the compassion of God), as if Heaven could not bear that any spot should be unacquainted with the wantonness of Theodora. Thus was this woman born and reared and thus had she become infamous in the eyes both of many common women and of all mankind. But when she came back to Byzantium once more, Justinian conceived for her an overpowering love; and at first he knew her as a mistress, though he did ad- vance her to the rank of the Patricians. Theodora accordingly succeeded at once in acquiring extra- ordinary influence and a fairly large fortune. For she seemed to the man the sweetest thing in the world, as is wont to happen with lovers who love extravagantly, and he was fain to bestow upon his beloved all favours and all money. And the State became fuel for this love. So with her help he ruined the people even more than before, and not in By- zantium alone, but throughout the whole Roman _ Empire. For both being members of the Blue _ Faction from of old, they gave the members of this _ Faction great freedom regarding the affairs of State. But long afterwards this evil abated for the most _ part, and in the following manner. Justinian happened to be ill for many days, and during this illness he came into such danger that it

2 és Snuoclous moAAds diaBonrw Dindorf, imép Synu. woAdras diaBénrov Alemannus, és dyu. mépvas diaBohtw Reiske: és Snuoctous moAAGs biaBontws.

* For moA:refa Alemannus proposed moduteAcla, ‘‘extra- Vagance ”

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agixeto Wate Kal éX€xOn OTe 87 atroPava oi HEVTOL oTaclMTal TavTA aTEp EppnOn "uapravov, Kal Twa ‘Tratiov ovk apavh avdpa ou’ hpépas ev TO THS Lodias i lep@ dvexpnoavTo. éEeupryac weévou 8é Tod Kaxod %) Tod} epyou Tapaxn és Baovrea HAGE, TaV Te aud avTov ExaoTos, emel THS ‘Tovativiavod atovotas éhdBeto, THY TOV Te- TMpayuevov aToTiav emi péya alpew év omovdn é€mroveito, KaTahéywy €€ apyns admavta boa 7 yevécOar TeTUXHKE. TOTE 67 0 BacgLArE’S TO THS Toews eTrapy@? éréoTteANe TOV TeTpAayuevov dmavt@y totc@at Tas Tigers. Fv b€ ovTOS Oo avnp @eddoros dvoua, bvmep KoXoxvvOiov éri- Kyo exddouv. Kal Os dtepevywpevos atavTa? TOAAOUS MEV TOV KAKOUPYwV Edeiy TE Kal ELraypn- cacbat vouw laxvoe, TorAOl O€ Kal dvadabovTes éowOncav. jetaEv yap émimoAdcat avtous Tois mpayuare “Pwpaiwy éde.4 06 S€ mapado€ov d:a- awlels efarwa cornplay Kal TOV Qeodorov Krelvat are pappaxéa Kal ayov evdds evexet pel. érrel d€° ovK ceiver 6TH TOTE TpooxXniare PO LEVOS TOV dv0 pwr ov SrapDetpeve, TOV ob emir Delon Twas TUKpOTaTa aikiodpevos nvayKate oyous ® OS Herta vytets em aur @ POE yyeoOau. mavTOV d€ of ExTod@y ioTapév@y Kal cLwTh THY €s TOV

1 kaxod 7 Tov Haury, kaxod ral avoclov Reiske, kaxoupyi- baros, €provoa Piccolos: kakoivros.

2 énapxw GP, trapy® 8. 3 Gmavta Reiske: amavtas.

4 Through Piccolos’ corrections, émimoAdoa: and tots, and Alemannus’ ‘Pwpatwy, this corrupt passage has been made intelligible and consistent with the context: émamoAéc@at avtovs mpdynact Pwualwy ee.

5 §¢ added by Alemannus. 114

ANECDOTA ix. 35-41

was even reputed that he had died. Meanwhile the Factionists were still carrying on those excesses which have been described, and in broad daylight, in the sanctuary of Sophia, they slew a certain Hypatius, aman of no mean station. Now after the crime had been committed, the tumult occasioned by the act reached the Emperor, and his courtiers, taking advantage of the absence of Justinian from the scene, all took pains to magnify to him the outrageous character of what had taken place, recounting from the beginning everything which had _ happened. Then at length the Emperor commanded the Prefect of the City to inflict the penalties for all that had been done. Now this Prefect was named Theodotus, the one to whom they gave the nickname “ Pumpkin.”’ And he, making a full investigation of the affair, did succeed in apprehending and executing by due process of law many of the malefactors, though many hid themselves and thus saved their lives. For it was destined that before long they themselves should rise to the control of the affairs of the Romans.1 As for the Emperor, he suddenly and unexpectedly recovered and thereupon immediately set about putting Theodotus to death as a poisoner and a magician. But since he could find no pretext what- ever which he might use to destroy the man, he tortured some of his associates most cruelly and compelled them to utter against the man statements which were utterly untrue. And as all stood aloof from him and in silence grieved over the plot against

1 The meaning of this obscure reference cannot be re- covered; see critical note.

5 Adyous GP, Adyous tivds S.

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Oeodorov ddupomeéveav émtBouhnv, povos ) ITpoxros THY TOU KaAoUpEVOU KoraloT@pos EX@V apxny Kabapov amépawe Tod éyxAnpatos elvar Tov avOpwrov Kat Gavatov ovdauh akov. d10 67 oO @eodoros és Ta Tepooohupa Baciréws Kouiterat youn. yvovs Oe ieew Twas evrabba olmep avtov SiapOepodow,! ev TO lep@ HY KpuTTOpEVoS TOV aTavTAa Xpovov, OUTW TE SiaBLOvs ETEAEUTIGE.

Ta pev ody audi Ocodotw ta’tn TH Eoxev. oi 6€ otaci@Tar cwhppovértatoe to évTedbev éyévovto avOpwTwv amavtwv. ov yap éTt Ta Toladta éFapaptavery rvelyovto, Kaitep ahiat Tapov adeéatepov TH €s THY SlatTay Tapavomia pio Oat. TEK MI)pLOV 6é odkiywv yap Two aTEpov TONaY THY opmolav evderEapeveov TOUS ovdenia € és avTous syeyovev. ot yap ToD _Konabew thv eEovalav det EXOvTES mappnotav Tod dvadar- Odvewv Toiade? Ta Oewa elpyacpevors TapelXovTo,® TavTn avtovs 7H Evyywpnoer es TO ToOls vopmoLs émeuBaivew evaryov Tes.

"Ews pev ody 7 Baoidis mepiny ETL, yuvaixa eryryuntny ‘Tovativavos THv Ocodwpav troincacbat ovdemid enXavy elev. ev TOUT yap pdvov ant’ évavTias avT@ EXO PEL, Kaitep dyricraToica TOV arrow ovder. Tovnplas pev yap uy) yur) arw- TATW OTA eTUYXavED, d-ypotKos b€ Fv Komdy Kal BapBapos YEVOS, Oomep Lot elpy Tau. avTinaBe- aOat Te apxns * ovdapmh ioxuvoev, AXX’ aTrEeLpoTaTn

1 S1apbepotdow Dindorf for dS:apbeipovciy.

2 For rotode Haury would prefer tots, rots trade Sy- koutres.

3 rapelxovro GP, jvelxovto S.

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ANECDOTA ix. 41-49

Theodotus, Proclus alone, who held the office of Quaestor, as its incumbent was called, declared that the man was innocent of the charge and in no way worthy of death. So, by decision of the Emperor,

_ Theodotus was conveyed to Jerusalem. But learning

that certain men had come there in order to destroy him, he concealed himself the whole time in the sanctuary and continued so to live up to the time of

his death.

Such was the story of Theodotus. But the Fac- tionists, from then on, became the most discreet persons in the world. For they could no longer bring themselves to commit the same outrages as before, although the way was open for them to practice their lawlessness in their way of living more fear- lessly than ever. And the evidence is this, that when some few of them at a later time displayed a similar boldness, no punishment was meted out to them. For those who from time to time had the authority to punish provided to those who were guilty of outrageous actions easy opportunity for concealment, thus spurring them on by this concession to trample down the laws.

Now as long as the Empress! was still living, Justinian was quite unable to make Theodora his wedded wife. For in this point alone the Empress went against him, though opposing him in no other matter. For the woman chanced to be far removed from wickedness, but she was very rustic and a barbarian by birth, as I have pointed out. And she

Was quite unable to take part in government, but

1 Lupicina, cf. Chap. vi. 17.

* apxiis Heisenberg : aperijs. 117

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ovoa SuaTeTeAeKe TOV Kara THY TONLTELaVY Tmpary- patov, 4 } ye ovde Evy TO ovopate TO adtis idiw age eR eae évte és IladXdtiov 7AGev, AAW Eignpia émixrAnBeica. xpovw bé totepov TH Baciridu péev amoyevécOar Evvérecey. 0 O€ Bua Sov Te Kal KopLo7) eaXaToyEepov YEVO[LEVOS T pos Tey apxomevev yehora a@pbrev, dAvrywpla TE TON és aur ov EX OMEVOL am avres ate TOV Tpacaonéevav ov Evviévtos, vTEepewpwv, ‘lovaTi- viavoy 6 Ev déer TOANRG eOepaTrevoyv. KUKOV yap ae xal Evytapdcocwv avecoBea edeENs admavta.t rote bn THY éyyvnv mpos THY Oco- dwmpav évexyeiper movelvy. advvatov 6€ dv avdpa és aEimpa Bovrhs hKovta éraipa yuvarkt Evvorki- fecOat, vouous dvwOev Tols madXaLoTaTos aTroppn- Oév, Ndcai Te Tovs vopwous Tov Baciéa voL@ éTéep@ nvayKace Kal 70 evO évde are yapet? TH Ocodapa EvvdKnyae, kal Tots arnous dmace Baot- Hov KaTerTHCaTO THY Tpos TAS etaipas eyyuny, TUPAVVOV TE aUTiKa émreBareve THS TOD avToKpa- TOPOS TLULHS Tpoox mare cupmeTaT Mev THS mpagews ETLKANUTTT@V TO Biavov. avelTov yap avTov Baciréa Evy TO Oeiw Tov ‘Popatov el TL SdKtpov » Hv, S€LLaT ov Teplovala érl TavTnY ny LEVOL THY wiipov. mapéhaBov toivuy tiv Bacirelay ‘Tovatwiaves te Kal @eodwpa _TpoTepov THS Ilacyanias* éoptis uépais tpioiv, bte dn ovTE acTdcacbat Tov dikwv Tia ovTE eElpynvaia

an admayra PS, amavras G. 2

* TlacxaAlas added by Haury.

118

ANECDOTA ix. 49-53

continued to be wholly unacquainted with affairs of State, indeed, she did not enter the Palace under her own name, thinking it to be ridiculous, but bearing the assumed name of Euphemia. * But at a later time it came about that the Empress died. And the Emperor,! having become foolish as well as extremely old, incurred the ridicule of his subjects, and since all were filled with utter contempt for him as not comprehending what was going on, they disregarded him; but Justinian they cultivated with great fear. For by a policy of stirring things up and throwing them into confusion, he kept everything in a turmoil.” Then at length he set about arranging a betrothal with Theodora. But since it was impossible for a man who had attained to senatorial rank to contract marriage with a courtesan, a thing forbidden from the beginning by the most ancient laws, he com-

- pelled the Emperor to amend the laws by a new law,

and from then on he lived with Theodora as _ his

_ married wife, and he thereby opened the way to

betrothal with courtesans for all other men; and as

a tyrant he straightway assumed the imperial office,

concealing by a fictitious pretext the violence of the act. For he was proclaimed Emperor of the Romans conjointly with his uncle by all men of high station, who were led to vote thus by an overwhelming fear. So Justinian and Theodora took over the Roman Empire three days before the feast of Easter, a

_ time when it is not permitted either to greet any of

1 Justinus, with whom Justinian shared the throne for four inonths before his actual accession. * Cf. Aristophanes, Knights, 692 : wal why 6 TapAayawv obroal mporepxetat wOdy KoAdKkuua Ka) TapaTTwy Kal KUKaY.

119

P 31

B 68

54

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

mpoceteiv eFeotiv. népars é€ ov rodXais tatepov “lovortivos ev étedevTnTE Vvoow, TH apxyn émBiovs aw) évvéa, povos 6€ “lovotiviavos Eby cod@pa tHv Bacthetay ¢ EaXeD.

u. Oita yoov » Ocodapa, & Oomep éppnOn, TeX- Geica te Kal TeOpappevn Kal traidevOcioa és Baotnreias afiopma TpoTr@ ovoevt euobiabeioa Bev. ovde yap 7 ynwayre UBpews TLs oinats yeyoven, él ol ma pov ex Tdaons atroheEa pee THS ‘Pwpaiwv apyis yapetny yuvaixa rroimoacba THY Tac@Vv yuvalKav partota ev Tel yeyouviay Kal Tpophs Kpudaion ® peTahaxovoar, TOU TE aldeiaQat ovK apedétnTOV yevevnuerny, Kal awppocvvy _Evv@Kirpevny, mpos 6é T® Kad)EL vreppva Kal mapOévov Tia Kal To dn Aeryopevov opBorur bor * ovoav> 06 O€ TO KoLVOV aryos anravtov avOpwrev avtov idsov memoujcbar ovK amn€iov, én ovdevl THY TpodednAwpevav KaTa- Suvodpevos, Kal yuvatxl mAnoLdLeELY ArAXa TE TEpL- BeBrAnpévn* peydra pidopata Kal wadoxtovias mMoAAas €GeXovciwy auBrAMoewv. AO TE jLoL évoeiv Oous mépt pvnovedoat Tovde Tov avOpa- Tov ovO oTLOdVY olpar. dmavra yap avrob Ta THIS Wuxns ‘mTadn obTos av GELOX pews ) yapos onunvar SvapKas eln, Eppnvers TE Kal Haptus ToD TpoTou Kal Aoyorypados YVOMEVOS. ere darts ano- yyoas THY UTEP TOV TETpPAYyLEVvOV aloyUYHNY OvK

1 ei re Alemannus : oie.

2 For «pupatov Alemannus read kopuatov.

3 OpOdritOov P: dpOdroov G, dp0d7@ov S.

4 repiBeBAnuéevn Alemannus: mpoBeBAnuern.

I20

ANECDOTA ix. 53—-x. 5

one’s friends or to speak him peace.t And _ not many days later Justinus died a natural death, having lived nine years in office, and Justinian 597 a. alone took over the throne with Theodora.

x. So Theodora, born and nurtured and educated in the manner I have described, came to the dignity of Empress without having been impeded by any obstacle. For not even a thought that he was doing an outrageous thing entered the mind of the man who married her, though he might have taken his choice of the whole Roman Empire and have married that woman who, of all the women in the world, was in the highest degree both well-born and blessed with a nurture sheltered from the public eye, a woman who had not been unpractised in modesty, and had dwelt with chastity, who was not only surpassingly beautiful but also still a maiden and, as the expression runs, erect of breast2; but he did not disdain to make the common abomination of all the world his own, not dismayed by any of the misdeeds which we have previously recounted, and to lie with a ~ woman who had not only encompassed herself round about with every other rank defilement but had also practised infanticide time and again by voluntary abortions. And I think that I need make mention of nothing else whatever in regard to the character of this man. For this marriage would be amply sufficient to shew full well all the maladies of his soul, since it serves as both an interpreter and a witness and recorder of his character. Since that man who pays no heed to the disgrace from deeds previously

1 elphyn suiv, ‘‘ Peace be unto you,” as in Luke xxiv. 36, was a salutation much used by the Christians. * Cf. Nicetas, Ann. 178 b, ép0s7:700s veavis; Statius, Silvae, II. 270, stantibus papillis. mei

B 69

10

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

amaktot tois évtuyyavovor BderAupos dpaivecOat, 7 \

TOUT® 61) OVOEMLA Tapavouias atpaTos aBaTos,

BJ \ \ > / by NN a ,

andra THY avaiderav ael TOD weTwWTov TpoBEBAN-

/ lol rn Mévos pdotd TE Kal ovdevl TOV és TOV TpakewD

\ lal an TAS plapwTatas Ywpel. ov py ove TL EK THS auykAnTov BovAts TO alayos ToUTO avaboupéevny

\ / € lal lal THV ToNtTElav opav dSuvaodopeiaPai Te Kal THY mpakw amevmety éyvw, Kaimep avtnv dmavtes loa Oe@ TpocKkuvycovTes. aAN’ OVOE TLS lepevs OELVo- madav évonros yéyove, Kat tadta déotroway

a / auTiy mpoaepely péAdovTEs. Kal Oo mpoTEpoV SEAN 6 \ on 8 or 1 Wan W) \ / avThs Oeatis Sipos dovrAos! evOds ovdevi KOT Hw an / , aus elvat Te Kal ovoudalecOar Umriats ediKaiou / > / / / Yepolw. ove TLS OTPATLUTNS NYpLwWTO, EL TOUS EV a / 7 lol a Tois oTparoTrédols KivdUvoUs UTép THY THs Oeo- / dwpas mpayudtwv vdictacbar pédro1, OVSE TIS auth adAos aTHVTnTE TOV aTravT@V avOpwTrwr, s a rn , ad\Aa aves, oluat, TO TadTa ovTw dedoc0at , KexNipevor” éveydpynoav® Evyutepaivesbat To piacpwa TovTO, WaTrep THs TUYNS ErideEW Tis / e duvdpews TeTonpevns, 7 On dTavTa TMpuTavevovan* , » « x \ Ta avOpwrrea ws HKtota pédet OUTE STrwS av TA / fe . r TMpaTTOpMeva ELKOTA Ein OUTE OTwS av TADTAa KATA Noyov Tols avOpwrrots yeyerabat Soxoin.® emraiper

1 SovA0s GS, d7Aos P.

2 kexAtuevot Maltretus: KkexAnuévor. Many critics have assumed a serious corruption of the text, and have proposed various changes ; but see the note on the translation.

3 évexdpnoay KraSeninnikov: avexwpnoar.

4 3) Gmwavta mputavevoton Reiske: %5n G&mavta mputa-

vevovon. 5 Soxoin Haury: dori G, done? PS.

1 The most exalted title with which to address a woman cor- responding to “‘ Domina ”’ but with a more gentle connotation.

122

ANECDOTA x, 5-10

committed and does not shrink from revealing himself to his associates as a loathsome character— for such a man no path of lawlessness is untrodden, but fortified by the effrontery that is never absent from his brow, he advances readily and with no effort to the vilest of actions. Nor, in truth, did a single member of the Senate, when he saw the State putting on the crown of this disgrace, see fit to shew his disapprobation by forbidding the deed, though the Senators were all to do obeisance to the woman as though she were a god. Nay, not even a single priest shewed himself outraged, and that too, though they were going to address her thereafter as

“Mistress.”’"! And the populace which previously

had been spectators of her performances straightway demanded with upturned palms, in defiance of all decorum, that they might be in fact and in name her slaves. Nor did a single soldier rise in wrath at the thought that he was destined to undergo the perils of campaigning all in behalf of the interests of Theodora,

nor did any other human being oppose her at all,—

because, I suppose, they had been made submissive by the thought that these matters were so ordained 2 for them,—allowed this outrage to be brought to fulfilment, as if Fortune had made an exhibition of her power, to whom in truth, as she presides over all the affairs of mankind, it is a matter of no concern whatever either that the things which are done shall be reasonable or that they shall seem to men to have happened in accordance with reason. At

* Sddc0a1, sc. cpiot OF Tots Pwuatois. Herwerden points out (in Lexicon) that KrerAmévor means hwmiles facti. The full expression is én yéru kexAmmevot. No further emendation is necessary.

123

P 32

B 70

11

12

13

14

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

fal b] / > / \ > / > yoov twa éEatwaiws addoyloTtw Tiwi e€ovala és ef / e ’ / \ \ twpos péya, wTep evavTi@pata pev Toda Evytre- / rn tal vd an TAEVOat Soxel, dvTicTtaTel Sé Tapa TL Epyov TAY fol / cA TaVTMWY OVOEV, ANARA AyEeTAL pNXaVH Taon OTN rn , / TOTE AUTH OLATETAKTAL, ATaVTwY ETOLMWS EELCTA- pévwy Te Kal UTOXwpovvTwY Tpoiovan TH TUX. ira Tad év 0 ) Oed pir auTn éyé SNS COAG PED iy) HO). He pirov, TAVTN EXETW Te Kal NEeyérOw. € \ , > / \ s \ ” H 6€ @codapa evtrpocwmos pev Hv Kal evyapis ” \ \ Nee a > / a adXws, KoNOBos 5€ Kal wpaKLaca ov TavTdTact ¢ / Mev, GAN Goov UToYAwpos Elval, yopyov TE Kai ouverTpappevoy acl Pr€émrovca. Tav é 67 adTH BeBiwpévor év TH Ovpéryn TA ev TrELoTA A€vyoVTL ’ x € la) 3\ t) / 2 ’ / be Mv” > ovK av 0 Tas alwy éTapKéoat,® dd\iya Sé atTa év Tois éumpocbev® Royous atroreEdmevos TOU THs yuvalkos Tpotrov Tols emuyevnoopévors GANnV av TweTomna0ar THv SyjrNwoLW Kavos einv. vov bé avThs Kal Tavdpos Ta Tempayuéva ev odiyo / ¢€ a > \ 4 1) / > / \ > Snrwrtéov nuiv, eel * ovSE TL ANAHAOLY Ywpis es Thy Siartav émpaktdtny. ypovov perv yap Tov u lol lal édoEav adract Tals Te yvomats adel Kal Tots éri- 4 \ > / iE ef THOEVMLATL KATAVTLKPY GAANHAOW Lévat, UoTEpov / b] / > lal / e , pévtoe eEerritndes avtowv EvyteTAGTOaL SoKnaLS an \ aitn éeyvocbn, tov pn Evudporncavtas Tous } / a KaTnKoovs ohiow éeTavacThval, ara dvecTavat Tas yvoOuas em avTovs aTract. tia, toi GPS, 7d Sykoutres. érapxéoat Dindorf: émaokéon or émapkécot.

éumporbey Maltretus : dmicber. érel GP: erred 5ES.

mo rm

124

ANECDOTA x. 10-14

any rate she suddenly exalts one man to a great eminence by a sort of unreasoning exercise of her authority, though many obstacles seem to have grappled with him, and she opposes him in nothing whatever that he undertakes, nay, the man is carried along by any and every means to whatever post she has ordained for him, while all men without demur stand aside or retire before Fortune as she advances. But as to these matters, let them not only be as is pleasing to God but also be so set forth. _ Now Theodora was fair of face and in general attractive in appearance, but short of stature and lacking in colour, being, however, not altogether pale but rather sallow, and her glance was always intense and made with contracted brows.1 Now all time would not suffice for one to tell the most of her experiences in her life in the theatre, but by selecting in the preceding account a few incidents only I may _haye done enough to give a fair picture of the _ woman’s character for the benefit of future genera- tions. But at the present time we must briefly make known her acts and those of her husband, for they did nothing whatever separately in the course of their life together. For a long time, it is true, they were supposed by all to be diametrically opposed to each other at all times in both their opinions and their ways of living, but later it was realized that this impression was purposely worked up by them in order that their subjects might not, by getting together in their views, rise in revolt against them, but that the opinions of all their subjects might be at variance regarding themselves.

4 . of 1 Contrast Buildings, I. xi. 8: ‘‘ for to express her charm in words or to embody it in a statue would be, for a mere | human being, altogether impossible.”

125

16

17

19

20

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

Ilpara peév ovv tos Xpiotiavors dtavactn- cavte! Kat tHv évavtiav év ye Tols avTieyo- Bévols oKNTTOMEVW AAANHAOW lévar dveaTTacaVTO oUTws amavTas, WoTEp pot NEAeEETAL OV TOAAD vaotepov. émeita dé Tovs atTaciwmtas dLeiAovTO. Kal 1) pev Ovvaper TH Taon petaTroeic bar THY Bevétwy émacoeto Kal tiv e€ovciav avtois €ml Tous avTicTaciMTas avateTdcaca évedidou Kooum® ovdevi eEawaptavew Te Kal BralecOar Ta

,

avynKerTa. oO O€ WoTEN aAyavaKTovYTL meV Kal atrooKubovte NaOpa ewxer, evOéws® dé TH yuvarkt avTiaTa rely OvxX ol Te OTL, ToANAaKLs 6€ Kal HeTapTLTXOmEvoL THY TOU dvvac bau do£av opiow avutots THY évavtiav jecav.A o pev yap Tovs Bevérous ola éEapaptavovtas Kodafew £iov, 1 dé TH AOyw yareTTalvovca edvadopeito StL 47 ouxX éxodoa Tavopos yoondein.

Tév pévtoe Bevétwy of OTATLATAL, OoT Ep Hot elpnTat, cwppovertatot édokav elvat. Tous yap méras Bialecbar boa eEAv ovdauhn édiKaiovr,° év te Tals mrept Tas Sikas Piroverkiars eOoKer ev éxdtepos evi tov Stapopwyv auvvery, viKdv Oé avtolv Tov AOyo TH adikw EvyicTapevov éma- varyKes Hv, oUT@ O€ TA TAELTDTA XeHnuaTwv avTovs TOV UT UNEYOMEVOL Aniver Oar. TOANOVS eev ovv 00€ 0 avToxpaTwp év Tols avT® KaTadréyov

1 §tavactnoavre S, diavacthnoavtes GP.

2 év after kéoum deleted by Alemannus.

3 ei0éws Haury, xeAetoeo: Maltretus, kedevoce Reiske, KeAevovon Kraseninnikov : reAevoews.

4 Heoay added by Piccolos.

5 @ucaiovy Alemannus: éd:Kalov,

126

ANECDOTA x. 15-20

Now first of all they set the Christians at variance with one another, and by pretending to go opposite ways from each other in the matters under dispute, they succeeded in rending them all asunder, as will shortly be related by me.! In the second place they kept the Factions divided. And Theodora, on the one hand, would pretend with all her might to be espousing the cause of the Blues,? and by ex- tending to them full freedom of action against their opponents, she gave them licence, in a quite irregular way, to commit their crimes and perform their pernicious deeds of violence. But Justinian, on the other hand, had the appearance of one who was vexed and secretly resentful, yet unable to oppose his wife directly, and many times the two even shifted the appearance of authority and pursued the opposite course with reference to one another. For while he would insist on punishing the Blues as offenders, she, with feigned anger, would make a scene because, as she would say, she had been overruled by her husband against her will.

But the partisans of the Blues seemed, as I have said,’ to be most temperate.4 For they did not think it right to coérce one’s neighbours to the utmost possible, and in the keen rivalries in connection with the lawsuits, while each side seemed to support one of the disputants, yet it was inevitable that the victory should fall to that one of the two who espoused the unjust cause, and that thus they should win for themselves as plunder most of the property of the disputants. In fact many men who were counted by this Emperor among his intimates were elevated by

1 Cf. Chap. xxvii. 13. 2 Cf. Chap. ix. 7. 5 Cf. Chap. vii. 3. 4 See Appendix I. 127

B 71

P 33

21

22

23

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

eTLTNOELOLS 5 THY efovotay eveBiBate * TOU Bale Oat Te Kal els THY TONLTELAY eEapapravery & BovrouwTo,éTevdav S€ TAOVTOUV TL péeya YpTLA TmepiBeSrnpEevor paveiev, evdus TL mpooKeKpou- KOTES TH yuvatkl dSudhopo joav. wv 6 Kat apxas peramoreioOau mon mpobupia ovdaph damn tou, barepov oe THY és Tovs avOpwmous peOeis evvotav Ta €s THY GTrOoVdnY Tapaxos” Ex TOD aipvidiov éyiveto. Kal 1) péev avtixa eipya- Gero avtovs avnxecta épya, o 6é SiOev ovK éematoOavopevos TOV TpaTTOLévwy aUpTacaY avUTO@Y THY OvalaY KTHTEL AvaLcXVYT@ npTateTo.® TOUTOLS TE ael TOls pnYavynuacw ev ohict pev avtois Evydppovodvtes, és Oé TO éudhavés ota- a.avery Trovovpevol,* diaotnocacbai Te Tos UTn- Koous Kal THY TUpavvioa BeBatoTaTta KpatUvedBat x éo yor.

va’. ’Exresd2 obv “lovotiiavos tiv Bacireiav mapérape, ovyxeiv amavta evovs laxuoev.? a@ yap eum poo Bev vom arroppnévta eTUyXavev es THY TWoOALTELAY Elonye, Ta TE OVTA Kal Euvet- Oiopéva Kalehov EvuTravta, WaoTEp ETL TOUTW KeKopcpevos © TO THS Bacirelas oXNMA, ef’ o dmavra HeTAAUT TOL ep Erepov oX Tua. dpxas Te yap Tas fev OVGAaS avy pet, TAS O€ OUK ovcas epiatn Tots Tpary Lace’ TOUS TE vowous Kal TOV oTpaTLOT ay Tous KaTadoyous TAUTO TOUTO errotel, ov T@ OiKaiw elkwy ovdE TO Evphdpw és TodTO 1 éveBiBale PS, aveBiBae G.

2 Reiske proposed mpbs ra es thy crovdhy tapaxéeis, Haury

would change tdpaxos to An@apyos. 3 nprdcero Buecheler: jyomacerto.

128

ANECDOTA x. 20—xi. 2

him to positions where they had authority to act ar- bitrarily and to wrong the Government as they wished, but when they were seen to be in possession of a huge sum of money, straightway they were found to have given some offence to the woman and to be at variance with her. At first, then, he did not hesitate to champion these men whole-heartedly, but later on, forgetting his good-will towards the poor fellows, he all of a sudden began to waver in his enthusiasm. And she would then straightway ruin them utterly, while he, pretending not to observe what was passing, would seize their whole property, acquired though it was by a shameless procedure. Now in all this trickery they always were in full accord with each other, but openly they pretended to be at variance and thus succeeded in dividing their subjects and in fortifying their tyranny most firmly.

xi. Accordingly, when Justinian took over the Empire he immediately succeeded in bringing con- fusion upon everything. For things which previously had been forbidden by law he kept introducing into the constitution, and tearing down all existing institutions and those made familiar by custom, as if he had put on the imperial garb on the condition that he should change all things also into another garb. For instance, he would depose the existing officials and appoint new ones in control of the State’s business; and he treated the laws and the divisions of the army in the same way, not yielding to demands of justice nor influenced to this course by any public advantage, but simply that everything

* For wotoduevo: Alemannus proposed mpromoovuevor ; but cf. Chap. xvii. 45. 5 toxvoev GP, exxevS. © Kexomiopévos S, kexoounuevos GP, 129 VOL, VI, K

B72 4

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

> / 2 oD \ cA / / \ nywevos, ANN’ Omrws 67) atavTa vewTepa TE Kal

an , 3 , ~ avtov é7wvupa ein. iv O€ Te Kal weTaBanrelp ev TO TapauTixa HKicta iayuoev,” ddXdAa TOUTH YE

THY eTMVULiaY THY aUTOD EOETO. / \ € a x 4 > ft

Xpnuatov b€ aptayhns %) povov avOpeérav

/ > \ > \ v / > > >? / Kopos avTov ovdeis EXaBE TwrOTE, ANN olKias fal ” 4 lal pev mapmrAn Gets AniodLevos evdatmovav avopov Erépas ebijret, mpoémevos evOvs TaY BapBdpov Teoly y) BT sotrocaniat> Aelas TAS. 7 poTépas Ta Ypypata. 3 uuplous O€ lows Aoyw ovdevl

>? \ by , ” 2 \ ° =) / QVEAWV ES Pane adrAwv émriBovrnv avtixa pada Kabiotato. eipyvns toivury “Pwpaioss ovons €s mavtas avOpwovs ovK exwv bdoTts yevayT ae Tov dovev émiOupuia TavTas BapBapovs Tpos * addy AoUs Evvéxpove, tav d€ Ovvvwyv tovs ngsuHeuals €& aitias ovdewtas piseense Seopy)- para ° peyara ohiow atoTre@ prrorinig® mT poteTo, purias evexupa bnbev TO dove Tatra ToLovpevos” omep avtov éppynOn Kal wd Tov yYpovov THs "lovativov’ Bacirelas tetroinKévat. ol O€ Kal fal / AN NpHwaTa KEkomlopevor THY EvvapxXoVvT@Y TLVaS

o / fal a ” Ebv Tois Emopévots Tols av’T@v éEmEuTTOV, KATA- Oéew €& émidpouhs yhv tiv Bacihéws KedXevVorTEs, Omws Kal avtol THY elpnyny aTeuToNety TO / ’ lal fk > \ 4 \ TavTnVy wvetcbat Oy ovdevt BovrAouéevw Suvatol ¢ \ , elev. Kal of pev avtixa nvdparrodifov® te TH / \

“Pwpaiwy apxynv Kal ovdév Te Hocov EupucOot

1 jy GP, ei S. 2 Yoxuoev GP, oye S. 3 kal 8, kara GP.

4 re after mpds deleted by Reiske.

5 Swpyjuata Capps: xphuara.

6

pirotimia GP, emibuula 8. 130

ANECDOTA xi. 2-7

might be new and might bear the impress of his name. And if there was anything which he was quite unable to transform at the instant, still he would at least put his own name upon it.

As for seizing property and murdering men, he never got his fill of them, but after plundering numer- ous homes of affluent men he kept seeking new ones, straightway pouring out the proceeds of his earlier robbery in making presents to sundry barbarians or in erecting senseless buildings. And after he had slain perhaps myriads for no good reason, he straight- way embarked on plans for the ruin of many more. So then, the Romans being at peace with the whole world, and he by reason of his lust for blood not knowing what to do with himself, Justinian kept bringing all the barbarians into collision with one another, and summoning the leaders of the Huns for no good reason, he handed over to them with amazing prodigality huge donatives,! pretending that he was doing this as a pledge of friendship ; indeed it was said that he had done this even during the period of Justinus’ reign. And they, even after having received money, would send some of their fellow-leaders together with their followers, bidding them overrun and ravage the Emperor’s land, so that they too might be able to sell peace to the man who for no good reason wished to purchase it. And these then began straightway to enslave the Roman Empire, and they nevertheless were receiving pay in

1 Cf. Book VIII. xviii. 19.

7 *lovertvou 5, *loveriviavod GP. 8 jvdparddiCov GP, jvdparodiCovro S.

131 K 2

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

Tpos TOU Bacihéws éylvovto* Erepoe dé pet éxelvous evOvs és TO Aniver Oa Tous TahaiT@pous ‘Pwpatous Kabiatavto, Kal peta Tv Nelav GOra THs epodov tiv Baciéws Pirotysiav edéxorTo.

8 ovT@ TE amavres EvdAyBOyv elmely ovdéva avlevTes KaLpoV eK TEptT poTrijs nryov Te Kal Epepov P34 9 arakaTavta. apxovTov yap. eloe Tots BapBapous TOUTOLS Evppopiar TodNal Kal TEpLIPXETO TONE- fos THY bev aitiay éx dtdoTipmias aroyiaTou AaBav, 70 5é Tépas evpécOat ovdauh Exwv, GAN B73 éd éavTov dvaKuKrovmEvos Tov TavTa aidva. 10 d20 67) xpos pev TLS 1) Bpos ) omnhavov % ado TL THS “Popator yas mo TOV xpovoy TovTOV adnwTov ovdauh éwewe, ywpats d€ Todas TAEOV

ll #) mevtaKis ad@var cuvéByn. Kal Tadta pévTor kat doa mpos Mndav te kal Yapaknvav kal LraBynvav cat “Avtdv! cal trdv adAXwv Bap- Bapov EvynvéxOn yevérbar év toils Eumpoabév foe Sedunryntar Aoyous' GAN Grrep TovdE apxo- pevos TOU AOYou Umeltov, THY aitiay Ta@V Eup- TETTWKOTOV evTAVOAd por HY avayKatov eiTreiDy. 12 Kai Xocpon poev 2 Kevtnvaplov THO 0s vmrep THs elpyvns TOE MEVOS, avr oryveuovnaas dé ovdevt oy aitwwtatos Tov Aerva Gar TAS omoveas yéyovev, “AXapovvdapov Te Kal Odvvous TOUS Ilépaats 3 évatrovdous orovdafmv te Kal dvatet- vomevos étarpiverPar, Step foe ev oyous Tots UTrép avUT@V vVK aTapakadUTTws eipnaOat Soxel.

1 ’Avrév Alemannus: airay. 2 wey Reiske: 5¢. 3 Tepoais Alemannus: Tépoas.

132

ANECDOTA xi. 7-12

the meantime from the Emperor; and after these, others promptly took over the business of plundering the hapless Romans, and after the pillage they would receive, as rewards for the attack, the Emperor’s generous gifts. Thus all the barbarians, one may almost say, omitting no season of the year, made raids in rotation, plundering and harrying absolutely everything without a moment’s pause. For these barbarians have many groups of leaders and war went the rounds—war that originated in an unreason- ing generosity,! and could never reach an end, but kept for ever revolving about its own centre. Conse- quently, during this period no settlement, no moun- tain,no cave—nothing, in fact, in the Roman domain— remained unplundered, and many places had the misfortune to be captured more than five times. Yet all these things and all that was done by Medes, Saracens and Antae and the other barbarians have been set forth by me in previous Books; but, as I said at the beginning of this present Book,? it was necessary for me to state in this place the causes of what happened.

And though he paid out to Chosroes huge sums of gold in return for peace,’ still, acting on his own judgment in a senseless way, he became the chief cause of the breaking of the truce by his intense eagerness to gain the alliance of Alamundarus and the Huns who are allied to the Persians, a matter which I believe to have been mentioned without concealment in the narrative referring to them.‘

1 On the part of Justinian. 2 Chap. i. 3.

3 The exact amount, one hundred and ten centenaria, is given in Book I. xxii. 3.

4 Book II. i. 12.

133

13

14

16

17

18

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év @ de Ta ex TOV oT doewy Te Kal TONELOY © Kaka ‘Pwpalous avyyerpe Kal éppime€en, ev TOUTO Bovreve dpmevos,” aipatos avOpometou | THY yn moANats pnXavats cuT NEov yiverBat Kal xpnmara Aniver Oar TELM, povov Kal adNov TOV UTNKOwY ETEVOEL TOADY THOT TOLMDOE.

Xpiotiavav SdEau aro BXnrot moAAal elo ev maon Th Pwpalwv apy, domep aipécets Kaneiv vevouiract, } Movtavay te Kal 2a8Barvavov Kal baats addats Travac Bar ai TOV avO par av el@Pact yrapuat. tovtouvs amavtas dofav THY mMadatav €xédNeve petatiOecOar, adda TE aTreEL- Ancas arreibodau TONAG Kal Tas oucias és Tous maidas 1) Suyryevels pneere TapaT ew Tel olov TE EVAL. ToUT@Y b€ Ta lepa Tov ai peTix@y

Kahoupevov, Kal Suapepovtes ola mep 7» «TOU "A petou HoKNTO b0Ea, TAODTOV TLVA eixev aKONS KpeltTo. oUTE yap ” oUyKhyTOS Bourn Evpraca ovre TUS addy peyiorn potpa THAS ‘Popatoy apxiis Ta ye els THY ovolay eixaler Oar ToUToLs 87 Tots lepois EaXe. KELLNALA TE Yap avTols Ypvoa TE Kat apyupa Kat Evykeipeva ex AiOwv évTipwv apsOnra Te Kal avapiOunta AV, olxlar Te Kal Koja apr An bets Kal Xwpa TOM) mavraxobe THS ys, Kal bon adh TAovUTOU idéa eoTi TE Kal ovopatetar® ev Tacw avOpwTrois, dTE ovdEvOS avTa TOV TwMTOTe BeBacirEUKOT@Y OYANnTAYTOS. morro. TE avOpwrrot, Kal tadta Sons dvtes

1 roAguwy G in margin, méAewy G in text, PS.

2 BovAevoduevos Reiske: BovAevoayres. 3 dvouacerar GP, veyduora S.

1 See Appendix IT. 134

ANECDOTA xi. 13-19

And while he was stirring up the evils of faction and of war for the Romans and fanning the flames, with the one thought in mind that the earth should by many a device be filled with human blood and that he should plunder more money, he contrived another massacre of his subjects on a large scale, in the following manner.

There are in the whole Roman Empire many rejected doctrines of the Christians, which they are accustomed to call “ heresies ’’!—those of the Mon- tani, the Sabbatiani, and all the others which are wont to cause the judgment of man to go astray. All these heretics he commanded to change their earlier beliefs, threatening many things in case of their disobedience, and in particular that it would be impossible for them in the future to hand down their property to their children or other relatives. Now the shrines of these heretics, as they are called, and particularly those who practised the Arian belief, contained wealth unheard-of. For neither the entire Senate nor any other major group of the Roman State could be compared with these sanctuaries in point of wealth. For they had treasures of gold and of silver and ornaments set with precious stones, beyond telling or counting, houses and villages in great numbers; and a large amount of land in all parts of the world, and every other form of wealth which exists and has a name among all mankind, since no man who had ever reigned previously had ever disturbed them. And many persons, and that too of the orthodox faith, excusing themselves by

139

P 35

B 75

20

21

22

23

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PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

opO js, 7H TOV ogerépov emiTndevpaT wv mpopacet evOevoe a ael Too tou Tas adopuas eixov. TOUT@V pev OvY TOV lep@y TP@TOV Tas ovaias Snpociacas ‘Tovariviavos Bacthevs a eirero éEaTivaiws Ta Xpypwata mavta. €€ ov Tols TOANOLS ATOKEKAELO- Gat TO AovTrOv Tov Biov cuveBn.

IloArol 6é evOvs TavTaXooe mepuovtes b0&Ns TiS Tatpiov Tous TapanimrovTas jwaryxatov peTaBarrAcoOar. arrep éret avOpwrrols aypoiKols ovy dora édo€ev elvar, Tols TaUTAa emayyédovoLV avtistateiy atavtes éyvwoav. ToAdol pev ovv Tm pos TOV OT pATLOT aD * dtebOeipovto, ToAXol be Kal opas avTovs Ovexpycavto evoeBetv padtora vmo aPeXTepias olopevot, Kal avuT@v oO eV TELTTOS OmLdos YAS THs TaTp@as eEio Tapevor épevyor, Movravol dé of év Dpvyia Kkatwxnyto opas avTous €v (epots Tots o peTEpors xabetp- Eavtes TovTous Te Tos vews avTixa UT pr cavres EvydvepPapnoay ovdevt oye, Taca Te am’ avtov ‘Papaiwy apyn govov Te Hv Kai puyiis cuTrrews.

Nopov dé Tod ToLOVTOU Kal api Tots Lapa- peitais? adtixa rteOévtos Tapaxy dixpiTos THY Ilaxatorivny katéhaPev. 6ooL pev ody & TE Kaicapeta TH é€un Kav Tats adNats TWoONECL @Kovv, Tapa Pavrov nynoauevor KaxoTaletav

1 orpatiwrav PS, cracioray G. 2 § preserves the dative, G the accusative.

1 Orthodox farmers or workmen were willing to sell produce or service to the heretics and justified such action by the argu- ment that they chanced to be able to meet genuine needs, and by the profit accruing to themselves.

136

ANECDOTA xi. 19-25

the occupations in which they were engaged,! always depended upon the property of these sects for the means of their livelihood. So the Emperor Justinian began by confiscating the properties of these sanc- tuaries, thus stripping them suddenly of all their wealth. From this it came about that thereafter most of them were cut off from their livelihood.

And many straightway went everywhere from place to place and tried to compel such persons as they met to change from their ancestral faith.2 And since such action seemed unholy to the farmer class, they all resolved to make a stand against those who brought this message. So, then, while many were being destroyed by the soldiers and many even made away with themselves, thinking in their folly that they were doing a most righteous thing, and while the majority of them, leaving their homelands, went into exile, the Montani, whose home was in Phrygia, shutting themselves up in their own sanctuaries, immediately set their churches on fire, so that they were destroyed together with the buildings in senseless fashion, and consequently the whole Roman Empire was filled with murder and with exiled men.

And when a similar law was immediately passed touching the Samaritans also, an indiscriminate confusion swept through Palestine. Now all the residents of my own Caesarea? and of all the other cities, regarding it as a foolish thing to undergo any

* The Pagan religion of the ancient Greeks, sometimes called the ‘‘ Hellenic faith,” as in Book I. xx. 1; cf. Secret History, xxvii. 8; also the discredited sects of the Christians, on which see Appendix II.

* Caesarea in Palestine was the birthplace of Procopius. Cf. Book I. i. 1, ‘

137

B 76

26

27

28

29

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PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

Tia vTép avontou épecOar Sdoypatos, dvoya Xpiotravay TOU opior TAapovros davtarhhafdpevor TO Tpocynmate TOUT@ TOV &k Tod vo pov arro- ceicacbar KivOvvov loxvoay. Kal avTov dcols pév TL NoyLopod Kal émletKetas peTHY TLaToL elvat Ta és do€av tHvd_ ovdauh amnélovy, ot pévtot TrEloTOL WaTEp ayavaKTobVTeEs, STL 51 ovX Exova Lol, ara TO vOpw HuayKacpevor Soypa TO TATpLOV peteBadovro, avtixa 61 pada ert TE Mawyatous Kal TOUS Kahoupévous IloXv- Oéovs améxdwav. of d€ yewpyol Evptravtes ab poo. yeyernpévoe OTT Aa avTatpew Bacirel éyvo- cay, Bacthea opior TOV TWA ANOTOY m poBeBrn- [EVOL TovAcavov dvoma, LaBdpou viov. Kal x povov pev Twa Tots oTpaTLMOTals €s Xelpas €XOovtes avtetyov, émerta 6 rT GevTes TH ayn StepOdpnoav Ev TO TYE MOVE. Kal re- yovtat pupuades avOporov déxa ev TH Tom TOUT@ amoNwAEVAL, Kal Xopa 7 mdons vis arya padiora EpnpLos ryewpry av amr avutov yé- yove. Tois Te TOY X@plov Kupiots Xpuoreavois ovat TO mparypa TOUTO és péya KQKOV €TENEU- Tnoev. avayKaiov yap yéyove odicw ovdéev evOévde petaxomfopévors popov tov éméteLov adpov tia dvta és Tov amavta aid@va Bacirel pépery, érrel ovdewia pevdoi” » tod épyov TovTov évT pom ® ryéyovev.

’Evteddev emt tods “EXXnvas KaXoupévous TV SiwEw ayev aixifouevos Te TA comata Kal Ta

1 mictol GP, uweoro) S.

2 Alemannus restores the dative, the MSS, having the nominative.

138

ANECDOTA xi. 25-31

suffering in defence of a senseless dogma, adopted the name of Christians in place of that which they then bore and by this pretence succeeded in shaking off the danger arising from the law. And all those of their number who were persons of any prudence and reasonableness shewed no reluctance about adhering loyally to this faith, but the majority, feeling re- sentment that, not by their own free choice, but under compulsion of the law, they had changed from the beliefs of their fathers, instantly inclined to the Mani- chaeans and to the Polytheists,as they arecalled. And all the farmers, having gathered in great numbers, decided to rise in arms against the Emperor, putting forward as their Emperor a certain brigand, Julian by name, son of Savarus. And when they engaged with the soldiers, they held out for a time, but finally they were defeated in the battle and perished along with their leader. And it is said that one hundred thousand men perished in this struggle, and the land, which is the finest in the world, became in consequence destitute of farmers. And for the owners of the land who were Christians this led to very serious consequences. For it was incumbent upon them, as a matter of compulsion, to pay to the Emperor each year, even though they were deriving no income from the land, the huge annual tax, since no mercy was shewn in the administration of this business.1

He then carried the persecution to the “ Greeks,” as they are called,? maltreating their bodies and

' But see Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Lmpire, ed. Bury, IV. 237, 4th edition. * See note on Sec. 21, above, and cf. Book I. xix. 35.

3 For évrpor) Alemannus proposed émrpomn.

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PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

XpHuata Anifopevos. adda Kal avTa@v boot TOU Xprotiavar o dvoparos d70ev peTarax ely éyvwoav TO oy Ta TapovTa opiow ExKpOvOVTES, ovToL 84 od TONA@ UVoTtepov emt Tals omovdais Kal Ovatais Kal GAXols ovY oalois Epyous éK TOD éml TEloTOV HALTKOVTO. . . 1 TA yap audl Tots Xpiotiavois eipyacuéva ey Tols omicBév poe oyous NeréEeTar.

Mera 6€ cal To wadepacteiv voww ateipyer, ov Ta peTa TOV VoMov SLEepevYmpmEvOS, AAAA TOUS manat more TavTy 61) TH voow adovtas. éyiveTo TE ” és avrous erat pon * “oddevl KOT HY, émrel Kal KaTnYyOpov xwpls émpaacero nH €S avTous Ticats, évos Te avdpos 7) ) mardos oyos, Kal ToUTOU dovAov, av oTw TUYOL, Kal aKovaiov papTupeEW emt Tov KEKTN[LEVOV avayxacbévtos, édokev eivar axpiBys édeyxos. Tous TE obras GNLo KO LEVOUS Ta aidoia TEpinpnLEvous err OpuTrevOD. ouK €$ mavTas bévTou Kat apyas TO Kakov HyETO, AAN dao % Ipdowvos elva Y peyara meptBeBrijo bar Vpnmara edofav us aAXO TL TOs TUpavVYOvCL T POT KEKPOUKOTES eT UyXavov.

Kal pv kal tots HeTewpohoyots YAXETOS eiXov. 616 59 avTous 7 emt Tots KNETTALS TE- Tarywern apxn nKLbETO Te an ovde pias ONS aitias Kal Eaivovoa Kara Tob vorToU Tornas * eri Kaunrwv hepomévous eTOutrevev ava Tacav TV TOALY yépovTas TE Kal AANWS ErrLELKELS OVTAS;

4

Lacuna indicated by Capps. émiotpopy PS, amoarpopy G. moAAas Alemannus: moAAovs. ava macay Alemannus; dracay.

- 2 Dm

140

ANECDOTA xi. 31-37

plundering their properties. But even those among them who had decided to espouse in word the name of Christians, seeking thus to avert their present misfortunes, these not much later were generally seized at their libations and sacrifices and other unholy acts. . . . For the measures that were taken with regard to the Christians will be told by me in the following narrative.

Afterwards he also prohibited sodomy by law, not examining closely into offences committed subse- quently to the law but concerning himself only with those persons who long before had been caught by this malady. And the prosecution of these cases was carried out in reckless fashion, since the penalty was exacted even without an accuser, for the word of a single man or boy, and even, if it so happened, of a slave compelled against his will to give evidence against his owner, was considered definite proof. Those who were thus convicted had their privates removed and were paraded through the streets. Not in all cases, however, was this punishment inflicted in the beginning, but only upon those reputed to be Greens or to be possessed of great wealth or those who in some other way chanced to have offended the rulers.

Furthermore, they were bitter against the as- trologers. Consequently, the official who was placed in charge of burglaries ? would maltreat them for no other reason than their being astrologers and, inflicting many stripes upon them, would parade them upon the backs of camels throughout the whole city, old men and persons who were in general

1 An unredeemed promise; cf. Chap. i. 14, note.

* The newly constituted magistrate called ‘ Praetor Plebis’’; cf. Chap. xx, 9.

I4I

B77 38

39

40

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PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

ado avrois emuxarely ovden é exouca my ye 87) dTL cool ra Tept TOUS aor épas €v TOLOUT® YoPw €BovXorTo eivat. Epevyov Toivuy dv0 porwr 6en- verés 1 mods 6 puts ovK és BapBdpous povov, aXha Kal és Tous pax pav @KLo wEvoUs ‘Popatous, my Te loeiy ép Xopa TE del ral TOAEL exdory TOUS TAELTTOUS Eévous. Tod yap Svanabeiv Evera yas THs matpeas THY adXotpiay nddAaEavTO evTeT@s ExacTolL, WoTTEp THS TaTploos avTois UO ToNEMiwy GrovonS. TOY meV OvY TAOUTOV TOV evdatmovev elvar doxovvtav év Te Bulavtiw Kal TOEL EKATTH META YE TOUS” Ex THS TUYKANTOU Bovrns, Tpotrots olatrep elpntar “lovatuaves Te Kal Oeodwpa AnicdpuevorEaxov. Omws 5é Kai TOUS éx Bovrns adatpetoOar Ta ypyuata Evutravta isxvoay, avtixa dnrocw.

(f. "Hv tis év Butavtio Znveov ovopa, éxeivou "AvOepiou | vi@ovos Samep év TH Eotrepia THv Bacireiay Ta TpoTepa Eaxe. TovTOV 7 éEenitnoes apyovta én Alyimtov KatacTynoa- pevot ExTEANOV. GAN O Mev YNUadTwY TO TAOLOV TOY TLULLWTAT OV ET ANS GfLEVOS Ta €S THV avayo- ynv dteGeto'® Hoav yap 4 avT@ otabuos Té apyu- pov avapiOuntos Kat Xpvtwouara Hapydapous TE Kal TpHaparydors Kadhotiabevra Kal AiBous ar- Nols ToOLovTOLS EvTipots: of SE TLVaS avaTrEeicayTES

1 Binvexes Haury, dinvexa@s Reiske: dinverts. 2 ros PS, ray G.

3 §:€0ero Maltretus: dserelvero.

4 yap GP, 8: 8.

1 The reference in the last words is taken by most editors and translators to be an allusion to the cultured city of Byzantium ;

142

ANECDOTA xi. 37—xii. 2

respectable, though he had no other complaint against them, except that they wished to be wise in the science of the stars in a place like this.t So a great throng of persons were fleeing constantly, not only to the barbarians, but also to those Romans who lived at a great distance, and it was possible to see both in the country and in every city great numbers of strangers. For in order to escape detection they readily exchanged their respective native lands for foreign soil, just as if their home-country had been captured by an enemy. So, then, the wealth of those reputed to be prosperous, both in Byzantium and in every other city, that is, after the members of the Senate, was plundered and seized by Justinian and Theodora in the manner which has been described. But how they succeeded in depriving the Senators also of all their property, I shall now proceed to make known. xii. There was a certain man in Byzantium named Zeno, grandson of that Anthemius who previously had attained to the royal power in the West. This man a.p.467 they had purposely made a Prefect of Egypt and sent him thither. But he loaded the ship with the most valuable property and made ready to put to sea; for he had an incalculable weight of silver plate and objects of gold adorned with pearls and emeralds and _ other such precious stones. ‘They thereupon, bribing

quod astrorum scientiae perili ea in urbe degerent, Alemannus followed by Dindorf; non che mentre dotti nella scienza degli astri, volessero starsene in un luogo tale, Comparetti. Accord- ing to this interpretation, the place in which these astrologers should, it is intimated, practice their profession, was in the seat of that superstition, Assyria. The present translator, however, is inclined to think these words mean, “were atl wishing to be in so elevated a position” as the camels’ acks,

143

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PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

TOV Ob ToT OTAT OY elvae SoxovvTwV Ta [ev xer: Hara ev évoe OTL TAaXLOTA exhopnaavres Top

év Kody vnt éuBeBrnpevor, TO Znvave ace ew €xéXevoy aro TAVTOMATOU THY TE proya év1 +@ trol@ Evvevnvex Pat Kal dioh@rA€var Ta Xpywara. Xpovep d€ Uatepov Zyveove jev efarre- vaiws amoyevér Vat Evverrecev, auto. oe KUpLOL Ths ovcias evOvs ate KANpOVOMOL ‘yeyovacL. SiaOnkny yap twa? rpovhepov hvrep ov Tap’ é€xeivou EvyKelobar SvateO pvrANTAL-

Kai Tarvavod TE Kal Anpoabevous Kal THS ‘Thapas tporw TO omotep opas avTous Kh po- VOMOUS memoinvrat, olmrep Ta Te aAXa Kal TO atiwpa tpa@to év ye ‘Pwopaiwyv 7H Bovrn joav. Two d€ ov bia nxas, QXN émriatoAas SuecKevac- pévoe THY ovatlav Ea Xov. obr@ yap Atovuctou TE ate yeyovacw, Os év AiBave @KEL, kal “Iwavvov tod Bactrelov matdos, os 3h eT L- oendemer: pev "Eder onvay eyeryover TAVTMD, Bia 6é T pos Behioapiou é€v omnpeov Noy eKde- Sotae Tols Hépoais, @OTEP {LOL ev Tots eum poadev Adryous eppnen. TovTov yap Tov Iwavyny oO pev Xoapons OUKETL NPLEL, ETLKAN@Y ‘Pwpualos nroyN- Kevar Ta EvyKelweva Tavta ed’ ols av’T@ Tpos Bedscapiou Sofeis ériyxavev, atrobidoc bat pévTot are dopudXwrTov yeyovora nEtov. 1 dé Tob av6pos bappen (meptotoa yep ETL _eTuyXave) Ta AUTpAa Tapexomevn ovxX ooov H Surxidtas Aitpas ® apyvpov Tov viwvoy wvncecbar* érridokos jv.

1 év PG, om, S. 2 twa Alemannus: tuivés.

3 Alrpas G in margin, PS, Ad’rpas G in text. 4 ayjrecbai GP, avjcacba S, wveto@a Suidas.

144

ANECDOTA xii. 2-8

certain of those who seemed most loyal to them, removed the valuables from the ship with all speed, and casting fire into the hold of the vessel, ordered a message sent to Zeno that the fire had occurred spontaneously in his ship and that his property had been destroyed. And at a later time it came to pass that Zeno died suddenly, and they themselves, in the guise of heirs, immediately became owners of the property. For they produced a sort of will, which common gossip said had not been written by him.

And by a similar method they made themselves heirs of Tatianus and of Demosthenes and of Hilara, who both in other respects and in rank were foremost members of the Roman Senate. And in some cases they fabricated, not wills, but letters, and so acquired the property. For it was in this way that they be- came heirs of Dionysius, who lived in Lebanon, and of John, son of Basilius, who, though he was the most distinguished of all the people of Edessa,! was forcibly delivered into the hands of the Persians by Belisarius as a hostage, as has been related by me in the previous narrative.2. For thereafter Chosroes refused to release this John, reproaching the Romans with having disregarded all the conditions on which he had been given over to him by Belisarius, but he did consent to sell him as having become a prisoner of war. And the man’s grandmother, who happened to be still alive, provided the ransom to an amount not less than two thousand pounds of silver and with this was expecting to buy back her grandson. But

1 An important fortified city on the eastern frontier, in

Mesopotamia. 2 Book II. xxi. 27.

145 VOL. VI. L

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B79 11

12

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PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

GA émel ta AUTpa TadtTa és Adpas drOe, pabwv 6 Baciredrs TO cvpBdraLov yevécbar ovK y e \ ’ \ / > /, Le / ela, ws un €s TOUS BapBapous, eiTav, 0 Pwpaiwy

, a > r \ ef A KopiCntat mAOVTOS. OV TOAA® b€ UVaTepov TO \ ? / / / b] > , pev “Iwavyvn voonoavte EvvéBn €& avOpwrrwv > il Lg \ \ , 2 / > apavicOivat, o d€ THY TOA ETLTpOTEVWY ETL- \ > , Q 9 \ SEaN e OTOAnY avatAdoas TivVa Epyn TpOS avTOV ATE / > n ” \ ) 7 / irov ov TOAA® EuTrpocOev Tov Iwavynv ypaar DS Ol aUT@ Bovromévw ein els TOV Bacidréa 77 @S ol avT@ Bovropmév@ ein Eis TOY Baciiéa THY > / ? a / \ a ” Ne, / ovolay éXeciv. Tavtwr dé TOY GAXwY TA OVOpaTa KaTanréyew ovx av duvaiunv w@vTep avTomatoL , / KANpovopoe yeyevnvTat. "AAA péxpe pev odv 7 ToD Nika xadXovpéevyn otal éyéveto, KaTa piav biaréyecOar Tas THY / ° evdatmovwv ovctas nEtovy: émel O€ TavTHY, WaTrEp fal / / prow év Tols EutrpocVev Aoyots EppHnOn, yevec Oa / , 6? bd / 56 J sh GC / EvvéBn, tote 61 aPpoas cyxedov Te eitrety + amrav- fal na fl \ TWVY TOV ATO THS TUyKANHTOU BovAns Tas * ovaias Snmooimoavtes, TA ev EriTAA TavTa Kal TOV / cid / 9 ? > 7 / Koplwv oca KaXNOTA HY NTE éCBovrXovTo dvexel- pioav, amodéEavtes S€ Ta Hopov miKpov TE Kal Baputatov vroTeENy dvta, PiravOpwrias TporxX)- pate Tols Wdadat KEKTHpEVOLS aTrédovTO. 610 82) lal , mpos TE® TOV hoporoywy ayXOmEVvoL Kal aTTOKVALO- / > 4 pevot TOKOLS OPANMAT@Y aELppUTOLS TLci SucPava- 1 gxeddv 71 eimety Haury: elmeiy oxeddv 71. cf. Book 1. xi. 5. 2 ras G, ris PS. 3 For mpés re Suidas has bx.

146

ANECDOTA xii. 9-13

after this ransom had come to Daras,! the Emperor, learning of it, refused to permit the agreement to be put into effect, in order, as he said, that the wealth of the Romans might not be conveyed to the bar- barians. And not much later it came to pass that John fell sick and departed this world, and the magis- trate in charge of the city, forging some sort of a letter, stated that not long before John had written to him as a friend that it was his will that his estate should go to the Emperor. I could not, however, enumerate the names of all the others whose heirs they have automatically become.

Now up to the time when what is known as the Nika insurrection ? took place, they saw fit to gather in the properties of the wealthy one by one; but when this revolt took place, as described in the previous narrative, they began to confiscate in a body the estates of practically all the members of the Senate, and they dealt as they wished with all the furnishings and the lands that were fairest, but they segregated those properties which were subject to a severe and very heavy tax and, with a pretence of generosity, handed them back to their former owners. So, being strangled by the tax-collectors and ground down by what we may term the ever-flowing interest on their debts, they unwillingly lived on in a life

1 Now Dara. According to Stephanus of Byzantium the correct form is Darai (Lat. Darae), though he says the form Daras ‘is now used.”

2 The Nika insurrection of a.p. 532 was a desperate and ill-organized attempt on the part of the Circus Factions, the Blues and the Greens, acting for the moment together, to dethrone Justinian by violence and to set up a government more favourable to themselves and, in general, less tyrannical.

See Book I. xxiv. and Gibbon-Bury, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, III. 222 ff. (4th ed.).

147 L 2

B 80 P 38

14

16

17

18

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

ToODVTES akoVaLOL dlEeBiwaav. 610 67 emot TE Kal Tols moNXols nudY oVvdeTrwToTe edoEay ovTOL avOpwiro. elvat, adda daipoves TaNapvalol TLveES Kal womrep of trointal Aéyovor SpoToAoryo 1 Horny, ot 8 él Kows Bovrevodpevor OT WS amavra avOpotrea yévn Te Kal epya ws pgora Kal TaXLora SvapOeiper ¢ ixavol elev, dv0 pebmretov TE jumiaxXovro ox Twa * Kal av0 pwrrobaipoves yevyernpevor TH TpoT@ TovT@ Evprracav THV olkovpévyny KaTéceioay. rexunprooar® & av tis TO TOLOUTO ToOANOis TEe* AAXNOLS Kal TH TOV TeE- mMpayuevov Svvaper. Ta yap Satmovia Tav avOpwretwov EvBaiver TOAAG TO OvcaddadocorTt Svaxexpic bar. TOAN@Y apehet yeyovorey €x TOU mavTos aiavos avopoTrav TUX 7) pucer poBepav és 7a padora, of ev modes, of S€ Ywpas, 7) adr TL ToLovTO Kal’ avTovs® ExdyrAar, ddeO pov be Eup dvt@v avOpoT wv Evudopas TE YS THS olKOULEVNS amaons ovdels 6 OTe 2) ouToL aE pero épyalerOar ixavas éoxov, av 6) Kal TUXN Umovpyes TH yvoun auyKatepyalouern tov ® avOpoTav dtapOopav: ceiopois Te yap Kal Aowols Kal UdadT@VY ToTAapmioV éTippoals UT TOV Xpovov ToUTov TrELTTa SiohwrEvau TETUXNKED, OS poe avriva ede Fer au. oUTws OvK avOpwreiw, aX étépw cOéver TA Sewa EtTpaccor.

Aéyovat b€ adtod Kal Thy pntépa pavat Tav

BporoAory® Suidas: Bporodoryol. oxiua corrector in G, PS, cGua Gl. Tekunpi@oat P, rexunpidon GS.

te Dindorf: te ral.

1 2 3 4 5 airovs or 6Aov Alemannus: adrov.

ANECDOTA xii. 13-18

which was a lingering death. For such reasons, to me and to the most of us these two persons never seemed to be human beings, but rather a kind of avenging demons and, as the poets say, “a twin bane of mortals,’’! seeing that they purposed together how they might be able most easily and most quickly to destroy all races of men and their works, and, assuming human form and becoming man-demons, they harassed in this fashion the whole world. And one might draw such an inference from many indications and particularly from the power their actions re- vealed. For demons are distinguished from human beings by a marked difference. Indeed, though many men in the long course of time either by accident or by nature have shewn themselves su- premely terrible, some ruining by their own sole effort cities or countries or other such things, yet no man, with the exception of these two, has been able to accomplish the destruction of all mankind and to bring about calamities affecting the whole world; it is true, however, in their case that chance also assisted their purpose, co-operating in the destruction of men, for by earthquakes, by pestilence, and by the overflowing of the waters of rivers very great de- struction was wrought at about this time, as will be told by me directly. Thus they performed their fear- ful acts, not by human strength, but by another “kind.

And they say that Justinian’s mother stated to

1 Cf. Homer, Iliad, V. 31 “Apes, “Apes BporoAoryé; Aeschylus, Suppliants 664, Bporodory s“Apns.

8 For rév Haury would prefer riv.

149

B 81

19

20

21

22

23

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

eTLTNOEL@Y TLTlY ws ov LaBPBatiov Tob aurijs dvdpos ovde a0 porov TWOS UVLOS ein. Hvika yap avTor KEW Emer, emiportav auth Sarpoveoy OVX Op@pevov, AAN alaOynolv Tia 6Te oy) Tapert avTH Tapacyov ate dvdpa yuvatki TANTLACaYTA, xkabdmep év oveipw abavicOjvat.

Tuves 6€ TOV a’T@ TapovT@Y Te TOppw Tov TOV vUKTaY Kal Evyywopuévwr év Iladatiw dndo- vott, olamep ev Kabapd 1) Wux7) Hv,) davtacud Te? Oedcacbar daipoviov anbes ohiow av’ avtovd édo€av. oO pev yap epacKkey advw pev avtov Opovov tov Bacirelov e€avactavta mTrept- matous evtav0a Trovety’® cuyvoyv yap Kabjcbat ovdaph elQoto: THs b€ Keharhs ev TO Tapav- tixa TH “lovatiwave adavicbeions TO aAXO ot o@ma TovTous 61) Tous paKxpods* dtavAous ToLety Ooxely avTov Te ATE of TOV® Tepl THY Béay ws HKLaTAa UylalvovTwY, aoxYddrOvTAa Kal SiaTropov- pevov® él mreiotov éotavat. Uortepov pévTot THs Keharhs TO cTwpmaTL eTaYnKOVENS TA TEéWS AevTropeva olecOar* Tapa d0€av avaTyuTAavar.s

GArnros® 8é maperTdva ol Kadnpeve epn, ex b€ TOU aipvistov TO 7 poo wT ov ot Kpéate dane idety EMpepes. yeryovos" ove yap oppos OUTE opOarpous € emt X@pas THS auTa@v dvTas OUTE ado Tl TO Tapatay édepe yvopicpat Ypovov pévTot

1 Fv Suidas: efn. 2 7 Reiske: te.

$ ee MSS., zoe?o Oar Suidas.

4 yaxpous supplied by Suidas.

5 Haury and earlier editors retain dupdrwy after ray, the conjecture of Alemannus. But Alemannus failed to perceive

that ray mepl THY Béav (sc. dpyavwr) is itself merely a peri- phrasis of réy duuarwr,

150

ANECDOTA xii. 18-23

some of her intimates that he was not the son of her husband Sabbatius nor of any man. For when she was about to conceive him, a demon visited her; he was invisible but affected her with a certain impression that he was there with her as a man having inter- course with a woman and then disappeared as in a dream.

And some of those who were present with the Emperor, at very late hours of the night presumably, and held conference with him, obviously in the Palace, men whose souls were pure, seemed to see a sort of phantom spirit unfamiliar to them in place of him. For one of these asserted that he would rise suddenly from the imperial throne and walk up and down there (indeed he was never accustomed to remain seated for long), and the head of Justinian would disappear suddenly, but the rest of his body seemed to keep making these same long circuits, while he himself, as if thinking he must have something the matter with his eyesight, stood there for a very long time distressed and perplexed. Later, how- ever, when the head had returned to the body, he thought, to his surprise, that he could fill out that which a moment before had been lacking. And another person said that he stood beside him when he sat and suddenly saw that his face had become like featureless flesh; for neither eyebrows nor eyes were in their proper place, nor did it shew any other means of identification whatsoever; after a time,

® S:amopovpuevov G, diaropevdueva P.

7 For ofeo#a: Alemannus suggested épic@a:. § Por dvamimAdvat Haury prefers a: amiumvacbat. » %\dAos Alemannus: &yos GS, avo P.

151

IPA39

24

26

28

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA _

avTo 70 TXHMA TS dvpews érravijKov loetv. Tatra ovK avTos Geacapevos ypaho, adrXa TOY TOTE Oedoacbar loxupifomevov akovaas.

Aéyouor 6€ Kal Hovaxov TIA TO eG és Ta partata dirov mpos TOY av’To yhv THY epnpov EvvoikovvtTwy avarreva BévTa orahivai pev és

/

BuSavriov Tots dyxiora opiow EV@KN [LEVOLS emapuvoovta, Brafopévors te Kal abd.xoupévols aviTrovara, evratéa é dp ixopevov avtixa elo 00ov THS mapa Tov Baciréa TUXeLV* pedAovTa 6é elo Tap avTov yever Oar, apetar pev Tov a) ovoov! @atépw toiv modoiv,2 éEaTwaiws 6é3 dvarobivovta omiaw iévar. evvovxyov pev ovv Tov €lcaywyéa Kal TOUS THOE TapovTas TOAKA Tov avOpwrov ALTrapeiv evitpocbev Baivey, TOV 5é ovdév TL ATroKpiwdpevoy, AAA Kal TapaTAHYL éoixota évOévde atradraynvart és To dwpatiov ov 6 KaTéXve yeyovoTa: TOV TE Of Emopévwv avatruvOavopévwy 6Tou Evexa TavTa ToLoin, Pavat A€youow avtov avtTiKpus ws TV Salmovwy TOV dpyovta év T@ Iladatiw éri tod Apovov Kaby- peevov idot, & 69 EuvyyevécOar 7 Te Tap avTov aitetoOar ovK av aktoin. mas O€ ovK Ewenddev 68€ 0 avnp Salwar Tis AdiTHpLOS Elva, 6S ye TOTOD % oltiwmy %) Umvou els KOpov ovdérroTE 7)AOEV, ANN’ apnyemn ° TOV mapaTtebevtoy dmroyevo duevos api VUKTWP TEpLpyeTO Ta BaciNela, KaiTrep és Ta adpodiora Sarpovies éoTrovoaKkas;

Aéyouot 8€ Kai TOV Ocoddpas epactav Ties,

1 éxelvn ovddy P, exetoe odd5dv G, vn ovdey S. 2 roiv modoiy PS, r& wd5e G. 3 9¢ GP, yap S.

4 evdévde amadAay iva: supplied from Suidas,

152

ANECDOTA xii. 23-28

however, he saw the features of his face return. These things I write although I did not see them myself, but I do so because I have heard the story from those who declare that they saw the occurrences at the time.

And they say that a certain monk, very dear to God, being persuaded by those who lived with him in the wilderness, set out to Byzantium in order to plead the cause of the people who lived very near the monastery and were being mistreated and wronged in an unbearable-manner; and straightway upon his arrival he received admittance to the Emperor. But when he was about to go into his presence, he stepped over the threshold with one foot, but sud- denly recoiled and stepped back. Now the eunuch who was his conductor and the others present be- sought the man earnestly to go forward, but he, making no answer, but acting like a man who had suffered a stroke, departed thence and went to the room where he was lodged. And when his attendants enquired for what reason he acted thus, they say that he declared outright that he had seen the Lord of the Demons in the Palace sitting on the throne, and _ he would not care to associate with him or ask any- thing from him. And how could this man fail to be some wicked demon, he who never had a sufficiency of food or drink or sleep, but taking a taste at haphazard of that which was set before him, walked about the Palace at unseasonable hours of the night, though he was passionately devoted to the joys of Aphrodite?

And some of the lovers of Theodora say that when

5 dunyérn PS, duwoyéras G, 153

29

30

31

32

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

nvika emt THS oKNVYAS Hp, VURTOP TL autois emiaKiYray Satpovtov eEedacae Tob S@parion, iva on adv arn eVUKTEPEVOD. opxnatpis bé Tis Makxedovia dvoma éyeyover tois év ’Avtio- Xedou Bevérous, Svvapw TmepuBeBAnpevy TONNID. ypaupara wvep Tovotiwiaved ypapouca ere Tod *Tovativou t Stououpeven * Thy Bacideiar, ods av Bovdorro Tov ev Tols Ears Aoyi mov avypet ovdevt Tove, Kal aUT@Y TA YpHmaTa emrotet avaypanra és TO Onpociov yivecOat. TaUT AY THY Make- Soviav daciv é& Aiyumrov te cat AuBins mote HKovaav THY Ocodmpav aorraloméevny, émrerdn ALav duadopouperny TE AUTIV Kal do xaddoveav eldev ois 67) meplwBpraro TE Tpos TOD ‘ExnBoriou® Kal TO Meier of €v TH 00@ TAavTH dmoXwevat,* TOAAG ® mapnyopey Te Kal mapabpacvvew THY dvO poo ov are THs TUXNS olas Te ovoNS Kal aidus avri xopnyod yeveo Oat Xpnwareov peydhov. TOTE Aéyouae TV eco @pav elrety ws Kal ovap avTh emuckippav® tiv vinta éxelvnv mrovToU evexa pndemiav Kedevoat Troveic bat ppovtida: érre.dav yap eis Bufavtiov tkoito, TO TaV Saimorvwrv apXovre és evuny HEew, TOUT@ TE are’ yapeTny yuvaixa Evvoixnoes Par BnXavy Tarn, Kal am avToU KUpiay avUThy TavTwY ypnLaT@V ‘yEv?)- aec0au.

ty’. “AANA TadTa pev ovTw 61 SdoEns Tots

1 "Joverivou S, *loverivavod GP. u Biorkoumeren Haury: dioixouuevov. 3 ‘ExnBoadiov MSS. Cf. ‘ExnBddw in ix. 27. 4 + supplied by Reiske. Alemannus, followed by Haury, changed the amoAwAéva: of the MSS. to droAdnet, 5 woAAa Alemannus: Gadd.

154

ANECDOTA xii. 28-xiii. 1

she was on the stage some sort of a demon descended upon them at night and drove them from the room in which they were spending the night with her. And there was a dancing-girl, Macedonia by name, belonging to the Blue Faction in Antioch, a woman who had acquired great influence. For by writing letters to Justinian while he was still administering the empire for Justinus, she without difficulty kept destroying whomsoever she wished among the notable men of the East and causing their property to be confiscated to the Treasury. They say that once this Macedonia, when greeting Theodora as she came from Egypt and Libya, noticed that she was very distressed and vexed over the high-handed treatment to which she had been subjected by Hecebolius,! and also because she had lost some money on that journey, and so she comforted her greatly and encouraged her by suggesting that Fortune was quite able to become once again for her a purveyor of great wealth. On that occasion, they say, Theo- dora remarked that in fact a dream had come to her during the night just past and had bidden her to lay aside all anxiety as far as wealth was concerned. For as soon as she should come to Byzantium, she would lie with the Lord of the Demons, and would quite certainly live with him as his married wife, and he would cause her to be mistress of money without limit.

xiii. Now the case stood as J have said as regards

1 Chap. ix. 27.

5 Before émoxqwav Orelli added gdoua, Krageninnikov odoua rt. Haury would prefer daiudvidy rt emiokhpav. 7 Gre GP, ua S,

155

B 83

P 40

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

TrElaToLs elyev. ‘“lovaotwiavos b€ ToLovTOS ev 9s \ Vi 9S e / \ Hv TO aXXo 700g oios Sed7jAwWTaL, EVTPOaLTOV * OE Tapelyev avtov Kal mpadov Ttois évtTuyxXavovo., ? / r al ~ > ovdevi Te THY TavTwY aToKEKNElcOaL THS Els SEN Ss /, / 5) \ \ . > > aUTOV €la0doU auvePaivev, ANAA KAL TOS OUK EV , A A ; L Koou@ tap avT@® éata@ow 1%) POeyyouevoss , fal \ oudeTwrroTe YareTas eoyev. ov pévTor dia TavTa npvOpia Twa TOY mpos avTovU amodov- , a 3 / févov.* ov pry ovdé Opyhs TwTOTE 1) akpoyoAlas Tl UTOopaivwy &€s TOvs TpooKEexpouKOTas é&vOnAOS an fol / yéyovev, AANA TpPdos pev TO TpocwTro, Kaberpe- \ ° b) s ¢€ / \ a a vats 6€ tails odpiow, Udermévn O€ TH Hov7 €xédeve upiddas pev OrapOetpar® pndev 7O1KnKO- Tov avOporwv, Tore 5é Kabedely, XpHnwaTa TE avaypaTTa €$ TO Onmocioy tavta ToteicOar. Ya n fa) eixacev av Tis ex TOddSE TOV HOoUs mpoBaTiouv \ yvopny Tov avOpwmov eve. Hv wévTor TLS avTOV (NEOUMEVOS TOUS TapaTETTwWKOTAS iKETLoLs ALTAIS TapaltetoOa TEipm@To, evTadOa nypiwpmevos TE Kal \ nr / lal € aceonpws pectodvabar eddKeEl, WS pr) TLVL TOV OL > / 4 3 > tal > > / emutnoetwmy SoxovvTav elvar é€artela Oar év éAmide TO NoLTrov Ein. fp \ / > \ a na BA AcEav be BéBarov apd TO Xpict@ exe ) + \ a \ Lon €O0KEL, GNAA Kal TOUTO él POdpw TOV KaTHKOOY. a n / Tols Te yap lepevow adeéotepov Tors médAaS 4 / , \ - / \ n Evveywper BialecOar Kal Anifopévors Ta TeV jv added by KraSeninnikov. evmpdaitoy PS, ampdciroy G.

ata 8, abrdoy GP. dmodovueverv S, amoAonévwr GP.

me orp

156

ANECDOTA xiii. 1-4

the opinion of most of the people. And while Justinian was such as I have described in respect to his character in general, he still shewed himself approachable and kindly to those who came in contact with him; and no man whatever had the experience of being excluded from access to him, but on the contrary he was never angry even with those who failed to observe decorum as to standing or speaking in his presence. However, he did not, on that account, blush before any of those destined to be ruined by him. Indeed he never allowed himself to shew anger, either, or exasperation, and thus to reveal his feelings to those who had given offence, but with gentle mien and with lowered brows and in a restrained voice he would give orders for the death of thousands of innocent men, for the dis- mantling of cities, and for the confiscation of all monies to the Treasury. And one would infer from this characteristic that he had the spirit of a lamb. Yet if anyone sought to intercede through prayers and supplications for those who had given offence and thus to gain for them forgiveness, then, “‘ enraged and shewing his teeth,’ + he would seem to be ready to burst, so that no one of those who were supposed to be intimate with him had any hope after that of getting the desired pardon.

And while he seemed to have a firm belief as regards Christ, yet even this was for the ruin of his subjects. For he permitted the priests with comparative freedom to outrage their neighbours, and if they plundered the property of the people whose lands

_ } Cf. Aristophanes, Peace, 620, jrypiwuévous én’ &AAHAoICL Kal Teonpotas.

5 BiapOetpar PS, diapbapjva G, 157

B 84

io

10

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

€ / / 3 a al / > \ ‘ omopwv auvéyaipev, evocBelv1 tavtn audi TO Oetov oldpevos. Sixas Te Toravtas dixafwy Ta iA a Yj rn , r dala Troleiy weTo, HV TLS lep@v AOY@ THY TL Ov TPOTHNKOVT@Y apTadaas VEVLKNKaS TE aTrL@V olxotto.2 To yap dixaloy ev TO TepLeivat TOvS e lal y \ lepéas TOV evavTiwy weTo Elval. Kal avTos dE a , KT@pmEvos €E OV TPOTHNKOVTWY TAS TAY TEPLOVT@Y / ’ / rn 1) TETENEUTNKOTWY OUTLaS, Kal TaUTas TOV TLL veav evOds avatilels TO THS evaeBelas EpidAoti- melTo TapaTeTdopaTl, ws pn es Tos Biacbévtas ¢ 4 Wel 3 , 3 rn by \ \ » TovTwy avOis éraviow® KTha. adda Kal “ > NV ” \ lal ’ / > povev apiOuov axpitov dia Tadta eipyaveto. es / \ 5) \ A r an Se ~ 4 piav yap audl TO Xprot@ d0Eav cvvayayeiv atravtas €v omovon éxwv NOy@ ovdevl Tors addXous avOpwrrovs SépOerpe, Kal TadTa &v TO cr ‘! e Tis evoeBelas TpocTyX}paTe Mpdcowy' ov yap ol edoxet ovos avOpamayv eivat, Hv ye [2 THS avTOD , a 5) - d0Ens of TeNXeuT@VTES TUYOLEY OVTES. OUTwS AV

5 8 / e fal > / > KATEDTOVOADKMEVOS O TWY avO poTrav €$

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ANECDOTA xiii. 4-10

adjoined theirs, he would congratulate them, thinking that thus he was shewing reverence for the Deity. And in adjudicating such cases, he considered that he was acting in a pious manner if any man in the name of religion succeeded by his argument in seizing something that did not belong to him, and, having won the case, went his way. For he thought that justice consisted in the priests’ prevailing over their antagonists. And he himself, upon acquiring by means which were entirely improper the estates of persons either living or deceased and immediately _ dedicating them to one of the Churches, would feel pride in this pretence of piety, his object, however, being that title in these estates should not revert to the injured owners. Nay, more, he carried out an indefinite number of murders to accomplish these ends. For in his eagerness to gather all men into one _ belief as to Christ, he kept destroying the rest of man- kind in senseless fashion, and that too while acting with _apretence of piety. For it did nor seem to him murder _ if the victims chanced to be not of his own creed. Thus his single interest was the ceaseless destruction of _ men, and in company with his spouse he never ceased contriving accusations leading to this end. For these two persons had their desires for the most part akin, and where they did actually chance to differ in heir characters, though each of them was base, yet y displaying the most opposite tendencies they kept destroying their subjects. For he was lighter than dust in his judgment, always submitting himself to

3 éravios Dindorf : éravtn corrector in G, PS, éravier Gl.

4 cuvayayety added by Maltretus, cuvdpaueiv by Ale- _ Mannus.

5 aitg supplied from Suidas.

159

P 41

11

13

14

17

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

Tots ael Tapayew Orot ToT édoKer BovAopévols avTov, NY mn TO Tpaypya és diravOpwriav 7) aKep- diav dyot, Odds TE NOyous evdeheVécTATA Tpocté- pevos. €meiPov yap avTov of KoAaKEevorTEs OvdEVL Tove OTL HeTéwpos ap0ein Kal adepoBatoin.

Kai TOTE avT@ Tapedpevov TpuBwviavos epy mepioens aTeXvas elvat sn TOTE AUTOV UTO evoe- Belas és tov ovpavov avarndbeis AaGor.t ToLvov- Tous O€ TOS” éraivous TOL TKM@muaTA ev TO THS Stavoias eT OLELTO BeBaio. Gdra Kat® tov Gav- paoas, av oUTw TUXOL, THY apeTny, ohiryo vorepov are mounpe eAoLdopetro. Kab Kaxioas TOY TWA umnkowy avis avtod emrawveTns éyiveto oye, ef ovdewtas petaBeBrnbmevos aitlas. Ta yap Tis yvouns avT@ €& évaytias ner @Y TE avTOS EdeyE Kal €BovdeTo évdyXos Elva. STrws MEVTOL O TPOTOS auT@® Ta €s hiriav Te Kal ExOos eixyev UmetTOV non, Tols TO avOpoT@ é€x TOD él TAElcTOV elpyacmevols Texunpl@aas. €XOpos mev yap ac- pars te kal atpemtos Hv, &s dé Tods Pidous ayav aBéBatos. wate apédXer TOV féV OL eatrOv- dacuévov Kateipydcato TEloTOUs, diros d€ TAY TOTOTE pulcoupevwv ovdevl yéyovev. ods S€ partoTa yvwpipous Kal éemiTndelous edokev ExeELr,

1 Ad@o1 Alemannus: Adéa Taira.

2 Before émaivouvs Piccolos added mAacrovs. 3 al added by Reiske.

1 Plato, Theaetetus, 175 E.

2 Aristophanes, Clouds, 225, depoSat& Kal mepippova roy favor; Plato, Apology, 19 C.

3 i.e. in accordance with the fixity of his ideas concerning himself. Cf. also xiv.21 and xv. 1. The phrase is taken from

160

ANECDOTA xiii. 10-17

those who from time to time wished to lead him into evil according to their whims,—unless indeed the project involved an act of kindness or loss of gain— and endlessly listening to “fawning speeches.” For his flatterers could persuade him with no difficulty that he was raised to the skies and “ walking the air.” 2

And on one occasion Tribunianus, who was acting as Assessor to him, said that he was exceedingly fearful lest some day on account of his piety he might unawares be swept up into the heavens. Such praises, or rather gibes, he would interpret in accordance with the fixed conviction® of his mind. But even when, should it so happen, he expressed his admiration for the virtues of some man, a little later he would be reviling him as a scoundrel. And after abusing one of his subjects, he would turn about and seem to praise him, shifting his ground for no cause at all. For his thinking ran in a direction exactly contrary to what he himself - said and to what he wished to appear. I have already described his character with regard to personal friendship and enmity, citing as evidence for the most part the things the man actually did. For as an enemy, he was sure and unswerving, but to his friends very untrustworthy. Consequently he really caused the ruin of great numbers who had been cultivated by him, but he never became a friend to anyone whom he had once hated. But those whom he seemed to know best and to regard as most

Thucydides II, 89, where, however, the meaning is ‘‘ the steadfastness of (their) resolution.” Procopius means to say that Justinian was so convinced of his own genius that he took all such jests seriously.

161 VOL. VI. M

B 86

18

19

21

22

24

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

TOUTOUS TH} omoturye? U7) aro OT@OvY XapeSopevos amrooupevous OvUK és HaKpav mT poidone, KalTrEp ev eldw@s OTL On THs es avTOV evvaias Evexa TEOVN- Eovrat povns. amiotos yap év maou TAY ye 67 THS TE aravOpwrtas ral piroxpnpatias dtahavas iy. TAUTIS yap avrov amooThoa duvatov ovdevt yéyovev. adda Kal és a TreiOeLW avTov 1) YyameT? ovK Elye, XpNMaT@YV avTO@ peyadXwv édridas éx TOU Epyou ecouévwr éuBaro- méevn és thy mpakw hnvrep? éBovreTo ovte ébe- Novatov Tov avopa eeirKe. KEépdovs yap ovK evmpetrovs évexa Kal vouous TiWévar Kal ad TadLy autovus Kaberetv * ovdaph atnétov.

"Edikalé Te ov KATA TOS VvO“oUS Ovs avTOS éypawev, aN EvOa av avtov pet Scov TE opleioa Kal pHeyahom pemea TE pa 1) TOV Xpnwar cov Ur 0- oXETLS MyOL. Kal Kara [UK pov yap KNETTOVTL adatpeia Pav Tas Tov umn Koy ovatas alaxuvny avT@ dépey Twa ovdaph WeTo, juika on ovux jmakdravra aderéaar Royw Til elyev 1 eychnpa emEVvEYKOV am poo SoxnTov 7 OLabnKns ov ryevyeun evs TpooTXnNMaTl. _ EMelve Te avuToU Popaioy dpxovTos ov mors 7) d0€a mpos Oeov aoparys,” ov voLos oKXUpOsS, ov m pages BeBata, ov oup3orarov ovoev. oTENNOpPEveov dé 7 pos avTov TOV Ol ETLTHOELwY eT TLVA mpaéw, €l ev 67) avtois aToAwrAeKévar EvvéBn TOV chict Tapa- TETTWKOTWY TONNOVS Kal XpNnudTwY TL® Anica-

budCuy: Reiske: duoluyla. anroorjoa Alemannus: amorijoa. jwmep Reiske: thrrep.

KadcAer PS, rabéArew G.

eon pe

162

ANECDOTA. xiii. 17-24

intimate he after no long time betrayed to their destruction by delivering them as a favour to his consort or to someone else, even though he was well aware that they would die solely because of their loyalty to him. For he was conspicuously untrust- worthy in all things except, to be sure, his cruelty and his avarice. For to make him give up this last proved an impossible task for any man. But also in those matters in which his spouse was not able to persuade him, by injecting into the argument the hope of large sums of money to accrue from the transaction she could win over her husband quite against his will to the action she desired. Indeed for the sake of unseemly gain he never refused either to set up laws or again to tear them down.

And he rendered judgment, not according to the laws which he himself had written, but according as he was influenced by the vision of a greater or more magnificent promise of money. For he even believed that to take away the property of his subjects by small thefts brought no disgrace whatever upon him—in those cases, namely, where he was not able to take everything at once on some pretence, either by advancing an unexpected accusation or by the pretext of a will never made. And while he ruled over the Romans, neither good faith nor belief in God remained secure, no law remained fixed, no transaction safe, no contract valid. And when any of his intimates were sent by him on some mission, ifthey had the fortune to destroy many of those whom they encountered and to plunder a quantity of money,

5 4 ddta mpds (és P) Bedv aopadys PS, mpds Oedby aaparss } b6ka G. 5 After 7: Reiske would insert péya.

163

iw)

M

al

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26

27

28

29

30

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

a0at TAOS, ovTOL bn EvOLS EeVdoKL MOL TO AUTO- Kpatopt édoxovy Te eivat Kal dvowatecbar! ate 6) amavta és TO axpiBes Ta éemnyyedrpéva erre- TeEMETALTES” él be pevdoi TLVL ES avOparous xpnod- pevor Tap avTov ixovTo, dvavous Te avrois TO Aourrev Kal TONE LOS ip. aTroyvous Te Oo mep d:pXavor porrov Twa THY TOV avd pav puow, és THY vrroupyiay OUKETL EXdAEL. WaTE Kal TrONNOL év omoven € émroLovvTo evoeikvucbat AUT@ ws Trovnpot elev, kaltrep opior TOV emutndevpdrov ov TavTn eXovT@n. Urog Xomevos dé Tbe TOANGKLS Kal OpK@ 1) ypdppace THY UmoaXErv OXUpwrepay TET OLN- evos, evOds eGedovaros € és AgjOnv apixto, dons TL pépew avT@ TO epyov TOUTO ol0jLevos. Kal TaiTa 6 lovatiwiavos ov povov €s TOUS UmNKOOUS ET pac- oe,” AAA Kal €> TOV TOAEULLWY TOANOUS, WaTEP pot elpntat Peg oat,

VTE duT-vos ° Te ws emt meloTov elTrety Kal ouTiols fev 7) TOTM KaTaKOpHS ovdauh yéyoveV, adAa oxedov TL axpo® SaKxTUAM aTroYEVTapEVOS amndAdToETO. Oomep ydp TL avT@ Td pepryov THS puoews aurov dyyapevoperr)s Ta To.adTa epaivero elvat, émrel Kal QTTOOLTOS meEpas Te Kal VUKTAS dvo Ta Toda EpeEver, Gros TE jvica 0 Tpo THS Macyartas KadOUpErn)S EopTijs XY povos évtav0a ayot. TOTE yap TONAKLS Hepaty Cvotp, @aoTrep elpntal, yeyovws aoitos dati Te Bpaxel anoghy émntiov Kat Botdvais aypiais Tol,

4

1 Reiske would read avouagovro. 2 érpacoev Haury: éempaccero. 3 Gumvds Te Reiske: toxvds te. 4 @s él mAeioroy Haury, Reiske and Dindorf read kat

&otros em) nAciotov: Kal él wAcioTor.

164

ANECDOTA xiii. 24-30

they immediately seemed to the Emperor worthy both to be and to be called men of distinction, as having carried out with exactness all theirinstructions ; but if when they returned to him they had shewn mercy to men in any way, he was offended with them thereafter and hostile. And despairing of the ability of these men, as being somehow out of date, he no longer called them to service. Consequently many were eager to shew him how base they could be, even though their usual conduct was not of such sort. And in certain cases, after making a promise many times and making his promise more binding by an oath or by a writing, he straightway became wilfully forgetful, thinking that this conduct brought him some credit. And Justinian continued to act thus, not only to his subjects, but also to many of his enemies, as I have stated previously.!

And he was not given to sleep, as a general thing, and he never filled himself to repletion with either food or drink, but he usually just touched the food with the tips of his fingers and went his way. For such matters seemed to him a kind of side-issue

imposed upon him by Nature, for he often actually

remained without food two days and nights, especially when the time before the festival called Easter led that way. For on that occasion he many times abstained from food for two days, as has been said,” and insisted upon living on a little water and certain

1 Book VIII. xxv. 7 ff. 2 Chap. xii. 27; Procopius gives an illustration of these traits in Buildings, I. vii. 7, 8.

5 +i txpw Reiske, &xpw Suidas: r&xpa.

P 42

31

32

33

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

@pav te, av ovTw TvxoL, KaTadapOav iar, elTa TMEpLTaToUS del TroLOUpEVOS TOV aANOV KATE- TpuBe “povov. KalToL EL TOUTOV avrov * eaupov és mpakes Samravav ayabas 7Oerev, € éml péya av Te evdatpovias exexmpnner® Ta Tpdymwata. vov 6é Th pvoews iayvi emi TO ‘Popaiov movnp® Xpe- pevos Evuracay aitov THY moNuTelav és TO edados xadereiv iayucev. eypnyopevar TE yap Suvexes kal Taam pel Kal moveta Bat ouK aAXou Tov évexa Epyov Temointat 7) WoTE KOTM- deatépas* ae Kal’ cxdorny Tots Umnxoots eT L- TexvacOat TAS cupdopas. Hp yap, Orep elpnTat, SrapepovTas o€ds emivonoat Te Kal Taxus amro- TeAéoat avooia épya, Bate avT@® Kal Ta THs piaews ayaba él Nun TOY UTnKOwY aTroKeEKpl- a0at EvvéBawve.

10. Ipaypatwv yap jv copia TOAAN Kal TOV el@OoTwy ovdev éperver, duTeép poe OAL y@v eripvncbévt,. ciwmh Sotéov Ta NoTAa EvuTarTa, @S fn) O AOYOS aTrépavTos Eln. TpaTa pev yap ovdev és Bacidtixov akiwpa éritnbeiws Eyov ovTE autos elyev ote Evpduddocew HEiov, ara THY TE YOrrav Kal TO oxnma Kal THY duavovay €Bap-

B88 3 Papitev. doa TE ypaherbar Tpos avTov Bovnorto,

ov TO TV KOLAaLTTWPOS EXovTE TULNY, nmep elwOe, eméatedde mpotecOa,? adr avTos Te TA

rvxot added by Alemannus.

For avrdy Piccolos proposed a9 roy, Herwerden aizdy rév. éxexapnrer GP, Fpe S.

komwdeorepas Herwerden (Lexicon): koumwdeorépas. éméoteAAe mpolerOat Reiske, éwéoreAAe Stoixeio@at KraSe- ninnikoy, éeméareAAe ypapeoba: Alemannus : éméoreAAev oles Gar,

166

ee on

5

ANECDOTA xiii. 30—-xiv. 3

wild plants, and after sleeping perhaps one hour he would spend the rest of the time walking about constantly. And yet, if he had been willing to spend just this Easter-tide on good deeds, affairs would have advanced to a high pitch of prosperity. But as it was, by employing his natural strength for the ruin of the Romans, he succeeded in pulling down to the ground their whole political structure. For he made it his task to be constantly awake and to undergo hardships and to labour for no other purpose than to contrive constantly and every day more grievous calamities for his subjects. For he was, as has been said,! par- ticularly keen in devising and swift in executing unholy deeds, so that in the end even his natural good qualities resulted in the undoing of his subjects.

xiv. For in the administration of affairs it was a time of the greatest confusion, and none of the customary procedures was maintained, as I shall shew by citing a few examples, while all the rest must be consigned to silence, so that my discourse may not be endless. First of all, he neither himself possessed any quality appropriate to the imperial dignity nor cared to foster any such quality in others, but in speech and in dress and in thinking he played the barbarian. And as to all the rescripts which he wished to have written from himself, he would not send them, as was the custom, to the man holding the office of Quaestor to promulgate, but instead would generally insist upon reading them out

1 Book III. ix. 25; Chap. viii. 26. 167

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

lal , ef al , oA > / TAElTTAa, KalTrEep OVTW THS YAWTTNS EXwV, EKpE- / a pev n&lov Kal TOV TapatuXOVTwY TOUS GhLLrOS ce \ bl Oé ny 16 , 1 > ” 2 » «4, WaTE TOUS EVOEVEE HOuKNmEVoUS! OvK ExELY 4 an a fol OT@ éMiKadolev. Tols b€ AanKpHTIs KaoUpéevols > ? / \ > / 3 \ \ / OUK aTreKeKpLTO TO akimpa €s TO TA Baciréws ’ / , WISE Ae 3 \ ’ , 6 > / atoppnta ypadew, ep’ wep? TO avéxabey éteTA- Nato, adAa ta tTe* Adda eypadhev avTos® ws > lal eltrely dtavtTa Kal el tov d.ataoce Tovs Stat- a : 0 ca \ Ta@VvTas ev TOE Senoeley, OTN TOTE aUTOIS TA és THv yvaou itéov ely. ov yap eia TLVa ev ye TH ‘Pw alwv > A /, > / a jpov aLoY GPX youn avTovonm Tas vwrngous > \ / ? / \ diddvat, adda avOabsGopevos adoyiatw TWh Trap- / pnotla Kptoets Te avTOS TAS Ecomevas © EppuOuLCer, > nr {¢ , lal / /, aKons Noyov mpos Tov TaV dtapepopéevwy AaBwv, \ > / > \ ’ / \

Kal avddika evOvs aBacavicotws ta Sedixac- / x / / péva” érroler, ov vou@ Tit 1) StKal@ rypévos, GXX amapakar’TTws aicypoKkepbela naogTw@pmEVvoS

e \ Ap : XP ps UG , 1 5 : lal € \ > rn dwpodoxav yap 0 Bacireds ovK naYUVETO, TacaY ? n \ >) lal fol b) / > / aUVTOV THY AlOW THS aTANaTLas apedomEevys. ToYs . . . Hdicnuevous Reiske: tots .. . HdiKNwEvors. For ovx @xev Piccolos proposed ovsért elvat. dep Reiske: dvmep. 4 re added by Dindorf. éypapey airs Alemannus : éypagoy avrol.

Reiske proposed écayoueras. deSixacpueva Suidas: dedoxipacueva.

I aoaenw

1 The documents in question would seem to have been imperial rescripta, which took the form either of epistolae, independent replies to petitions of individuals or of corpora- tions, or of subscriptiones or adnolationes written at the foot of petitions.

168

ANECDOTA xiv. 3-6

himself,! although his speech was uncouth, as I have just stated, and that too while a great throng of by- standers . .. ,2 so that those who were wronged thereby had no one against whom they could lay a charge. And the confidential secretaries, as they are called, were not assigned the function of writing the Emperor’s confidential matters—the purpose for which these secretaries were appointed originally—he not only wrote practically everything himself, but also,

_ whenever it became necessary to give instructions to the public arbitrators> in the city, he would tell them in writing what course they must take as regards the judgment they were to render. For he would not allow anyone within the Roman Empire to give. decisions on independent judgment, but with an obstinate determination and with a sort of unreasoning frankness he himself arranged in advance the deci- sions to be given, accepting hearsay from one of the contestants, and thus straightway, without investi- gation, he upset cases which had been adjudged, not because he had been influenced by any law or con- sideration of justice, but manifestly because he was overcome by base greed. For the Emperor felt no shame in accepting bribes, since his insatiable greed took away all shame from him.

* Something like rover, “‘listened,” or mapéorncer, ‘‘ at- tended,” has been lost; possibly érevphyer, ‘‘ gave servile applause.”

__ * Imperial rescripta, issuing from the highest authority of the State, were not subject to review.

4 The Greek word is a transliteration of the Latin a secrelis; ef. Book II. vii. 15.

5 The term is an inheritance from the Athens of classical times, where the d:a:ryral, both ‘‘ public ” and ‘‘ private,”

transacted much of the petty business which otherwise would encumber the law-courts,

169

u

10

11

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

U A fal TloArAakis 5€ Ta Te TH GuyKANTO BovrAn Kal TH avTokpatope Sedoxipacpméva és étépay Twa éreAeUTHTE Kplolv. 1 pev yap Bourn wWoTep év / / lA nn rn rn elxove ExaOnTO, OVTE THS YrHpou ovTE TOD Kadov / a Kupia ovca, oxnpwatos O€ povov Kal vopou a ” EvveiNeypévn madalov eivexa, eel ovde havnv fal / e nr fal A adeivat twa oTwoby Tav évtadOa Evveiieypevav XN / ’ fol > ’ iz4 ‘ \ is TO TapaTav é€&fv, aXN O TE Baaidevs Kal 1) / lal fal , auvoikos €x Tov éml mrEloTOV dtadayxavery pEV adrAnrow Tov Stadhepouévov eoxnTToVTO,” evixa / lal , dé ta év ohiow adtois vmép TovTwy EvyKetweva. 3 / t > 3 5) a 4 my O€ Tw Sokerev OvK ev aahadrel Eivat Tapave-

4 / ee \ ” / VOMNKOTL vevixnkéval, 66€ Kal AXXO TL YpUatov

T@ PBacirei TOUT TpoeuEevos Vomov evs d.E- MpatTeTo am évaytias amavtwy édMovtTa Tov mpoabey Ketmévmv. av O€ Kal Tis ETEpos TOd- tov 6) Tov vos“ov TOY aToAwWNOTA émLtnTOIN, avis avTov petakadely Te Kal avTiKatioTaval avToxpatwp ovdauh amnétov, ovdév Te ev TO THS duvdpews BeBaio eloTHKEL, arr érrap aro Te pl- pepouern TAVTAX OTE 1 THS dixns pom) émn av autnv Bapyoas 0 TrEelwyv xXpuvaos dv PeXKew iaxvol, ExerTO TE Ev TO Snmooiw THs ayopas Kal ravta é« Iladatiov, Kal mpovtifeto ov dixac- TLRS MOVOV, AAAA Kal vomobeTLKAS THANTHpLA.® Tots be pepepevdaptors KANOUMEVOLS OUKETL amréxpn aveveyKetv els TOV Baowen TAS TOV ixeTevovtav denaes, és 6€ TAS apKYas* avayyeihat

1 7 added by Haury.

2 éoxnmrovro Reiske: éoxnmtoy.

3 rwAntnpia Alemannus: wédAitnptas GS, moArtelas P.

4 For és 5& ras apxas Alemannus proposed od5é tiv apxiy.

T7O

ANECDOTA xiv. 7-11

But often that which had been decided by the Senate and by the Emperor came up for another and final judgment. For the Senate sat as in a picture, having no control over its vote and no influence for good, but only assembled as a matter of form and in obedience to an ancient law, since it was quite impossible for anyone whomsoever of those gathered there even to raise a voice, but the Emperor and his Consort generally pretended to divide between them the matters in dispute, but that side prevailed which had been agreed upon by them in private. And if it seemed to any man who had broken the law that victory was not certain, such a person flung more gold to this Emperor and_ straightway secured a law going contrary to all laws which had been previously established. And if someone else should miss this cancelled law, the Emperor felt no re- luctance about calling it back once more and re- establishing it, and nothing stood firmly in force, but the scales of justice wavered and wandered in every direction according as the larger amount of gold weighing them down availed to pull them in one direction or the other; Justice was established in the market-place, and that too though she had once dwelt in the Palace, and there one could find salesrooms where could be bought for a price not only court decisions but also legislation.

And the Referendarii, as they were called,! were no longer satisfied with merely referring to the Emperor the petitions of suppliants, and then in-

1 Officials charged with ‘‘ announcing to the Emperor the petitions of his clients, and declaring to them in turn whatever his wish was.” Book IT. xxiii. 6,

171

B 90

13

14

15

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

povor, Hep ci@OeL, 6 TL Av a’To apdl TO ikéty! d0Kn, adrAa Evppopnoavtes ex TavtTav avOpoTrav TOV dduxov Aoyou, Hevaxropots wev Tov ‘lovare- viavov Kal Twapaywyais tow é—nmdtwr, Tots TavTa _emuTnoevovaw tmoxelwevov * duce. &&w d€ avtixa yevopuevor kal TOV opiow @MLLANKOT@Y Tous ayTLoiKous cabeipEavres Xpnvara obdevos LUV MEVOU dveFedeyxTos émpadaaovTo boa av avTots Sua ps ein. Kal oTpatarar® of THv év Harario dpoupav EXOVTES év TH Bacirel@ orod Tapa TOUS SuarTavras ryevopievoe Braig xerpl Tas dixas é€ohyov. tavTes Te @s elmeiy THY avT@Y éxduTrovtes Takiy Odovs ToTe Kat é£ouciay éBa- dufov atropous re Kal aotiBytovs ohiot TA TpO- TEpa OVGAS, KAL TA TPAYWaTA TANLMEA@S TavTa €pépeTo, OVSE dvop“aTos TLVOS LOiov peTadayorTa, exer TE 1) TodTELa Bacirids TarlovTwy Tradiwr. Gra Ta ev adda pou mapitéov, @aoTEp TovOE dpXopevos TOD NOyou UrrelTov, AeréEeTau b€é datus avnp Tp@Tos dixalovta Swpobokeiy tov Baciréa TOUTOV GVETELCE. kéry Alemannus: olkérp.

1 (2 L 2 broxeiuevov Reiske: amoxeluevor. 3 grpatiarat Alemannus: oraci@ra:.

1 Taken from Aristophanes, Clouds, 889 f., where Unjust Reason is a character who defends the ‘‘ new education” sponsored there by Socrates.

2 Of. Aristophanes, Kwiyhts, 632, kal rots gevaxicpotow éfamatwuevny.

3 The site of this building is probably defined by the cistern, which still serves its purpose, now known as Yeri Batan Serai (‘Underground Palace ’’) and situated a short distance to the west of the Church of St. Sophia; this cistern was excavated

172

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ANECDOTA xiy. 11-15

forming the magistrates, in the usual way, what his decisions were concerning the petitioners, but collecting from the whole world the “ unjust reason,”’ they kept deceiving Justinian with sundry sophistries 2 and chicaneries, he being by nature an easy victim for those practising these tricks. And as soon as they were outside the Palace and had taken measures to keep the litigants away from those with whom they themselves had talked, they proceeded to exact money—there being nobody to protect the rights of the litigants—in such a way that the business could not be proved against them and in such quantities as seemed to them sufficient. And the soldiers who kept guard in the Palace would come before the public arbitrators as they sat in the Royal Stoa® and force them to admit their cases. And practically all the soldiers at that time were abandoning their

proper posts and, according to their own sweet will,

walking in ways that were forbidden and had hitherto never been open to them to tread, and everything was being swept along pell-mell, not even retaining any proper designation of its own, and the common- wealth resembled a kingdom of children at play.4 But while the rest must be passed over by me, as I intimated when I began this account,® yet it shall be told who the first man was to persuade this Emperor to accept a bribe while presiding at a trial. ay Justinian under a section of the Royal Stoa; see Buildings, exile. .

‘ The reference is to the children’s game called BamAlvio, in which the children are ruled over by a make-believe king, who is surrounded by court officials after the fashion of his country. Cf. the boy Cyrus as ‘* King ” in Herodotus, I. 114, Pollux, [X. 110.

5 Chap. i. 1-10.

173

P 44

B 91

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

Aéwy Fv tis, Kinu& ev yévos, és 6€ Prroxpnpua- / / id tiav Sdaimoviws éomovdakws. ovtos o Aéwv KpatlioTos éyéveTo KoAaKwY, Kal olos Tais TOV apabayv Sstavoiais to1 do€av wmoBarécOat. ay mevdw yap ot twa Evvatpopévnv €s TOD TUpavvou \ > , , \ / lal ? / 3 Thy aBertepiay ei hOopw TaV avOpwTrwp Eixyer. oUTos avnp TpweTos ‘lovatwiavoy avaTeiOer aTreu- Toney XonuaTwv Tas StKas. é7revdy TE KNETTELY \Y fol / u / 06€ 0 avNP TPOTM TO Elpnuev@ EyVw, OVKETL AvLEL, 5) LAA. EN \ \ an ee , > , aX 06@ Tpoiov TO Kakov TODTO él péya EY WPEL, baotis Te Siknv NaXElv AdiKOY TOV TIVE ETLELK@V €v oTroudn etyev, EVOUS Tapa Tov AéovTa Hel, Kat A a \ e a foipay TOV avTieyomévwv TLVa Opmodoyncas TO an / TE TUPAVY® Kal AVT@ KEeloeTOal, AUTiKA VEVLKNKOS, ov déov, amnAdAdoceTo ék TOD IladaTtiov. Kal A€éwy péev xpnpata évOévde TreptBarécbar peyara KOMLon laxvae, YWOpAas TE TOAANS KUpLOs YEyoVE, ‘Pwpuaious 5é THY ToNLTElay aiTLWTAaTOS yéyovEV / a o és yovu é\Oeiv, nv te ovdev Tots Ev BeBnxoow OXUPW{LA, OV VOMOS, OVX OpKOS, OV ypdupaTta, ov mown EvyKeevyn, ovK AAO TOV TavTwY oOvdE, 24 \ f \ al / / ote pon Aéovte kai Baothel xXprwata mpoécPat. \ a a , a a ov pny ode TODTO ev TO BeRaiw THs yvouns THs r / y > \ cal \ \ tov Aéovtos éuevev, adda pucOapvely Kal Tpos r > / , , / a\ ass > ? TOV évavtiwy nkiov. KArAéTTMV yap ae ed na an / > ExaTepa TOV eT AUTO TpooTeVappnKoTwY” OXE-

1 7d added by Reiske. * Herwerden proposed mpote@appnkdtav.

174

ANECDOTA xiv. 16-22

There was a certain Leon, a Cilician by birth, a man extraordinarily devoted to the love of money. This Leon came to be the mightiest of all flatterers and shewed a capacity for suggesting to the minds of stupid persons that which already had been determined upon. For he had a kind of persuasiveness which helped him, when dealing with the fatuity of the tyrant, to accomplish the destruction of his fellow- men. This man was the first to persuade Justinian to sell legal decisions for money. And when that sovereign had once decided to follow, in his stealing, the plan which has been described, he never stopped, but this evil kept advancing until it grew to a great size; and whoever was eager to lodge an unjust accusation against a citizen of the respectable sort proceeded straightway to Leon, and by promising that some portion of the disputed property should fall to both the tyrant and to him, he had forthwith won his case, however unjustly, before he left the Palace.1 And Leon succeeded in acquiring from this source a truly huge amount of money, and he came into possession of much land, and in so doing became the chief agent in bringing the Roman State to its knees. Indeed there was no security for those who had entered into contracts, no law, no oath, no documents, no fixed penalty, no other resource at all except to fling out money to Leon and the Emperor. Yet not even this process enjoyed the fixed approval of Leon’s judgment, but he insisted upon getting money from the other side as well. For since he stole constantly in both directions, he never suspected

1 i.e. getting Leon’s consent to bring the suit was tantamount to winning the case, so completely were the judges under control.

175

B 92

23

bo

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

r ’ r yopeiy Te Kal am évavtias lévar ovdapuh?} aic- Xun UTwTTEVEY Elva. oOVOeY yap aiaxpor, él povov TO KEepdaiiety mpooh, éboEatev of aiTa? eTapupotepifovte EcecOat.

/ G \ eet) \ Au. ¢

te. ‘O pév ody ‘lovativiavos Tovodtos TLS Hv. Ocodmpa dé? ev TO BeBato THS arravépwrias evdedexeoTara emen yet THY Yyvounv. adrA@ fev yap avarreva Deine 7 U7) avayKacbeioa eipyatero ovdevy TwiroTe, aut Oe Ta Sokavta ETT ETENEL avdadialopévn Suvdues TH TWaaon, ovdevos é£at- Teta TOV TapaTEenT@KOTA TOAMO@VTOS. OvOE yap Xpovov MAKOS, OU Kohdoews ™NT HOV), oux ikerelas TU pnXavy), ov Gavatou arr eu), OTL On €& ovpavod meceiTat TH TavTl yéver emidokos ovaa, kataBéoOat avtTny Te THs opyhns émeube. \ / / An , Kal avrAdnBdnv Ocodapav 1 TpocKeKpovKoTe fal ? / 8> ? \4 ? ? , KaTadrAayeloay ovdeis Tote eidev ode * €& avOpw- mov apavobértt, drra TOU TETENEUTNKOTOS 0 mats dradeEdpevos 70 THs Baciridos EXGos a WoTrEp dddo TL TOD TAT pos és Tpuryévevav Taper ewer. 0 yap Ovpos adTH xivetoOar pev és avOpworwr pOopav éEtouwotatos Hv, €s O€ TO AwhHHoaL AMLNXavos. Ni / a ’ / / \ aA A To HEévTOL Opa eeparreve perfoves HEV ) KATA THY xpelav, eMac oovws Oe y) Kara THY AUTHS émOupiav. TaxvTaTa pev yap és TO Baravetov elonet, ovlaitata S€ amanddayeioa Kal Karta- \ / , Aovoapéern, €s TO axpativerbar éevOévde éeywpet. axpaticapéevn O€ oVXLav HYEV. apioTa@oa LéVTOL 1 obdauq GP, oddeular S, 2 Reiske would delete adr¢. 3 $¢ Maltretus: re.

176

ANECDOTA xiv. 22—xv. 8

that to neglect those who had put their confidence in him and to go against them involved any shame. For provided only that gain accrue, he believed that no disgrace would attach to him in playing off both sides.

xv. Such, then, was Justinian. As for Theodora, she had a mind fixed firmly and persistently upon cruelty. For she never did anything at any time as the result of persuasion or compulsion by another person, but she herself, applying a stubborn will, carried out her decisions with all her might, no one daring to intercede for the victim who had given offence. For neither length of time, nor surfeit of punishment, no trick of supplication, no threat of death—fully expected to fall from Heaven upon the whole race—could persuade her to abate one jot of her wrath. And to state the matter briefly, no one ever saw Theodora reconciled with one who had given offence, even after the person had died, but the son of the deceased received the Empress’ enmity as an inheritance from him, just as he received anything else that had been his father’s, and passed it on to the third generation. For her passion, while more than ready to be stirred to the destruction of men, was beyond any power to assuage.

Her body she treated with more care than was necessary, yet less than she herself could have wished. For instance, she used to enter the bath very early and quit it very late, and after finishing her bathing, she would go thence to her breakfast. After partaking of breakfast she would rest. At

4 o}e Haury: 4; hence Reiske proposed # (avrs #,

177 VOL. VI. N

10

P45 11

B 93

13

14

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

Kat Selrvov aipoupévn és macav idéay edwodipwv Te Kal ToT@Y HpyeETO, UTvoL TE AUTHS ael wakpo- TATOL aVTEAAUPAVOVTO, NuEPLVOL MEV AYPL TPWTWY VUKTOV, VUKTEpLVOL O€ AxXpLs ALOU avicxXoVTOS. els Tacdv Te oUTwS akpacias éxmeTTwxvia } tpiBov és TOcov huépas KaLpov atacav StoiKketaOat néiov THY Pwpaiwy apynv. Kal hv Tw éTLoTELAELE mpativ TIA O Baovrevs ovK aUTHS yvoun, €s TovTO TUNNS TEPLELA TI KEL TOUT 7) TO avo pore Ta mpdypata, MOTE OU TONG boTepov HS TE TYAS TaparvOjvar Eby Bpe peyaryn Kal atro- Nwr€évat Savare alcxioTo.

Tod pev ovv “lovatutav@® aravta tmpaccewy pad.ov iv, ovy Joov THO THs diavolas EVKON@, GAN’ OTL KaL aUTTVOS HY eTl TAELTTOV, WoTEP ElpNTaL, Kal eUTpoaooos TavTwY fadALOTA. TOA)? yap avOpetros éEoucia éyiveto, Kaitor adoeous Te Kal apavéot TavTaTacw ovo, ovy OTL évTUXElY TO Tupavye TOUTW, GAAA Kal KoLVONOYEtoAaL Kal €& aTroppyTov cuyryivecar. Tapa dé THY Baowriba ovoe TOV apxovta@v fu OTe (a) Ypovw TE Kal TOV@ TONAW ELTLTNTA HV, AANA TpoTHSpevov pev és ael dtravtes avdpaTrob@dn Tiva mpocedpetav év S@patio oTEev@ Te Kal TYLynp® Tov amavra YX povor. Kivdvvos yap arronencip Oat TOV apXov- TOY TW avUTrOLaTOS my. istavto® &€ Sunvenes em ck pov SakTUAwy, AUTOS cabumeprepor € ExaaTos TOV meas StaTtevomevos TO 7 poo wmov EXELY, dws avtov évdo0ev eEvovtes evvodyoL opmen.

1 éxmemrwkuia S, éumemtwkvia GP, 2 roAA} Alemannus: 7oAAG. 3 Yoravto Alemannus: foraro.

178

ANECDOTA xv. 8-14

luncheon, however, and dinner she partook of all manner of foods and drinks; and sleep for long stretches of time would constantly lay hold of her, both in the daytime up to nightfall and at night up to sunrise; and though she had to such an extent strayed into every path of incontinence for so long a portion of the day, she claimed the right to ad- minister the whole Roman Empire. And if the Emperor should impose any task upon a man without her consent, that man’s affairs would suffer such a turn of fortune that not long thereafter he would be dismissed from his office with the greatest indignities and would die a most shameful death.

Now for Justinian it was rather easy to manage everything, not only because of his easy-going dis- position, but also because he rarely slept, as has been stated,! and was the most accessible person in the world. For even men of low estate and altogether obscure had complete freedom, not merely to come before this tyrant, but also to converse with him and to enjoy confidential relations with him. The Empress, on the other hand, could not be approached even by one of the magistrates, except at the expense of much time and labour, but, actually, they all had to wait constantly upon her convenience with a servile kind of assiduity, waiting in a small and stuffy ante- room for an endless time. For it was a risk beyond bearing for any one of the officials to be absent. And they stood there constantly upon the tips of their toes, each one straining to hold his head higher than the persons next to him, in order that the eunuchs when they came out might see him. And some of

1 Chap. xiii, 28, 30.

179 n 2

B 94

16

17

18

19

21

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

> a \ by A / \ € / éxadovvto O€ avT@Y TIVES MOALS TE Kal Huepals a 4 b] / \ ’ > \ \ /

Tonrails VaTepov, eavovtes b€ Tap auTiny Evy déer TONA® OTL TayioTa amynAAATCOVTO TpoTKUYT- aavtTes povov Kal Tapaod exatépov m080s aKkpo xetre dxpapevor. pOeyyerIar yap 7 aiteta Bat Te ay exeivns eyeehevoperns ovdenla mappnata éyiveto. és SovAoTpérerav yap 7) TroXtTEla HAE, dovA0dLddcKaXov avTny EXovTa. ovTw TE Pwpai- os Ta mpaypata SuepUeipeto Tod péev TUpavvoU TO ayav evnOer Soxodvts eivar, Ocodwpas 5 TO YareT@ Kal Alay ducKOAM. eV pev yap TO 37 \ 1A! = > \ a , \ evnder TO aBéBarov Av, ev b€ TO SuvTKOAW TO aT paKkTov.

> = \ = a , > mn \ a

Ev trois pév odv THs TE yvOuns avTots Kal THs

dtaitns TO dvadAdooov édaiveto, Kowa bé& Hv avtois } Te diroxpynuatia Kal 1) Tov dovev 2 / \ \ \ 3 / ” \ éemlOupia cal TO pndevi adrnOifecPar. audw yap ? / > \ / 4 3 \ emirndelos és Ta padiota Welder bar elxov, Kal iv bev Tis TOV Oeoddpa T poo KEK pOUKOT OY auap- Tavew Aéyouro Te Bpaxv Te Kat Aoryou ovdauh a&vov, aitias evOvs avatAaccovca TO avOpoTra ovdey TpoanKovaas, €s méya TL KAKOD TO TPAyLuA per. eyKAnparov Te nKOVETO TAHOGOS Kal Kara Mioews Tépt TOV cabector@r * Sikaarrptov AV, Kal dixactai Evveréyovto Tpos auras diyeipopevot, ob 67) Eweddov Siapaxerac bar T pos adrdhous, doTus av avTdv paddAov TaV ANrwV apécKetv? TH és THY yvaow aravOpwria Tis Baciridos*® To

1 kabeorétav Haury: karnkdwy Ant(erdar. KraSeninnikov proposed karndwy ral rod AniCer Bat.

2 apécxeey Alemannus: a&péokn.

3 ris BaotAldos Piccolos: rH BaciAld..

180

ANECDOTA xv. 15-21

them were summoned at last, after many days, and going in to her presence in great fear they very quickly departed, having simply done obeisance and having touched the instep of each of her feet with the tips of their lips. For there was no opportunity to speak or to make any request unless she bade them to do so. For the Government had sunk into a servile condition, having her as_slave-instructor. Thus the Roman State was being ruined partly by the tyrant, who seemed too good-natured, and partly by Theodora, who was harsh and exceedingly difficult. For whereas in the good-nature of the one there was instability, in the difficult nature of the other there was a bar to action.

So in their thinking and in their habits of life the contrast between them was clear, yet they had in common their avarice, their lust for murder and their untruthfulness to all. For both of them were exceed- ingly gifted! in lying, and if any of those who had offended Theodora was reported to be committing any wrong, even though it were trivial and utterly unworthy of notice, she straightway fabricated accusations which had no application to the man and thus she exaggerated the matter into a terrible crime. And she listened to a great mass of accusations, and there was a court which sat on questions of repealing the established laws, and judges assembled who were brought together by her, whose function it was to contend with each other as to which of them by the inhumanity shewn in the judgment should be able

1 émitndelws elxov as in Thue. V. 82. 1. 181

P 46

22

23 7

24

25

26

27

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

BovAnpua ixavos yévouro. oUT@ * Te Too Tapa- TET TOKOTOS THY pev ovatay avtixa és TO On ootov avaypatTov éroiel, Tikpotata dé avTov aikica- Mev, Kabtrep lows evTaTplonv TO avéxabey dvta, ) puyh Snpoby 7) Oavadtw ovdauh amnéiov. nv € Ye TOY aur éomovdacpéven Tiwi éml povors adixos i) éTéepw TM TOV peylotov GOLKNLATOV ar@vat EvpBaivy, ‘Sac vpouca Kal xAevatouvea THD TOV KATHYOPwWY Opunv® ciwTay Ta TpooTe- oovTa OvTL eGedouatous jvayKatev.

"AAA Kal TOV TpaypaTwY Ta oTOVdaLOTATA els yehwromouiay peta Barre, ray auth SoKh, HoTEp év ony Kal Geatpye, /Epyov TeTrOINT aL. Kat TOTE i Tus TOY TAT puclov YEPOV | Te Kal _ Xpovov TOAULVY €v apxh yeyoves, oumep ey@ TO dvopa eEemlioTAMEvOS WS HKLOTA ETLuYHTOMAL, WS [2 amtépavtov tiv és avTov UBpw Toujowpat, TOV auth UTNpEeTOVYTMY TLV opethovra ol XpHuaTa peydna elompa&acbau ovx olds TE Ov, eonrde Tap avTny TOV TE oupBarovra GITLAT OLEVOS Kal denOnodpevos® ait@ BonOjoar Ta dixata. OTEp 7 Oceo0depa mpopadotaa® toils evvovyols éreé- oTEAAEY, Errerbav 0 TaTpiKLos TMpos avTr)V iKoLTO, Kukhwoacba péev avtov amavtas émaxovew O€ avTn P0eyyopuévn, UTevtovca O TL avTOUS aVvTt- POéyyecOar Sei. eret 5€ 6 Tartpixios es THD

ottw Reiske: rovtw.

tw) Reiske: tis.

For dpuhy Reiske proposed dpynv.

jv after wore deleted by Alemannus. denOnoduevos GP, Senodueros S, SenOHvar Suidas, dmep—rpouabodoa Maltretus: amep mpouaxvioa.

a

182

ANECDOTA xv. 21-27

better than the others to satisfy the Empress’ purpose. And thus she immediately caused the property of any man who had given offence to be confiscated to the public treasury, and after treating him with most bitter cruelty, though he might perhaps belong to an ancient line of patricians, she felt no hesitation whatever in penalizing him with either banishment or death. But if any of her favourites chanced to be found guilty of wrongful manslaughter or of any other of the major offences, she by ridicule and mockery of the zeal of the prosecutors compelled them, much against their will, to hush up what had happened.

Indeed she also made it her business, whenever it seemed best to her, to change even the most serious matters to an occasion for buffoonery, as though she were on the stage in the theatre. And on a certain occasion one of the patricians, an old man who had spent a long time in office—whose name I shall by no means mention, though I know it well, that I may not indefinitely prolong the disgrace which fell upon him—being unable to collect a debt from one of the Empress’ servants who owed him a large sum, appealed to her in order to lay a charge against the man who had made a contract with him and to entreat her to assist him to obtain justice. But Theodora, learning of his purpose in advance, instructed the eunuchs that when the patrician came before her, they should all stand about him in a circle and should listen attentively to her as she spoke, suggesting to them what words they should say in the manner of a “response.” + And when the

‘

' They were to ‘‘respond” like priests in the modern Orthodox Church service.

183

B 95

28

29

30

31

33

34

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

yuvaikwviti Oe, mpocexvvnoe pev WaoTrEp av- THY TpocKuvety elOvcTo, Sedaxpupévw 5é eorKas ‘@ Séorowa, bn, “xadrerov TatpiKiw avdpl Xpnuatwv SeicAat. ayap Tois addoWS cUYyyVO- pny te Kal Eédeov épet, TavTa és USpw tebe EvpBaiver TO akiopate arroxex pia at. aAXw pev yap OTWODV aT oOpoumeve Ta éoxara ma peor avTO TovTO elmOVvTL TOlS KXpHaTaIs GyYAoUV TOD ev évoe aus aTnrArdYPar, TaTpixios b&€ avnp ovK éxov” dbev ay exticar Tobs Xpierars Ta aprypwara ikavos ein, Hddora hey TovTO av eltely alaxuvOein, eimmv dé ovK av ToTE TELoaL,® @s ovx olov Te dv TOde TeEviay TO TaypaTi 4 EvvorxivecOar. nv O€ ye Kal Teion, TA TaYTwY avT® alcyiota Te Kal aviapdtata Tetovbévat EvpPijoerar. ovKoUV, @ déorova, elot po XpHaT aL, of pev Saveloavtes Ta operepa ara, ol d€ Tap €mod Sedaveropevor. Kal Tous ev davetcavtas evdedeXeg Tara EYKELMEVOUS OVX olos TE €lpt aldol Tov aE@paros arroxpovoac@at, ot 5é ye opeirovTes, ov yap TaTpixio. TUyXavovow évTes, €s aK pels TiVas aTravOpwToUs YwpodcW. avtTtBor@ Totvuy Kal ixetev@ Kal déopatr BonOjcai Té por Ta OiKaLa Kal TOV TapovT@v aranratau KAKOV.” 0 meV Taba elev. n O€ yur mek pi- vaTo éuped@s, ‘matpixle 0 Selva,” kal 0 TaV

dmoxexpicOat GP, droxpiverba S, éywy Alemannus: éoxev.

meio t Dindorf: melon.

tdyuatt Reiske: mpayuare.

m 8 PD

1 The obeisance at this time consisted of complete pros- tration and kissing the feet of the person thus saluted, being

184

ANECDOTA xv. 27-34

patrician entered the women’s quarters, he did his obeisance before her in the customary manner,! and with a face that seemed stained with tears, said, “ Mistress, it is a grievous thing for a man of patrician rank to be in need of money. For that which in the case of other men calls forth forgiveness and com- passion is accounted outrageous in men of my rank. For in the case of any other man in extreme destitu- tion, it is possible, simply by stating this fact to his creditors, to escape straightway from the embarrass- ment, but if a man of patrician rank should not have the means to meet his obligations to his creditors, most likely he would be ashamed to mention it, but if he did mention it, he would never be believed, since all men would feel that it is not a possible thing for poverty to be a housemate of a man of this class. But if he does win belief, it will fall to his lot to suffer the most shameful and distressing affliction of all.? Now, my Mistress, I do have financial relations with men, some of whom have loaned their substance to me, and some have borrowed from me. As for my creditors, who most persistently dog my steps, I am unable through the shame proper to my position to put them off, while as for those who are in debt to me, since they happen not to be patricians, they take refuge in certain inhuman excuses. Therefore I entreat and supplicate and beg you to assist me in obtaining my rights and in escaping from my present ills.” So he spoke. And the woman replied, in sing-song, “‘ O Patrician So-and-So”’ (naming him), required of all in approaching the Empress as well as the Emperor. See the protest of Procopius in Chap. xxx. 21-26.

? i.e. social disgrace as well as bankruptcy.

, a conceals the name as he promised to do in Sec. 25.

185

36

B96 37

38

39

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

>’ / \ evvovywv Yopos UToAaBwv avtepOéeyEaTo “ peya- Anv Kydrnv Exes.” adOis 6€ Tod avOpwrrov e / / a ’ a a“ ikeTevoavTos Te Kal phaoiv Tia Eeudheph Tots \ \ éumpoabev eipnuévols elTovTos KATA TAaVTA TUAW / H TE yuVn amrexpivato Kal 0 yopos avtepOéyEaTo, e / €ws dv} atrert@V 0 TaXaiTwWpos TpocEKUYNGE TE e < / ATeEp ewer Kal aTimY olKade WYETO. ’ / \ a > v. \ Kv mpoacteious dé tots éemiPadattiols TO TAElaTOY TOU ETOUVS Kal OVY HKLoTA EV TO ET- / ¢ / \ 3 \ ? , > an Kkadovupéevo “Hpiw divatpiBnv elye, kal am’ avtov n e / e \ A , A TOV ETOMEVWY O TOUS Opiros KaKoTTAaELa TONAT elXyeTO. TOV TE avayKalwy yap éoTavtov Kal / € U / ” \ PaXatTiots @thouv KWovuvols, AAAWS TE Kal an / fal YElu@vos, av oUTW TUXN,” ETLTETOVTOS, 1) TOU / > a , >’ / > ’ > \ KynTOUS evTaddd Troe émicKyyayTos. add avToi Ta TavT@Y avOpwrev Kaka OvdSeY TPAYLA wWoVTO ry cr a) / eivat, Oaov® Hv ye povoy avTois tpudav e€etn. ottoios 6€ 0 Oeodw@pas mpos Tovs TpoaKeKpov- / > / , 4 Vt? ey , > , Kotas épaiveto tporos,* avtixa dnwow, ONY / a SnArovote emipvnobets, ws pr) aTehMeVTHTA ToveELY d0Fauu.

1 For ay Piccolos proposed of, KraSeninnikov 64. Haury would delete,

2 rvxn Corrector of G, PS, r¥xo: G).

3 Haury holds that either cov should be deleted or transposed to before égeln, ‘‘if only they themselves could live in complete luxury.” Reiske proposed 6a00v #@eAov, *‘such luxury as they wished,” Piccolos 008 écov eizeiv, “‘worth speaking of,” with the preceding ‘‘ nothing at all.”

4 rpdnos added by Alemanuus after @eoddépas, xéros by Reiske.

186

| | | |

ANECDOTA xv. 34-39

and the chorus of eunuchs, catching up the strain, said responsively, “ It’s a large hernia you have! ”’ And when the man again made supplication and uttered words resembling what he had said before, the woman replied again in the same strain and the chorus chanted the response, until the poor wretch in despair made his obeisance in the customary manner and departing thence went home.

And she lived the greatest part of the year in the suburbs on the seashore, and particularly in the place called Herion,! and consequently the large retinue of attendants were grievously afflicted. For they had a scant supply of provisions and they were exposed to the dangers of the sea, particularly when a storm came down, as often happened, or when the whale ? made a descent somewhere in the neighbour- hood. However, they ® considered the ills of all man- kind to be nothing at all, provided only that they should be able themselves to live in luxury. And I shall straightway make clear of what sort’ was the character of Theodora as revealed in her treatment of those who had given offence, mentioning only a few details so that I may not seem to labour at an endless task.

1 On the Asiatic shore of the Bosporus; called also Heraeum and, much more commonly, Hieron; cf. Buildings I. iii. 10. Arrian, Periplus 12, gives the following note: ‘‘ Near the Thracian Bosporus and the mouth of the Euxine Sea, on the Asiatic side at the right, which belongs to the race of the Bithynians, lies the place called Hieron, where is a temple of Zeus Ourius, as it is called. And this place is the starting- point for those sailing into the Pontus.”

* This creature was called Porphyrion, and harassed shipping in the waters about Byzantium for a period of fifty years; see Book VII. xxix. 9 ff.

® Justinian and Theodora,

187

P 47

B 97

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

is’. “Hvixa ?Aparacodv0a tis év Vor8ors

2 / fo) , / atadrakelovoa dratpiBis petayticyerOai Te Tov Biov éyvw kal thv éml To BuCavtov dtevoeito mopever Oar, OoTEp pou €y Tols eum poo Bev oyors Eppa, Royer apevn a) Geodapa @S evar pions Te y) yun Kal Baownris ein, Kal (deity ev evT pens dyav émivoeiy de 6 TL ay BovXouTo Yopyos | ped- Mota, Umontov S€ avTis Tomcapévn TO TE peyadrorpetrés Kal dtahepovtws appevwTrov, ama 6€ Kal TO TOU avdpos EAadpov Seicaca, OvK ETL

fal \ / > / > >») 5) vA puxpots tThv Enrotumiav €EnveyKev, AAN Eevedpevery Thy yuvaira péxpis és Oavatov év Bourn Eayxev. avtixa Tolvuy avareGer tov avopa Llétpov jLovov avrov aTe mpeo Bevoovra és ‘Iradiav méuat. @ 7 oTEhAOMEVD Bactrevds ev éré- aoTeAdev amrep joe ev Tois eyKaipois Sedunyntat oyors, wa by por TOV TeTpayuéevwnv exTUTTOUS

r X > / / an / molicbat tas arnOeias Sée THs Bactrdtdos

9 fal / 4 advvara * Hv. aut d€ TodTO émnyyedrAe povor,

2 \ a ? ’ / ’ OTL TaxXLoTa THv yuvaika €& avO pat av aga-

yet, én’ édrlO0s dxelo Pau pbeyadrXwyv ayabav, ap Ta emNYYEXMEVA movoin, Katraatnsapevn ® TOV avOpwmrov. Kal os év ‘Iradta ryevopevos (ov yap oidev dvOpwrrov pvors oxvnpas és adixov povov leva, apxXis Twos iows n XPnLaT OV éy édride KEeLevov peyddov) ovK olda HvtTwwa OevdaTw Tmapaiverw Tooapevos Siaypnoacbat THY Apa- AacovvOay avéTece. Kal an’* avtovd & TE TO

1 adt:ara GS, aidvaros P. 2 raxtora GS, udérdtora P. 3 kataornoamevn GS, Kata yaorpds weve P.

188

ANECDOTA xvi. 1-5

xvi. At the time when Amalasuntha, desiring to leave the company of the Goths, decided to transform her life and to take the road to Byzantium, as has been stated in the previous narrative, Theodora, considering that the woman was of noble birth and a queen, and very comely to look upon and exceed- ingly quick at contriving ways and means for what- ever she wanted, but feeling suspicious of her magnifi- cent bearing and exceptionally virile manner, and at the same time fearing the fickleness of her husband Justinian, expressed her jealousy in no trivial way, but she schemed to lie in wait for the woman even unto her death. Straightway, then, she persuaded her husband to send Peter, unaccompanied by others, to be his ambassador to Italy. And as he was setting out, the Emperor gave him such instructions as have been set forth in the appropriate passage,? where, however, it was impossible for me, through fear of the Empress, to reveal the truth of what took place. She herself, however, gave him one command only, namely, to put the woman out of the world as quickly as possible, causing the man to be carried away by the hope of great rewards if he should execute her commands. So as soon as he arrived in Italy—and indeed man’s nature knows not how to proceed in a hesitant, shrinking way to a foul murder when some office, perhaps, or a large sum of money is to be hoped for—persuaded Theodatus, by what kind of exhortation I do not know, to destroy Ama- lasuntha. And as a reward for this he attained the

1 Book VY. ii. 22. 2 Book V. iv. 17.

>

4 am Alemannus: oé7’.

189

10

P 48 11

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

TOU payiotpou agiopa 7rGe Kal él mXeloTov Suvduews TE Kal Haduora TAVTOV ExOous.2 Ta peév ovv KaTa THY ‘Aparacovvbay €s TOUTO eTeNeUTA. 7D b€ Tes ‘Tova twiavg ema TONOY/pa- gos, Iptoxos Ovomart, ayay movnpos pev Kal Ilagrayav kai mpénwv? tO Tpoctatn® Tov TPOTrOV apéo Ker, Mav 6é 7 pos avtTov eUvoikas EX cov Kal qmpos avrov Tuyxdvew TOV opolay olomevos® 810 67) Kal NPNMAT OY perydhov Kupwos® ovK év oiKn TaXLoTA yeyouve. ToUTov 61 arte oppudtovra TE Kal Ol GVTLTELVELY TrELPWpMEVOY 1) , ? \ ” / \ \ \ @codwpa és Tov avdpa dvéBare. Kal Ta pev TpOTAa ovdey HvvoEV, OV TOAAM bE VotEepov avr) pev TOV av por ov XeLwavos pécou és vadv euBiBacaca ¢ omy eBovneTo emepnve Kal amo pi- faca lepea ovTe Exova tov nary kaoev eivat. avTos 6€ doKnow Ta peXofLevos or 87 T@V TOLoU- pEeveov oudey eloein II pioKov pev ou Sunpevvaro érn Ys etn ovoe 2 pvnun TO otro eElxer, ada oLWT) aaoTep ° AnPapy anrovs KabijoTo, Ta pEVTOL Xpnwara odiyan § ol GT ONENELL LEV OV eAnioaro TavTa. Umowias 6é oupTecovons auTn épwTodyTTw evar’? és TaVY olKeTav eva, ’Apeo- 1 édovs Haury: éxépar. 2 For mperwy Reiske suggested omevdwr. 7@ mpootaty Alemannus: tod mpoortarTov.

4 Gy and tmnpxev deleted by Haury: dy kupios tmipxev. Reiske suggested peydAwy xdpios, am apxis mevixpds or, ‘‘master of great wealth, though originally he was a pauper,” Piccolos oy &uotpos tripxe Kvpios, ‘* master of wealth to which he had no claim.” ,

5 domep, S, dawep yap GP.

6 Before 6Alywy Haury thinks xalrep cuyyev@y ov should be supplied.

190

o

ANECDOTA xvi. 5-11

rank of Magister, and acquired great power and a hatred surpassed by none.

Such, then, was the end of Amalasuntha. But Justinian had a certain secretary, Priscus by name, a thorough villain and a blusterer,? and very well quali- fied in character to satisfy his master, but very well disposed towards Justinian and believing that he enjoyed a similar goodwill on his part. Consequently, by unjust means, he very quickly became possessed of a large fortune. But Theodora slandered the man to her husband, alleging that he bore himself with super- cilious pride and was always trying to oppose her. And though at first she met with no success, she not much later, in the middle of the winter, put the man aboard ship and sent him away to a destination which the Empress had selected, and she caused his head to be shaved and compelled him quite against his will to be a priest. Justinian himself meanwhile gave the impression that he knew nothing of what was going on, and he made no investigation as to where in the world Priscus was nor did the man enter his thoughts thereafter, but he sat in silence as if overcome by lethargy, not forgetting, however, to plunder all the small remainder of the man’s fortune. And at one time a suspicion arose that Theodora was smitten with love of one of the

1 Magister Officiorum, Commander of the Palace troops, a position of considerable importance; cf. Book I. viii. 2. __? As if from rapAa¢w, ‘* bluster.” The word has acquired this meaning from Aristophanes, Knights, where Cleon appears as ‘“‘the Paphlagonian” with the connotation “ blusterer.”

eowtoAnmrp elva: added by Haury. Procopiana, Progr. Mun., 1893, p. 36.

19t

B 98

12

13

14

15 16

17

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

Buvéov dvopa, BapBapov pev yevos, evmpeTn O€ Kal veaviav, OvTep Tapiay avTn KaTaoTnoa- bevy eTUy Naver, aTrohvaac Bat Bovropévn TO eyehnua, KalTep, OS pact, Tob av pwrrov bar- povics epdaa, ev pev TO TApovTe TLKpOTaTa avTov am ovdeutds aitias aixifecOar éyvw, TO é Aovmrov ovdéy TL aud avT@ eyvwpev ovdé Tus auTov aype vov elder. yy yap TL TOV Tpacco- péveov arroxpuT rea Oat aurh Bovropuevy ein, TOUTO oy) appnrov TE Kal dyn povevTov amtacw éuerve, Kal oUTE TO ETLTTAMEVD AyyEl\aL TOV Tit avayKaiwy ete éEfv ovTEe TH pavOavew Bov- opévw truvOdverbat, Kav Tavu Tis TEplEepyos HV. Totoro yap d€os e€ ov yeyovacw avOpwiro. €K Tupavveav ovdevos yeyoven, érrel ovde Aabety TUNG TOV T Poo KEK POVKOT@V 1 olov Te Hv. TrHGOS yap KATATKOTOY ary Ta Aeyopeva Kal Tpaccopeva éy TE TH ayopa Kal Tais oiiaus eoryyyeddov. nvika totvuy Tod TAPATETTWKOTOS THY KONATLY expépecbar ovdapn 7Oerev, €mroles Taube. TOV av Opwrov HeTaKarerapern, ay TLS TOV Aoyiwov eTuyXavev OV, povn TE AUT? TOV UroupyouvT@y Tl Tapacovca move emnyyerrdEV es TAs erya- Tlas avTOVv peTaKopicat THS “Pwopaiwv apyis- Kal 0s dwpl TOV vuUKTOY KaTaKEKAaNUpLMEVOY avrov kal deBevta és tHv vadv éuBiBacas Kal OU aUT@® yeyovws, ov of mpos THs yuvaLKos émreTéTAaxTO, evTav0a Trapedidou NaOparorepov TO és TAaUTNY THY UVToUpylay iKav@s ExXovTL, PurAdo-

1 twa TaY mpocKexpovKdrwy Haury, Tt Tay mporKkexpouxdtwy

Orelli: tt roy mpookexpouxdta.

192

ANECDOTA xvi. 11-17

domestics, Areobindus by name, a man of barbarian lineage but withal handsome and young, whom she herself had, as it chanced, appointed to be steward ; so she, wishing to combat the charge, though they say that she did love the man desperately, decided for the moment to maltreat him most cruelly for no real cause, and afterwards we .knew nothing at all about the man, nor has anyone seen him to this day. For if it was her wish to conceal anything that was being done, that thing remained unspoken of and unmentioned by all, and it was thenceforth not permitted either for any man who had knowledge of the matter to report the fact to any of his kinsmen or for anyone who wished to learn the truth about him to make enquiry, even though he were very curious. For since there have been human beings there has never been such fear of any tyrant, for there was not even a possibility of concealment for one who had given offence. For a throng of spies kept reporting to her what was said and done both in the market-place and in the homes of the people. When, therefore, she did not wish the offender’s punishment to be published abroad, she used to take the following course. She would summon the man, if he chanced to be one of the notables, and secretly would put him in the charge of one of her ministers and command him secretly to convey the man to the uttermost parts of the Roman Empire. So he at an unseasonable hour of the night would put the man on board a ship, seeing that he was thoroughly bundled up and shackled, and also go on board ith him, and he very stealthily delivered him over, at the point which had been indicated by the woman, to the man qualified for this service ; then he departed

193

VOL. VI. Oo

B 99

18

19

20

21

22

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

TEL TE WS RIN radu émiatetAas TOV avOpw- mov Kal ameitowv) unoert ppatew, Eos av 7) Tov TahaiT wpov 1) Baoinrls olkti€ntar 7) xpovov mohov 7H evtad0a xaxorabeia Svabavatyncas Te Kal KaTapapavOels TeheuTHoELED, amo T ETO. Kal Baovavov b€ Tuva II pdowov, ouK agavi) véov ova, auth biadowbopnadpevov bv opyijs Eo ye. 10 87 0 Baowavos (ov yap av} 00s TAUTNS on THS Oopyns éyeyovet) € és TOU apxayyédou TOV vEe@D gevyet. 7 b€ ob emeaT ITED avUTiKa THY TO SnpL@ éfpect@cay apxnv, ovdev pev THS owdopias eml- Kanrely éeTayyelhaca, OTL b€ TaLtdepactoin éme- veyxovoa, Kal pmev apxXn ex TOU lepov Tov avOpwrov avacticaca nKiteTo avuTroioTw@ TLVi® KoNdoel, 0 O€ Onmos amas émel ev ToLavTaS avudopats eide cdma érevOépiov Te Kal avetmevyn

o

” / > / > / / \ , avw0ev diairy evTpapen, amnhynoay TE 70 maBos |

evs Kal Evy oluLoyn cweKparyov ovpdviov dcov

eFarrovpevor Tov veaviay. 1 O0€ aUTOV ETL “4adXAOV

KoAdgaca Kal TO aldoiov amotepopmevn ® diépOeu- /

pev avebereyKTos,# Kal Ty ovolay és To dn wootov

aveypayrato. obTas nuika opyen TO yUvatov

TovTO, OUTE lepov oXUpov éryeyover oUTE vo“oU ToU

amtayopevals oUTE TOAEwWS aVTLBoANats eEEAETOaL

1 Greimmayv Haury: émeimady.

2 swt Haury: m1

3 amoreuvouevn Dindorf: amrorewouper.

4 aveterdcyxtws G, avetedcyxtov PS.

? Of the several churches in Byzantium and the suburbs dedicated to the Archangel Michael it is probably not possible to identify the one to which Vasianus fled.

2 Probably the Quaesitor; cf. Chap. xx. 9

194

ANECDOTA xvi. 17-22

after directing the man to guard the prisoner as securely as possible and forbidding him to speak of the matter to anyone until either the Empress should take pity on the poor wretch, or, after suffering for years a lingering death by reason of the miseries of his existence in that place and utterly wasting away, he should at last end his days.

And she also conceived an anger against a certain Vasianus, a youthful member of the Green Faction and not without distinction, for having covered her with abuse. For this reason Vasianus (for he had not failed to hear of this anger) fled to the Church of the Archangel.1. And she immediately set upon him the official in charge of the people,? commanding him to make no point of his abuse of her, but laying against him the charge of sodomy. And the official removed the man from the sanctuary and inflicted a certain intolerable punishment upon him.? And the populace, upon seeing a free-born man involved in such dire misfortunes, a man who had long been living in luxury, were all straightway filled with anguish at the calamity and in lamentation raised their cries to the heavens, seeking to intercede for the youth. She, however, only punished him even more, and cutting off his private parts destroyed him without a trial and confiscated his property to the Treasury. Thus whenever this hussy became angry, no sanctuary proved secure nor did any legal prohibition hold, nor could the supplication of a

8 The exact nature of this humiliating punishment is not known. But cf. Chap. xi. 36: Gibbon—Bury IV. 505, note 202 (ed. 4) refer, for the laws of Constantine and his sucessors against sexual crimes, to the Theodosian Code 1. ix. tit. vii.

leg. 7; 1. xi. tit. xxxvi. leg. 1, 4, and to the Justinian Code 1. ix. tit. ix. leg. 30, 31.

195 02

B 100

26

27

28

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

TOV TapaTeTTwKOTA ikavn épalveTo ovaa, OUTE GAN AUTH aTHVTAa TOY TAaVTwY OvOED.

Kal Avoyévny dé twa ola Upaowov dvta bv opyns Exovoa, avopa acteloy Kal ToOEwvov atraci Te Kal avT@® TO Bacirel, ovdév TL Hacov yapov dvdpetov ovKopavrety év omove} elye. dvo youu dvarreisaca TOV avTod oixer ay katny opous TE ral uwaptupas TO KEK TN MEDD eméesTNTE. Tov 6e ov KpuBdonu e€erabouevov Kal Aabpavorara, 7 nTEp* elwOer, arr év Snworm, OuKaTT@V TPN LEV OY TOANMY TE KAl OUK asoFwr, dua thnv Atoyé- vous do€av, émet ox edoKovy axpiBoroyoupévors tots OuKactais cl TMV olKET@VY NOyou AEIOYpEwW és THY Kplow elval, AAAWS TE Kal TaLdapiwy dvTwY, @codwpov tay Atoyéver avayKaiwyv Twa &v Tois elwOoav oixidtors KabeipEev. évtad0a modXais pev Owretats TodXols O€ TOV AVOpwToV aixia pots mepinrOev. mel TE OL OvdeY TpOoVYwpEL, VEeUpaV Boetav és tod avOpwrov tiv Kepardyny audi Ta Ora wepieriEavtas* THv vevpav otpéperv TE Kal apiryyew eéxéreve. Kal Tors pev of opOarpovs @codwpos® extremndnxévar THY oixelav ALTrOVTAS YoOpav UTwTTEVEV, OVOEV MEVvTOL TOY OU YyEyOVOTwY avaT haa cew 4 éyvw. 610 67 of pep dicagral are dapaprupntou Sixns Acoyévous ° améyvacay, D) 5€ modus EoptHy aT avrod mavdnpel 1) Hryev.

it" "AXAa TovTO pEev THOSE exwpnoev. €pprj0n dé apxouévm foot Tovde TOD Adyou Kal boa

1 jmep Dindorf: dazrep.

2 mepteAltavras Alemannus: mepieAltavres.

3 @cddwpos Haury: beoddpa.

4 avamAdooew KraSeninnikov: &radAaooet.

196

ANECDOTA xvi. 22—xvii. 1

whole city, as it was clearly shewn, avail to rescue the offender, nor could anything else whatever stand in her way.

And being angry with a certain Diogenes, as being a Green, a man who was witty and liked by all, even by the Emperor himself, she nevertheless was deter- mined to bring against him the slanderous charge of male intercourse. Consequently she persuaded two of his own domestics to act as both accusers and witnesses and set them upon their owner. And when he was first examined, not secretly and with the great privacy which is usually observed, but in a public trial, with many judges appointed who were men of note, all on account of the reputation of Diogenes, since it did not seem to the judges, as they sought to get at the exact truth, that the state- ments of the domestics were of sufficient weight to justify a decision, particularly as they were young boys, she confined Theodore, one of the connections of Diogenes, in the usual cells. There she attacked the man with much cajolery and also with abuse. But since she met with no success, she caused the attendants to wind a leathern strap on the man’s head, about his ears, and then ordered them to twist and so to tighten the strap. And Theodore believed that his eyes had jumped out of his head, leaving their proper seats, yet he was unwilling to fabricate any untruth. So finally the judges acquitted Dio- genes on the ground that the charge was unsupported by evidence, and the whole city in consequence celebrated a public holiday.

xvii. Such was the outcome of this affair. But at the beginning of this Book I told all that the Empress

5 Avoyévous added by Haury.

197

B 101

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

/ ‘ r Bedwoapiov te Kat Dwtiov nai Bovfv avth b] / lal \ / 4 I épyacbein. otacidtar 5é Bévetor dv0 Kiduxes

/ / rn yevos Kadduwiko TO Kudixtas Acutépas apXOVvTL avy GopuBo TOAD eTLaTaVTES XeLpav adiKov , ér avtov ptav, Tov te avtov immoxopov adyXlord TOU €oT@TA Kal apr ew TO KEKTNLEVO TELPWMLEVOY ExTELWAaV, TOD Te adpXovros Kal ToD dnpwov Oewpévov Tavtos. ral 0 pev TOUS OTAGLO- Tas ad\\wv TE TOAA@Y Kal TODdSE aroVTAaS TOD / > OL ’ Qn (2 be r} nr \ oe 1 govouv év dixn avetrev, 7 S€ pabodca Kal OTL \ / a / yv tous Bevétous mpootroreitar évderxvupevyn, €TL \ rn a auTov THY UpYnY ExXoVTA ev TO TOV hovéwy TAaPM averkoXoTricev ovdevL Koyw. Pactdrevs 5 KAGELY Te Kal OdUpecOalt TOV aTONWADTA TKNTTOMEVOS OF / / ° ? \ aie Kabnoto ypvAdLCwv, oda TE TOLS es THY TPakLv UToupynkoow avaTtewdamevos ovdev edpace, TA / lal of HéVTOL XpHuaTa TOU TeTEAEUTHKOTOS AnivecPat as HKLoTa anntiwcey. ] \ \ ¢e \ € 10 la) > \ rn Adda Kal UTeEp CHESS RANOD AYP BS yO ey Ree KONAGELS TH Ocodwpge emoetv eTLMENES 1) my. Topvas apéree TA€ov 3) mevtakooias ayelpaca év aryopa Keon és Tpi@Borov, bcov amon pc Papvoveas, és TE THY aT pas TELPOV oreihaca ev 7 Karovuevo Metavoia? povarrnpio cabeipte TOV Biov perappiegacdat avayKafovod. @v oy) TWES épplrrouy auras Oiany vynrood VUKTOP, TAUTN TE THS akouclov weTaBorAns aTnAAaCOoOYTO.

1 «al 671 Haury: or: ral.

2 Meravolz added before radovmévm by KraSeninnikoy Kadoupevp Meravotas Dindorf.

3 airas Alemannus: aitovs or adrous.

1 Chaps. i-iv. 198

ANECDOTA xvii. 1-6

did to Belisarius and Photius and Bouzes.1_ And two members of the Blue Faction, Cilicians by birth, with a great tumult set upon Callinicus, Governor of the Second Cilicia, and proceeded to lay violent hands upon him, and they slew the man’s groom who stood hard by and was trying to defend his master, while the Governor and the whole populace looked on. And he by process of law brought about the death of the factionists, who were found guilty of this and of many other murders, but she, upon learn- ing about this and making a display of the fact that she favoured the Blues, caused him to be impaled for no good reason and while he still held office, on the

grave of the murderers. And the Emperor, pretend- _ ing to weep and lament over the murdered man, sat there groaning, and though he held many threats

over those who had performed the deed, he did

_ nothing; yet he by no means declined to plunder the _ money of the deceased.

—

t

But Theodora also concerned herself to devise punishments for sins against the body. Harlots, for instance, to the number of more than five hundred who plied their trade in the midst of the market- place at the rate of three obols—just enough to live on—she gathered together, and sending them over to the opposite mainland she confined them in the

Convent of Repentance, as it is called,? trying there

to compel them to adopt a new manner of life. And some of them threw themselves down from a height at night and thus escaped the unwelcome trans-

_ formation.

* This convent was on the Asiatic shore of the Bosporus. For a somewhat different account cf. Buildings I. ix. 3, where the name given to the retreat, lost from the MSS. of the Secret History, is preserved,

199

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

7 Avo dé kopat év Bufavtiw aderdal Hrnv, ovK éx TaTpos Te Kal Tpiyovias Umdtwy povoy, AAN avéxabev aiwatos Tov TpwTou ev ye TH TUYKNITO

8 BovrAn yeyovviat. tavtais non és yapov €édOov- gals aTOAWACTOY THY! avdpav? ynpats yeyovévat Euvérecev. avtixa 6€ avdpas 7 Oeodwpa dvo ayeraious Te Kal BdedXupors amoréEaca auvorki- fev avtais €v omovdy elyev, éemiKadovca ))

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10 ampl& elyovto. ada TOca’THY avTais avayKny Te Kal KaxoTTalerav Tpocetpivato 7 Bacidicca @aoTe auTats aTaddakevovoats ToV evOévde KAK@V TOV ydapuov av’tav* avtadrddtacbar év orovdy yeyouen. oUTws av’TH aypavTos ovdEis 7) AoUAOS

ll pemevnce X@pos. abrar pev oy avdpact TT@XOIS TE Kal ATE ppl pEv ols TOAD aro THS oheTepas akias aKovavat EvvexiaOnaar, KalTrep eUTraTpLoay

12 opior TapovT@v HUNTT POV. » O€ wnTNp avrais xnpa Kal avn yeyovuta ouTE avormagar oure aToKAaVGaL TOAL@CA TO md os TapHVy TH eyyun-

B 10213 Uorepov O€ adocroupevy ° vy) Ocodwpa To Mac ua, Snpoctats auTas Tapnyopnaat Evudopais eyvo.

u4 dpxovra yap éxaTepov KATE TOATO. Kal Tats

ev KOpals mapayruxn ovd as yeyoue, maOn dé ajxeota Kal avuTotota tots UTnKOOLs aXedov Tt® dace mpos TOV avdpav TovTwy EvynvéexOy

Trav Alemannus: Te.

avdpav Dindorf: & @pémwr.

ovvokicery Haury: cuv(tuy)orKery.

avrav GP, adroy 8. > / > / apooiounevn Haury: groceiomervn,

oh we

a

200

Bx

ANECDOTA xvii. 7-14

There were two girls in Byzantium who were ~ sisters; they were not only the offspring of a consular father and of three generations of Consuls, but drew their lineage from men who from remote times were of the foremost blood of the whole Senate. These had previously entered into marriage, but it had come about by the death of their husbands that they became widows. And immediately Theodora selected two men—men who were not only of the common herd, but also disgusting fellows—and made it her business to mate them with the women, whom she charged with living unchaste lives. And they, fearing lest this be brought to pass, fled into the Church of Sophia, and coming into the holy baptismal chamber, they seized with their hands the font which is there. But the Empress Theodora inflicted upon them such dire constraint and suffering that in their desire to escape these woes they became eager enough to accept the marriage in place of them. Thus for her no place remained undefiled or inviolate. So these women, against their wills, were united in marriage to men who were beggars and outcasts, much beneath them in standing, although noble suitors were at hand for them. And their mother, who also had become a widow, not daring to groan or to cry out at the calamity, attended the betrothal. But later Theodora, by way of expiating the scandal, decided to console them at the expense of public misfortunes. Tor she ap- pointed both of the men magistrates. But no comfort came to the girls even so, and woes incurable and unbearable fell from the hands of these men upon practically all their subordinates, as will be

5 +18, rots G, omitted by P. 201

P 51 B 103

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

madely, dvep jot év Tots dria Oey * oryous Aeré- Eerau. Oeodapa yap ouTe apxiis ouTe moXuTelas akioots oUTE Th GAXXo eriperes HV, eb TO BoVANULA TMepavelTar movor.

’"Etuyyave 6€ U0 Tov Kuncaca THY épacToy nvika éte él oxnvis Hv, Tod b€ KaKod oe Tod Kapovd aicbouévn Tavta pev és TO auSrdvoKeLr, aomep ” elwOel, e7roiel, dw pov oé€ amroKTwvyoval TO Bpédos ovde ug navn elyev, éTEl OV TOAXO dmeheherTT0 TOU avd pwmoe.oes yeyovévar.® 610 8 emel ovdev T POUXwpel, THS melpas ademern TLIKTELV 1vaykaoro. opav oé avTny 0 TOU TexOevTos maTnp aTopouperny TE Kal doxadroveay OTL

pnTNp yevopevn TO cOmaTe opolos epyalecbat ovUKETL AV Suvati ein, érrel Kal arnbads 4 6n imo Gero as Suaypnoetat TO masdiov, dyethero Te Kal ‘Toavyny errovopdcas, emel dpoev Av, es my ‘ApaBiav és HvTrep Bppynro ATLOY WYETO. EEL b€ avTos pev TedeuTay euedrev, ‘Toavns 6é 75n petpaxcov mY, TOV TavTa Noyov av7 apd 7H LnTpl 0 tatnp éppace. Kal os dmavra emt TO mat pl €& av por ov adavicBevre TA VOplpa TOWoas, xpove Twi Uorepov és Bufavreov mre Kal Tots Tapa THY pnTepa Tas elaodous ael ToLvoupevols TO TpPayua ayyéArer. of dé ovdEV ato ToD avOpwreiov TpoToU avTiy NoyteicPat UmotomncavtTes erayyéAXovot TH enTpl Ste 2 autis “lwavyns 6 vids Heo. Seicaca dé 1) yur

1 émiobev Braun: Eumpoober.

2 és ro auBAvonev, Somep Alemannus, ofowe> &uBAvsKew Reiske: éamep aguBdrAvorewv.

3 yévos before yeyoveva: deleted by Haury, téxos Piccolos, akxjvos Reiske,

202

ANECDOTA xvii. 14-21

told by me in the later Books.!_ For in Theodora there was respect of neither magistrate nor government, nor was anything else the object of her concern, provided only that her will was being accomplished.

Now she had chanced to conceive a child by one of her lovers while she was still on the stage, and being late about discovering her misfortune she did everything to accomplish, in her usual way, an abortion, but she was unsuccessful, by all the means _ employed, in killing the untimely infant, for by now it lacked but little of its human shape. Conse- quently, since she met with no success, she gave up trying and was compelled to bear the child. And when the father of the new-born child saw that she was distressed and displeased because after becoming a mother she would no longer be able to go on using her body as she had done, since he rightly suspected that she would destroy the child, he acknowledged the infant by lifting it up in his arms, and, naming it John, since it was a male, he went his way to Arabia, whither he was bound. And when he himself was about to die, and John was now a young lad, his father told him the whole story of the mother. And he, after performing all the customary rites over his father after his death, a little later came to Byzantium and announced the fact to those who had constant access to his mother. And they, supposing that she would not reason otherwise than as a human being, reported to the mother that her son John had come. But the woman, fearing that the matter would

1 An unredeemed promise.

4 GAndds Reiske: &An67. 203

22

23

24

26

27

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

bn és Tov avOpa ExtrUaTOS 0 NOYOS yévNTaL, TOV maida of és Owuv éxédevev Heew. €mel TE Elbe Tapayevouevov, TOY oikeilwy Til éveyeElpicer, Orep ael Ta Trowabra éméxew ? eloer. Kal TpoT@ fev OTM O TadaltTwpos €& avOpwoTrav nhdvioTat OuUK eX elrreiy, ovoels b€ auTov axel Sedpo ideiv Ovee a drroyevopwevns Ths Bacirlbos é Er XE.

Tore Kal tats yuvatEl oxedov TL amacais Tov TpoTov duepO apO ar EvveBn. e&juaptov yap és TOUS avdpas efovolg TH Taon, Ov Pépovtos avtais xivOuvov TiVva 4) BraBov TOU épyou, émrel boat potxelas droten, avTat KaK@Y ‘aTrabets Enevov, Tapa 6é THY Bacidiba avrixa lodoat avrlotpopot Te yevomeval Kal Sixny ov yeyovor@y eye Anmarov avTikayodoat Tovs avdpas UTAyov. Tepinyv TE avtois avetedéyxToIs ovaL THY meV Tpolka €V dutdaciw amoTwvivat, bewactiywpévols O€ €K Tov éml WAEloTOV és TO OEcuUwTHpLOV aTTayOnvaL, Kal av TaNIV TAS poLyeuTplas émLdElv KEKOMeEL- pévas TE Kal pds TOV MoLYOV adeéoTEpoV NayvEvo- pévas. TOV 6€ Hox av TOANOL aT avTOD TOU Epyou Kal TEMAS eTUXON. dvomrep ol TAetoToL TO Aovrov Tao YOUTES ™ pos TOY yuvatkav avooa épya aopevéotata apmactiywTor ociwTh émevov, Thy Tappynalav avTais TH wn TePwpacOat SoKety €vOLOOVTES.

Adrn aTavrTa T™ puTavevew avroyvepovodca 7a év 7h ToNTEla HELOV. Tas Te yap apyas Kal lepwotvas éxeipordver, exeivo pdvov Srepevvpévn

1 Por éméyerv Alemannus proposed émoréAAew ; but Haury

defends MSS. Cf. Book IIT. viii. 20.

204

ANECDOTA xvii. 21-27

become known to her husband, gave orders that the boy should come into her presence. And when he came and she had seen him, she entrusted him to one of her domestics to whom she was always wont to delegate such matters. And by what method the poor wretch was spirited out of the world I cannot say, but no man to this day has been able to see him, even since the death of the Empress.

At that time it came to pass that practically all the women had become corrupt in character. For they sinned against their husbands with complete licence, since such acts brought them no danger or harm, because even those who were found guilty of adultery remained unscathed; for they straightway went to the Empress and turning the tables brought counter-suit against their husbands and haled them before the court though no charges had been made against them. And all the good the husbands got of it was to pay a fine double the wife’s dowry, although no charge had been proved against them, and then to be scourged and, usually, led off to prison, and afterwards to look on while the adulteresses preened themselves and more boldly than ever accepted their seducers’ embraces. And many of the adulterers actually attained honour from this conduct. Consequently most men thereafter, though outrageously treated by their wives, were very glad to remain silent and escape the scourge, granting their wives complete freedom by allowing them to think that they had not been detected.

This woman claimed the right to administer every- thing in the State by her own arbitrary judgment. For she controlled the election of the occupants of both the magistracies and the priesthoods, investi-

205

B 104

28

29

30

31

32

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

L punaccopey evoeheX ea tara, p21) anos 7) diyabes TLS 0 TO afiopa peTL@y ein, Kal ovx olos Té ot Er 0meVvos €S Ta SUE RMI Umoupyi ce. Kal Tovs yapuous atavTas Tn Geig® éEoucia Tit Su@KetTOo. TOTE Tou yapely mparov® oddeniav dvOpwrror é eyyunv exoualav meTroinvrat: REY yap exdoT@ eEarwaiws eyiveTo, ovx OTe 694 avTov

Tper Kev, Orrep Kav Tots BapBSdpors elwGer, aXN OTL Bovdopevy TH Qcodapa ein. Omrep avd Kal Tals yapoupevars avaTradw EvvéBawwe mao Kew" av- dpaor yap Evviévat ovdapn eJehovorar TparyKa- Covto. oddNadKis 6é Kal Tr vowpny €x THS maar dos dmoBiBdoaca hoy ovdevi cy uevaLov TOV vupptov apnne, TovTO povov Ebv axpoxonria elrovaa, OTe 5) avTny dmaperKoe. Omep aAXoOUS Te ToNXOUS eSpace kal Aéovta,® Gomep pede- pevdaptos 7} Wy THV TLLIY, Kal Latopvi vor, TOV sBippes yévous Tob paylotpov yeyovoros, emt pvnotn.® TOUTM yap TO Latopvivw my TLS dveypuadh) Tap- Oévos Bv1TT, ehevOépios Kal Koopa, iTep ol KvpirXos 0 ratnp Katnyytnoev ‘Eppoyévous Tod

1 For } aya6és Reiske proposed kayaéds.

2 rnGela eEovota Buecheler, airh d6vela efovota Reiske, 7H oixela e€ovolz Alemannus, aye? étovolz Kra8eninnikoyv: tr @ela éfuuala.

3 réte Tov yauciy mp@tov Dewing: téte yaueiv mpartov. Tore youety is generally regarded as corrupt, but the corrup- tion is probably not as extensive as assumed: (éyyinv tod yapety). Tov Te yauety mpdrepoy conjectured by Haury, rére mpv Tov yauery by Alemannus, tod te yauety téTe mp@tov by Piccolos, réte yap mp@rov by Comparetti.

4 és before airdy deleted by Alemannus.

5 Aéovra Haury. Cf. Chap. xxix. 28: Aedvrioy.

8 Haury deletes ém uynorf, unnecessarily.

206

ANECDOTA xvii. 27-32

gating and guarding very persistently against just one thing, namely, that the candidate for the dignity should not be an honourable or good man or one who would be likely to be incompetent to carry out her instructions. And she regulated all marriages with an authority that may be described as grand- motherly. It was then for the first time that men and women gave up entering into a voluntary betrothal looking to marriage; for each man would all of a sudden find that he had a wife—not because she pleased him, as is customary even among the barbarians, but because this was the will of Theodora. Thus women who were being married had precisely the same experience in their turn; for they were compelled to be united with husbands quite against their will. And many a time Theodora even took the bride away from the bridal chamber for no reason at all and left the bridegroom unmarried, merely remarking in a burst of passion that the woman displeased her. And she did this to many men, including Leon, who held the office of Referen- darius, and to Saturninus the son of Hermogenes, who had been Magister, in the case of women to whom they were betrothed. For this Saturninus had an unwedded second cousin to whom he was betrothed, a free-born woman of seemly deportment whom her father Cyrillus had pledged to him, Hermo-

1 Although the adjective t/a does not occur elsewhere, and at that is an emendation (see Critical note), yet the com- parison of Theodora with the grandmother in a Greek household, exercising her matriarchal authority in arranging the marriages of her grandchildren, seems appropriate.

207

B 105

33

34

38

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

/ 7 ’ vi / > lal tal Biov in amonvbévtos. tTemnyvias Te avdtois Tis TactTaoos Tov vuudiov KabetpEer, és Te THY ETEpav Taatdba HYOn, eynmée TE KWKV@Y Kal OiuwlorV.. . 6cov tiv Xpuvoopardovs traida. Xpvooparrw dé avrn mddat jev opxnarpls E/EVOVEL Kai avdis € eraipa, TOTE O€ Evv € éTépa Xpvooparnot Kal ‘Ivdapot € év Tararieo Thy Siavtav elyev. avtl yap ToD haddovd Kal THs év Oeatpw dvatpiBAs THdE? dumKovvTO Ta Tpayuata. EvyxatadapOav 6é o Latopvivos TH v¥udyn Kal draTeTrapOevevpévyv eUp@v &5 Tia TOV émiTHdELwy eEnvEeyKEY OTL by

? 7 / 4 ia b) Ni € 6 i = 0 OUK ATpNTOV ynmWal.* O7reEp ETrEL Es Meodwpav 7)rOe,

¢ / Tous Umnpétas exéAXevey ATE ATTOTEMVUVOMEVOY TE Kal oyxob evra ° ovoev avT@ T poonKor’, [ETEWPoOV aipelv, ola Ta és Ypapnpatia tov povravra mavbia, Eaivovod TE Kara TOV VOT@Y TOAAAS aTrEITTED avT@ wn drvap@ eivat.

Oia HEVTOL kat “Iwavynv tov Kamradoxyy elpyacato €v Tots eum poo Fev Royors EppyOn. amep uri) Olamrém pata TO avd pom Naherratvovey, ovXN UTEP wDV és THY monurelav NMLapTAvE (rexp- pov dé: TOV yap voTepov dewvorepa €S Tous omnKoous epyacapevav onlay TOUTO merroin- Tal), @AN OTL Ta TE GANA TH? yuvatkl KaTAaVTIKpU

/ éToApma lévat Kal avTny és TOV Baciréa dieBadrer,

1 Comparetti conjectures tia for tiv.

2 A lacuna before écoy is assumed by most critics, Reiske supplying péyioroy, KraSeninnikov aujxavoy, Sykoutres ovpaviov. Haury would delete dcop.

3 775e w and Alemannus: 77 GPS.

4 »njuat Dindorf: yhwor.

© éyKwbévta Piccolos: dpxwbévta.

5 oddéva Maltretus: oddév. 7 7H Reiske: ra re.

208

ANECDOTA xvii. 32-38

genes having already departed this life. And after their bridal chamber had already been closed fast upon them, she took the bridegroom into custody and he was led to a second chamber, where, with great wailing and lament, he married the daughter of Chrysomallo. Now this Chrysomallo had long before been a dancer and again a courtesan, but at that time she was living in the Palace with another Chrysomallo and Indaro. For instead of the phallus and the life in the theatre, they were managing their affairs here. And when Saturninus had slept with the girl and found that she had lost her maidenhood, he reported to one of his intimates that he had married a girl who had been “ tampered with.” And when this remark was brought to Theodora, she commanded the servants to toss the man in the air, as the children do on their way to school, on the ground that he was putting on airs and assuming a lofty dignity to which he had no right, and she had him scourged on the back with many blows and told him not to be a foolish babbler.

Now the things which she did to John the Cappa- docian have been told in the earlier narrative.t These things were done by her to the man in anger, not on account of his offences against the State (and the proof is that later, when men did still worse things to her subjects, she treated no one of them in such a way), but because he was making bold to oppose the woman outright in other matters and especially because he kept slandering her to the

1 John was trapped by Antonina, acting for Theodora, and was reluctantly banished by the Emperor to Cyzicus. See Book I. xxv. 13 ff.

209 VOL. VI. ‘ P

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

@aTé avTH Kal Tov dvdpa éxtreTTOAEL@DOaL Tap 39 Odiyov éAOciv. TOV yap aitidy, OTrEep Uretroy, évtavda por pddioTa Tas adnbecTaTas avayKaiov 40 elvrety. avixa te avtov én Aiytmtov Kabeipte meTrovO0Ta boa por aud ad’Tw TpodednrwTal, ove’ @s Twa éraBe THs TOD avo parov KONATEWS KOpov, aN wevdoudptupas € er exelv@ dtepevven- 41 pevn ovdémote avie. Tétpact S$ evauTois voTepov Ipacivous ever dv0 TOV eV Kuli ; TTATLOT OY ioxuoev oimep TOV 7@ eTLO KOTO 42 érravactavtTwy édéyovTo elvat. Kal avtovs Ow- melas TE Kal Aoyows Kal ametdals TrepindOen, @aTe aTEpos ev? KaTOppwdyaas Kal Tats éATriow émapbels TO placa Tod dovov és Tov “lwavyny 43 avnveyxev. o O€ 5 Etepos THS adnOeias ar évaytias éOeiv ovdauhn éyvw, Kaitep ovTws ék THs Bacavou Katatabels Wate OTL 61) Kal TEOVN- 44 eras avrixa para émido€os Av. 640 62 TOV pev "lwdvyny tovTw 6) TO mapaTeTdo pare di:axpr- B 106 cacbar ovdeurd enxavn EoXe, Toiv o€ veaviaty TouTowW ‘xelpas Tas SekLas eTEHLE, TOU “bev ore Wevdopuaptupeiy ovdaph Ore, Tov 5é€ STaS p71) 45 emipavns 1) emeBovrdr és TO TAY yévnTal. TovUT@Y dé otTws &v TH Snpocim Tpaccopévav THs ayopas, Tovoriviavos ® eTOLetTO TOV TpagcoLevwv pondevos * TO Tapamay Evvetvat. P 53 in. “Ore 8€ ovK avOpwros, adda Saipov TUS, @oTep elpntat, avOpwirouophos Av, TeKunpLw- 1 Qviet Dindorf: avin.

2 mepinrdey Sore Grepos wey added by Haury. Cf. Chap.

xvi. 26. The lacuna was noted by Alemannus.

3 "Tovatiwiavds added by Haury. 4 For undevds Alemannus and others read undéva.

210

ANECDOTA xvii. 38-xviii. 1

Emperor, so that she came very near getting into a state of hostility with her husband. But here, as I have said, I must by all means tell the reasons for her conduct which are absolutely true. And even when she had got him imprisoned in Egypt after he had endured all the sufferings which I have previously described, even thus she did not reach any satiety of punishing the man, but she never ceased searching out false witnesses against him. And four years later she succeeded in finding two members of the Green Faction in Cyzicus who were said to be of those who had risen against the Bishop.t And she won over these men with flattering speeches and with threats, with the result that one of them, in terror and at the same time uplifted by hopes, laid the sacrilege of the Bishop’s murder at John’s door. As for the other man, he refused absolutely to contradict the truth, though he was so racked by the torture that he was even expected to die immediately. There- fore, although she was unable, no matter what means she employed, to destroy John through this subter- fuge, she cut off the right hands of these two young men, of the one because he had refused to bear false witness, and of the other in order to prevent her plot from becoming altogether manifest. And though these intrigues were being carried on in the publicity of the market-place, Justinian pretended to know absolutely nothing of what was going on. xviii. And that he was no human being, but, as has been suggested,2 some manner of demon in human form, one might infer by making an estimate 1 John had been accused of murdering Eusebius, the Bishop

of Cyzicus, but the case had not been proved. Sce Book I. xxv. 40.

2 Chap. xii. 14.

211 P2

3107

ou

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

Gato av TIS TH peyeOcs cTAaOu@pevos wv Els TOUS avO pwmous KAKOV edpacen. €v yap TO UTrepBanr- NovtTe TOV TET pay LEVOV kal 7 Tob dedpaxoros Svvapes évdnros yiverar. TO pev oop HETpOV és TO anpuBes ppdoat Tov UT avrob div pn Leveov ouK av TOTE, pol Soxel, Tov TAVT@V Twi of) TO Ged duvata ein. Oadacov yap ay? TLS, Olmat, THY Taoay Wappov eFaprOpurjoecer 7) a] Goous 0 Baoinreus ovTOS avypnKe. THY S& Yopar éml m)etarov SuaplOpovpevos, Hvmep Epnuov Ta evotxovvT@V Evurémtwxev eivat, pupiadas pupiadwv pupias pynut atrorwrévar. AvBvn pév yap és TooovTov Sujcovoa ® HET pov olTws ATONMAEY WATE odov iovTe TOANHY avopl evTuxely Naner ov Te Kal Novyou a&vov etvat. Kaito. Bavoidwv bev TOV omha apte aipopeveny * evTavda pupeades OKT@ er ury- Yavov ovcat, yuvatov dé Kal madaplov Kal Oeparovtwy avtav tis av* eixdoere péTpor ; AiBiwov 5€ tav év tals TorECoWW WKNMEVOV TA T poTEpa Kal yh yewpyouvtay ack Te THY Kara Oaracoav epyaSomevov, 6 Omep ® [ou abronry éml mAelaTov yeyovévar TETUX IKE, TOS GV TLS TO TAHO0s SiapiOpetcGar ikavos ein TOY TavTwY avOpwrwv ; TovTwy 6€ TOAA® ETL TAELOUs Mav- povatot Hoav evtavda, ols 67) dmace Evy Te yuvacél Kal yovw dvebOapGat Even. TOROS dé ad® xal ‘Pwpatwv otpatiwtav Kal TaV avTols

1 ay supplied from Suidas. 9

AiBin . . . dihxovoa Haury: A:Bunv . . . dijkovoar. 3 &pri alpomevwy Piccolos, apxhy aiponevwy Haury: apyupiov- bevy.

4 rls ty Reiske: ricw GP, rlow adtavS.

S For bre Kraseninnikov ro osed WVTEP.

——

Seat ae

ANECDOTA xviii. 1-8

of the magnitude of the ills which he inflicted upon mankind. For it is in the degree by which a man’s deeds are surpassingly great that the power of the doer becomes evident. Now to state exactly the number of those who were destroyed by him would never be possible, I think, for anyone soever, or for God. For one might more quickly, I think, count all the grains of sand than the vast number whom this Emperor destroyed. But making an approxi- mate estimate of the extent of territory which has come to be destitute of inhabitants, I should say that a myriad myriads of myriads 1 perished. For in the first place, Libya, which attains to so large dimensions, has been so thoroughly ruined that for the traveller who makes a long journey it is no easy matter, as well as being a noteworthy fact, to meet a human being. And yet the Vandals who recently 2 took up arms there ? numbered eight myriads, and as for their women and children and slaves, who could guess their number? And as for the Libyans, those who formerly lived in the cities, those who tilled the soil, and those who toiled at the labours of the sea—all of which I had the fortune to witness with my own eyes—how could any man estimate the multitude of them? And still more numerous than these were the Moors there, all of whom were in the end de- stroyed together with their wives and offspring. Many too of the Roman soldiers and of those who

1 The *‘ cube of ten thousand ”’ is not the language of exact computation, and Procopius is trying to make out a strong case against Justinian.

2 A.D. 531.

3 History, Books III, IV.

® at Reiske, airod Alemannus: airy.

10

> 64 11

13

B 108 14

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

éx Bufartiov éricmopévav yh Expuev. WaTe el Tis puupiadas avOpwrav &v ye AiBun mevta- koalas loyupifetar AToAwNEVAL, OVK AY TOTE TO TpayMare, oipa, SvapKds elrol. aittov 6€ OTL Bavdidov evOvs 7) Hoonpeveov ovx OWS kparuvnrar = THY THS Nopas ET LK PATOL emipehes ol eyivero, oud) Oras of ) TOY ayabay hurakn év TO acparei Evvola TOV KAT KO@Y eln TMpovvonaer, arra Bedwcapiov avrixa MedAAHoEL OVOE MLE HETETEUTETO, Tupavvioa of ovdapobev Tpoorjxougay éTreyKaeoas, OTWS TO evOevoe dvorxovpevos kat éEovciav AvBunv Kata- TL@v OAnV ANiENTaL.

Tiwntas apéder ths yhs evOds émeute cal opous éretiber miKpotaTous TLvas OU TmpoTEpoV ovtas. Kal TOV Ywplwy TpoceTroLetTo, El TL apiotov Av. Kal’ Aperavors Tov év opiaw avtots pvaTnpiov eipye. Kal® tals otpatiwtixais duvd- peo UTEpr Epos * Av, Kal GdAdws ToOis TTpAaTLO- Tals eyeryover Bapus. é& wy al ctacets Pudpevat TeTeNEUTHKATLY Els OAEOpoY péyav. ov yap peeve €v Tots KabecT@at ToTE ioxvev, GNXa Evyxelv Te Kal avafodovv emepvKet TavTa.

‘Tradia dé OvX Hooov 1 TpiTAacia ABuns oboa Epnos avOpomov TON MadXov ere yo éxelvn TavTaXoOL yeyévntat. WaTeE on féT pou Tov KavtTadba avypnuévav éyyvbev 1) SydAwors We S, WG GP. kparvynrat KraSeninnikov: kpativerat.

«at Haury: Kav.

imephucpos Alemannus: brephuevos. my » vy ér. i) Haury: 7 Er.

ao fF om

1 Book IV. viii. 2. 214

ANECDOTA xviii. 8-14

had followed them there from Byzantium the earth has covered. So that if one maintains that five hundred myriads of human beings perished in Libya, he would not by any means, I think, be doing justice to the facts. And the reason for this was that immediately after the defeat of the Vandals, Justinian not only did not concern himself with strengthening his dominion over the country, and not only did he not make provision that the safeguarding of its wealth should rest securely in the good-will of its inhabitants, but straightway he summoned Belisarius to return home without the least delay, laying against him an utterly unjustified accusation of tyranny,! to the end that thereafter, administering Libya with full licence, he might swallow it up and thus make plunder of the whole of it.

At any rate he immediately sent out assessors of the land and imposed certain most cruel taxes which had not existed before.2. And he laid hold of the estates, whichever were best. And he excluded the Arians from the sacraments which they observed. Also he was tardy in the payment of his military forces, and in other ways became a grievance to the soldiers. From these causes arose the insurrections which resulted in great destruction. For he never was able to adhere to settled conditions, but he was naturally inclined to make confusion and turmoil everywhere.

And as to Italy, which has not less than three times the area of Libya, it has become everywhere even more destitute of men than Libya. Conse- quently the estimate of persons likewise destroyed

2 On the new taxes imposed by Justinian cf. Chap. xxiii.

3 Cf. Chap. xxiv,

215

15

16

17

18

19

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

éotar. 11 yap aitia tov év tania & TTW- Tat. a * yap al v aria Evpmen to ” vv e/ , KoTwy On jor éumrpoabev Sedunyntat. aravtTa 9 \ ve > 4 > DO > a (2 / Te? yap doa ev AtBvn Kavtadéa avT@ )uapTOn. \ \\ / Kal TOUS KaAXOUpEVOUS oyobETas TpocETTUTTE“AYAS > / / \ / > \ ef avexaiticé Te Kal SvéepOerpey evOvs arravta. / \ c , > \ \ lal a Katéteve 6€ 1) LorOwy apy) mpo todde tod Toréuov ex L'adrdwv THs ys axpe tov Aakias Qn \ Ss / optwy, ov On TodLS TO Ytpmiov é€att. T'adrias \ Lo \ / an \ \ \ pev odvv Kai Bevetiwy yhv thv todd Teppavot ” > \ > / ’ ’ / e € / éoyxov, émerd7 adixeto és “Itadtavy 0 ‘Pwpaiov / / \ / / oTpatos. ipusov S€ Kal Ta €xelyn yopia Dijraides Katéyovow, dtmavta mévtoe avdAdHnPdnv a lal \ \ Eley AVO PHT MV TAVTEAMS EpNua. TOUS meV yap e \ 0 ToNEMOS, TOUS 5é VOTOS TE Kal ALpmos OLEXp- a \ fal / oe / gavto, a 6 TO mToréum ErecOar Tépuxev. > \ \ \ ff ic ” 7’ xX b] T\rvpiovs 6€ Kal Opaxnv ornv, ein 8 av &k / ny sd / 7 > \ ti KodTrov Tov loviou péexpe és ta Bufavtiwv 7 po- / > Lo} ¢ / \ xX rn 3 actela, ev Toig EXAds TE Kal Neppovno.wray € / BJ f Od i? \ S \ \ » xepa éotiv, Odvvoi te Kai XKra8nvol Kat v / yw a / ” 2 Avrat oxedov Te ava av Katabéovtes Ertos, €& a \ € , ov “lovativtavos TtapéXaB8e tiv “Pwopaiwy apyyr, advnkerta épya eipydcavto tovs tavTn avOpw- / \ ’ € / > a4 SF x mous. WAéov yap év éxadotyn éoBorH* olpwar 1) KaTa pupladas elkooly elval THY TE avnpHuév@V \ ? / ’ Nal ‘Pp / e 5 Kal nvdpatrodiapévworv evtav0a “Pwpaiwr, dote

1 7 added by Alemannus.

2 re deleted by Reiske.

3 Xeppovnowwtav Kraseninnikov, Xeppovnoit@v Alemannus: Xeppdynaos Tay.

216

ANECDOTA xviii. 14-21

here will be fairly easy. For the cause of what happened in Italy has already been explained by me in an earlier passage. Indeed all the errors which he made in Libya were repeated by him here also. And by adding to the administrative staff the Logothetes, as they are called,? he upset and ruined everything immediately. Now the sway of the Goths extended, before this war, from the land of Gaul as far as the boundaries of Dacia, where the city of Sirmium $ is situated. As for Gaul and Venetia, the Germans held the greater part of them at the time when the Roman army came into Italy. But the Gepaides control Sirmium and the country there- about, which is all, roughly speaking, completely destitute of human habitation. For some were destroyed by the war, some by disease and famine, the natural concomitants of war. And Illyricum and Thrace in its entir ety, comprising the whole expanse of country from the [onian Gulf # to the outskirts of Byzantium, including Greece and the Thracian Chersonnese,® was overrun practically every year by Huns, Sclaveni and Antae, from the time when Justinian took over the Roman Empire, and they wrought frightful havoc among the inhabitants of that region. Tor in each invasion more than twenty myriads of Romans, I think, were destroyed or

1 Book VII. xxiiiff,

* Oppressive eae agents of the imperial Treasury ; ef. Book VII. i.

8 Modern eee 4 Modern Adriatic Sea.

° Roughly, the Balkan Peninsula.

* é¢Bod7 Maltretus, éu8oaj Alemannus: éxBoA7n. ® bore added by Alemannus.

217

B 109

P 55

23

24

26

27

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

THY Yevd av epnulav apérer TavTNS TavTayooe THS YAS. EvpBaivew eivat.4 \ by / \ \ Ta peév ody év ArBvn te kal Evpomn kata tov / r TONE LOY Evvevex evra TOLAUTa €oTL. Lapaxnvol dé TOUS Ewous ‘Popaious € EK TAS Airyumrou HEXpL \ TOV Ilepat8os opiwy mavTa TodTOV Tov yYpovov Sinver ds kataGeovres obT@ 67 evdedexéeoTtaTa Kar eupyacavro, Hare OMuyavOpomorara Evymavra eryeryovel Ta exeivn Xwpia, Kal ou piymore av- Opdr@, oluwar, Svvata gota Td pétpov TaY (cA b) / / ig / f oUTwS aTOAWACTwY SLtepevYMpmev@ evpécbar. Tlép- gat Te Kal Noopons tetpaxis® pev €uPdddovtes \ »” , és THY adAnv ‘Popaiwy apynv Tus TE ToXdeELS . \ \ > / a x / KadeiXov Kal tous avOpwious ods av Aa Bovey év TE Toheot Tails ddoKopevars Kal XoOpg Exdorn TOUS pev KTELVOVTES, Tous 6€ (Eup avtots / ET aryOMLEVOL, Epnpov TY yqRv KaTECTIHCAaVTO TOV evoLKoUVT@”, UTEP avTous emiaxiyar Euvérecev. €€ ob 5é Kal els yhv Thy Koryida éondacar, adtots \ lal \ ¢ / / / te kal Aatois Kal “Pwpaior diapOeiperbar wéxpt depo EvpPaiver. Ov pévtoe ovdé Ilépcais 1) Lapaxnvots 7 Ovvvors 7) TO YeraBnvav* yéver 7) TOV adrAwV / ¢ / fol BapBapwv ticlv axparpvéow éx® “Pwpaiwy tis ys EvvnvéxOn amaddayjva. év Te yap Tails > / \ Alay, ca) v / epodors Kal TOAA® ETL wadXov Ev TE TONLOPKLALS kat EvpBorals évavTimpact ToAdOls TpocEeTTTAL- A \ KOTES OVdév TL Haaov EvvdiepOdpnaay. ov yap

1 elva: added by Haury. 2 «js Dindorf: yis. 3 rerpdxis Haury. Cf. Book II. xxvi. 1: tpls.

4 SxAaBnvav Alemannus: okAaBay, oxAaBdvwr.

5 é Alemannus: és.

218

ANECDOTA xviii. 21-27

enslaved there, so that a veritable “ Scythian wilder- ness ’’! came to exist everywhere in this land.

Such are the disasters wrought by the wars in Libya and in Europe. The Saracens meantime were overrunning the Romans of the East, from Egypt to the frontiers of Persia, throughout this whole period without interruption, and they accomplished such thorough-going destruction that this entire region came to be very sparsely populated, and it will never be possible, I think, for any human being to discover by enquiry the numbers of those who perished in this way. The Persians under Chosroes four times made inroads into the rest of the Roman domain and dismantled the cities, and as for the people whom they found in the captured cities and in each country district, they slew a part and led some away with them, leaving the land bare of inhabi- tants wherever they chanced to descend. And ever since the Persian invasion of the land of Colchis, the Colchians and the Lazi and the Romans have continued to be steadily destroyed up to the present day.

Moreover, neither the Persians on their part nor the Saracens nor the Huns nor the race of the Sclaveni nor any other of the barbarians have had the fortune to retire unscathed from Roman soil. For in the course of their inroads, and particularly during the sieges and battles, they fell foul of many obstacles and were destroyed equally with their enemies. [or not

1 The uninhabited wilderness of Eastern Russia, described by Herodotus IV. 17. The expression passed into a proverb, connoting the most absolute desolation and a state of utter savagery; cf. Aristophanes, Acharnians 704 and scholium, “for ‘the Scythian wilderness’ means a state of savagery.”

219

B 110

28

29

30

33

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

“Popator _povor, ara Kal Bapeapa: oxedor Tl Mayes Tis ‘lovetiuiavod puarpovias * arr ovavTo. Av pev yap Kal Xoo pons auros TE Tovnpos TO 7805 Kal, &s® woe év Aoyous elpyjTat tols KaOn= KOUCL, TAS pev aitias aur@ * TOO ToAépov 60¢€ Tmapelyeto maoas. ov yap lov trois Karpois evappnobew Tas mpdakes, aAN amo Kalpod TavTa elpyatero, €v ev elpnvn) Kal omoveais éEapTuo- Hevos ael vO borep@ eml TOUS méNas ToNELOU aitias, év Se TO TONED dvaTreTn THKOS Te ovodevt hoy Kal THY TOV epyov TapacKeviy oKunpas dyav ba prox pnpatiav TOLOULEVOS, avrt Te omovens THS _Tmepl TavTa TEpla KOT OY pev Ta MeTEwpa, meplepyos bé appl Th Tov Oeod pvoet ryvopevos, Kal ove TOV Todepov ° pebuets, TO puathovos Tis Kal Tadapvatos elvat, ovTE TreEpL- elvar TOV Tohepion olos Te WV, TO pn) TA O€ovTa UmTO opmiKpodXoyias rrepueprydtea bau. TaUTN TE avToo ® Bactrevovtos 1) v7, EvuTaca EuTrEWS aiwatos avOpwreiov ék te “Popaiwy cai Bap- Bdapov oxyedov Te Tavtwy dtapKas yéyove.

Tadta pévtow Kata Tov TodE“ov TavTayoUL a iy} ial ¢ i; s > lal e ‘ cr ys? ths “Papatwv EvrAxnBdyv eltrety Varo TodTOV Tov xpovov EvunvéxOn yevéoOar. ta dé Kata atdow év te Bufavtiw Kal mode Exadotn Evvevex- Oévta SuapiOpovpevos ovK éKacow avOporwv govoyv tavtn EvpBAvat %) KaTa Tov TOdELOV olomat. Tov yap StKaiov Kal THs omolas ém- THs... praovias Reiske: 77 urarpovla. re before cal deleted by Haury. és Alemannus: és. 4 air@ Alemannus: adrar. méAeuoy Reiske: moAéuiov. 5 aitod Reiske: rot. ys added by KraSeninnikovy.

ya © ©

i>} to 3.

: ANECDOTA xviii. 27-33

alone Romans but practically the whole barbarian world as well felt the influence of Justinian’s lust for bloodshed. For not only was Chosroes himself likewise vicious in character, but he was also provided by Justinian, as has been stated by me in the appro- priate place.) with all the motives for waging war. For he did not think it worth while to adapt his activities to the opportune occasions, but he kept doing everything out of season, in times of peace and in periods of truce ever devising, with crafty purpose, occasions of war against his neighbours, and in times of war, on the other hand, growing lax for no good reason and carrying on the preparations for military operations too deliberately, all because of his parsimony, and instead of devoting himself to such _ things, scanning the heavens and developing a curious interest concerning the nature of God, and neither giving over the war, because of his bloodthirsty and abominable character, nor being, on the other hand, able to get the better of his enemy, because he was prevented by his niggardliness from busying himself with the necessary things. Thus during his reign the whole earth was constantly drenched with human blood shed by both the Romans and practically all the barbarians. This, then, to state the case in a word, is what came to pass during this period of wars throughout the whole Roman Empire. And when I reckon over the events which took place during the insurrections both in Byzantium and in each several city, I believe that no less slaughter of men came about in this way than in actual warfare. For since justice and Impartial chastisement for wrong-doing scarcely 1 Book I. xxiii. 1.

221

Beale!

34

36

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

oTpopns emt Tols duaptavopévors ws iKLoTa OvTWY, GANA KaTEaTOVdaTLévoU TH Bacirei Oatépov toiv pepotv padiata naovxylav ovde Odtepou yov, GAN’ of pev TH €XacaovGEOaL, ob dé TO Oapceiy és aToyvwolv Te Kal aTrovolay ael éBreTrov, Kal m7 ev AOpoor er’ AGXXNXoOUS lovTEs, 1) O€ KAT ONLYOUS “AaYOopmEvoL, %) Kal KaT avdpa éva Tas évédpas, av oUTw TUXOL, TOLOUpEVOL es OVO Kal TpldkovTa eviauTOvs Ovdéva avLeVTES KAaLpOV avrot TE elpryalovro anXrAnAouS auiKerra Epya Kal pos THS TO On epertaans apXiS WS Ta TOANA SvepBeipovro.! 7 [LEVTOL tious Trev awapravo- pévmv é€x Tod éml mAelatov és tovs II pacivous eyiveto. €TL my Kal 7 €s Tovs Lapapeitas Kal TOUS Kahovpevous aipeTeKovs KoAaats ovou eve ANTE THV ‘Popaiov apxnv. tadta b€ pot Oaov ev Keparate elphoOau aTropynpoveveTar * Taviv, €mel por iKava@s OrALyw eumpocbev Sedu7}- ynTal.

Tatra pev KaTa TOV €D THMaTL ryevo wevov Satpor a TETUX IKE yeverOau € és TavTas avOpwrous, OUVTrEp Tas aitias auTos ate Bacireds KaTaoTas edwxe: Kal 00a [LEVTOL KATAKEKPU MME?) Ouvaper Kal pvoet Oatpovia Srerpyacato avi pw@rous Kaka, ey onrarw. TOVTOU yap Popaiwr dL0LKov- péevou® Ta mpayyata ToAAa Kal arAXAa TAabn EvynvéxOn yevécOar, dep of pev TH TOU Tovnpod Satiwovos THdE Tapovala iaxupifovTo Kal pnxXavy

1 Biepbelpovro S, diepOeipero GP. * amouvnuoveverat PS, amouynpoveverda G. 3 rovtov. . . Sio.kovmevov Alemannus: tovTw . . . dioikou- / Uueva.

222

1

t | |

y } } | P

q

ie

ANECDOTA xviii. 33-37

existed at all, but of the two Factions one was actually supported by the Emperor, assuredly the other party did not remain quiet either; on the contrary, because one group was being worsted and the other was full of confidence, they constantly had in view despera- tion and mad recklessness; and sometimes attacking each other in crowds and sometimes fighting in small groups, or even, if it so happened, setting ambuscades one against one, for two-and-thirty years without a pause they kept wreaking fearful vengeance upon one another, and at the same time they were being put to death by the magistrate,1 as a rule, who was charged with the control of the populace. But the punishment for their crimes was, for the most part, levelled against the Greens. Furthermore, the punishment of the Samaritans and of those called heretics filled the Roman Empire with slaughter. These things, however, are here men- tioned by me merely in summary, inasmuch as they have been sufficiently recorded by me somewhat earlier.”

Such, then, were the calamities which fell upon all mankind during the reign of the demon who had become incarnate in Justinian, while he himself, as having become Emperor, provided the causes of them. And I shall shew, further, how many evils he did to men by means of a hidden power and of a demoniacal nature. For while this man was administering the nation’s affairs, many other calamities chanced to befall, which some insisted came about through the aforementioned presence of this evil demon and through his contriving, while

1 Praetor Plebis; cf. Chap. xx. 9. 2 Chap. xi. 14 ff. 223

P 56

B 112

38

39

40

41

43

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

EvpPyvat, of d€ avTov TO Belov Ta Epya pLonoav amoatpapéyv tet amo ths “Pwpalwy apyijs, yopav Saipoot Tots Tarapvators evdebwnevar TavTa diam pakac bat THOE. "Ederoay pev yap LKipTos eémikhvaas 0 TOTAaMos Huplov Onpcoupyos Tos éxelvy avO parmots cunpopav ryéyovev, WS pot év Tots omer” Noyous yeyparyera. } Netros dé aaBas peev nrep elwOer, ypovols b€ ovK atroBas tois Kka0yxovol, dea? tivas TOY wKnuevor 4 elpyacato épya, amep joe Kal mpotepov deduy- yntar. Kudvos 6é Tapoov TmepiBardopevos oXedov Th macay® npepas TE QUTNV emiKhvoas Tohhas ov TpoTepov améorn éws® adtny avyxecta Kana edpace. Elo jou bé ‘Avrioxerdy TE xabeihov TY THS éEpas mpworny Kal PeAevKELaY, NITEP AUTHS eK ryert oveov oixeitat, Kal tv ev KinsEw éridavec- TATHV ‘AvdfapBov. als tov EvvatoNwdoTov* aviporrav TO pméTpov Tis av dtaptOpetcBar duvatos ein; mpooGein O€ av tis Ta TE “I Bwpa kat “Apdoevav, 1) mpwtn év Ilovtm étiyxavev ovaa, IlokvBotoy te tv év Dpuyia Kali iv IIucidar Piroundiy Kadodot, Adyviddv Te THY

» Hirecpwrais cai KopwOor, ai 67 modvavOpw- TOTATAL €K TaXaLov Aoav. TavTais yap aTak- andocals utd TOUTOV TOY Ypovoy cELTU@ TE KaTaTecel Kal Tols WKNMEVOLS TXEdOY TL TACL

anootpapevy re Alemannus: amootpaperta.

bmiobev Haury: éumposder.

dewd added by Alemannus.

Twas TOY Gknuevwy Krageninnikov: tiva tav Bknucvar, Capps proposes Alay ydtia Twa T@Y genuever, “made exceed- ingly wet some lands of the inhabitants.” Haury keva ray exnuevwy, ‘made bare, etc.” Reiske twa tay gknuevwr

224

Ca

4

ee

7

ANECDOTA xviii. 37-43

others said that the Deity, detesting his works, turned away from the Roman Empire and gave place to the abominable demons for the bringing of these things to pass in this fashion. Thus the Scirtus River, by overflowing Edessa, became the author of countless calamities to the people of that region, as will be written by me in a following Book." The Nile also rose as usual but did not recede at the proper time, and thus caused serious loss on the part of some of the inhabitants, as has been told by me previously.2, And the Cydnus River rose so as to surround practically the whole of Tarsus, and after flooding it for many days only subsided after it had done irreparable damage to it.8 And earthquakes destroyed Antioch, the first city of the East, and Seleucia which is close to it, as well as the most notable city in Cilicia, Anazarbus. And the number of persons who perished along with these cities who would be able to compute? And one might add to the list Ibora and also Amasia, which chanced to be the first city in Pontus, also Polybotus in Phrygia, and the city which the Pisidians call Philomede, and Lychnidus in Epirus, and Corinth, all of which cities have from ancient times been most populous. For it befell all these cities during this period to be over- thrown by earthquakes and the inhabitants to be

1 Buildings II. vii. 2 ff. 2 Book VII. xxix. 6 ff. 3 Of. Buildings V. v. 14 ff.

elpyacaro épnua, ‘made a desert of, etc.” Alemannus dewa Tous wKnuevous elpyaocaro épya, ‘‘caused great damage to the inhabitants.”

5 zacav Alemannus: rdoas. 8 éws 8, ws GP.

7 ais tay tvyaroAwAdrwv Haury. Cf. Evvdindwdéva, § 43: als rév droAwAdTwy. Alemannus proposed éy als dmoAwAdTwr.

225 VOL. VI. Q

44

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

/ / > / \ ‘ Evvdvodwdévar TeTVYNKEV. ETiryevomEVos Se Kal 0 Aowmwos, ov mpocGev euvynaOnv, THY huiceav MddtoTa TOV TEpLywomevav avOpwoTwy amryveyKE jeotpay.

Tocovtwy pev avOpwrwv éyéveto POopos, lova- Tiviavod mpoTtepov “Pwpators dvovxovpévou Tv ToNtTelavy Kal UaoTEepov THY aUTOKPaTOpa apxnv EVOVTOS. o

t ae ‘ \ \ , » /

uO. “Orrws Se Kal Ta Xpjpata adetreto amataTravta €pav EpXopat, owe oveipou vmec- TOV ™ poTepov nvTep Kat apxas THS lovativouv! Baotrelas tov tun emipavav idetv EvvnvéxOn. ébn yap ot Soxeiv ev T@ ovelpw Extdvar pév Tov > / \ \ fal / 27 A \ év Bulavtiw rapa tHhv THs Padrdaons niova 7 57

e rn fal Xarkndovos Katavtixpv éotiw, opav 6€ TodTov KaTa TOV éxeivn TropOmov éEcT@Ta pécov. Kal mMpa@tov pev? to Vowp THs Oaracans avTov EXTLELY OAOV, WATE OlegOaL TO AOLTTOV AUTOV emrl THS HnTelpov éaTaval, ovVKETL TOU TropOmLod TavTn % bl] ‘ ” \ c ” Ce r EMLOVTOS, ETELTA d¢4 Hdwp adro putrov TE TrOXAOV Kat poputod yéuov, Bpvoav é& UTrovonov éxate- poder OvTOV, evravda yevéo Ban, Kal auto Lev TOUTOV ExTrLELY dua, yUpVvoV TE AVOLS EEEpyacacbaL

Tov” TropOmov xapov.

€ \ a ? / ” b] / a fev TOU Ovelpouv ois ednrXOU ToLadTa.

/ (¢ fal lal ‘Tova riveavos d€ OUTOS, NVLKA OL O Geos *lovativos Thy Bacvdetav mapehape, XpnLaTov Snmooioy éuTAEwv THY ToALTELaV evpev. ‘“AvagTac.os yap

1 -foverivov Haury: *loveriwiavod.

2 ro. after wey deleted by Haury.

3 ravty Alemannus: Taira. 4 §¢ added by Haury. 5 Sykoutres inserts roy before rod.

226

ANECDOTA xviii. 43—-xix. 5

practically all destroyed with them. And afterwards came the plague as well, mentioned by me before,! which carried off about one-half of the surviving population.

Such was the destruction of life which took place, first when Justinian was administering the Roman State as Regent, and later when he held the imperial office.

xix. I shall now proceed to tell how he robbed the State of quite all its monies, first, however, telling about the vision of a dream which one of the notables chanced to see at the beginning of the reign of Justinus. He said, namely, that in the dream it seemed to him that he was standing somewhere in Byzantium on the shore of the sea which is opposite Chalcedon, and that he saw this man? standing in the middle of the strait ® there. And first he drank up all the water of the sea, so that he had the im- pression thereafter that the man was standing on dry land, since the water no longer filled the strait at this point, but afterwards other water appeared there that was saturated with much filth and rubbish and welled up from sewer-outlets which are on either side of the strait, and the man immediately drank even this too, and again laid the tract of the strait bare.

Such were the things revealed by the vision of the dream. Now this Justinian, when his uncle Justinus took over the Empire, did find the Government well supplied with public money. Tor Anastasius had

1 Book II. xxii, xxiii.

2 i.e. Justinian.

5 i.e. the southern end of the Bosporus, which is of great depth and swept constantly by the currents, usually running “down” to the Sea of Marmora.

227

2 no

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

T POVvONTLKOTATOS Te aa Kal OLKOVOMLKOTATOS mavTov avToKpaTopev yevouevos, delcas bmep eyévero, by ob O THY Bactreiav éxdeEowevos Xpnuatwov vTootavitwv lows Tovs KaTnKOOUS Ani~nTaL, Ypvtod Tors Oncavpods atavtTas KaTa- Kopws e€umTAnodpuevos tov Blov Evvey“etpyoato. ovoTep amavtas ‘lovotiviavos ws TayLoTa OuLe- omacato, 7) pev Oaraaclos oiKodopiats Aoyov ovK €xovcas, 7 Sé TH &€s Tovs BapBdpous heroTnTe Kaito wi0n av Tis avtovs Baciret és! dyav acwTw éoomévw eTOY ExaTOY éTAPKET ELD. iayupifovto yap oi Tots Onoaupois Te Kal Tapmetors Kal addows amace Tois BacirLKols yYpypacw éhpeotates “Avactacioy pev “Pwpaiwy érn réov ) é€mTa Kal elikoow apEavra diaxoota Kal Tplayida Xpucod KevTnvapla €V Snot dmro- Autrey? earh pévTou ‘lovativou erm evvea TIV avToKpatopa cpxny éxovtos, TovTov lovatiuiavod Evyxuotv Te Kal aKoo play Th ToNuTEla Tm poo- Tpiyrapevov, TET Paka Xin KevTnva pea és Thy Bacireiav eloxopea Ojvar ovdevi VOM, Kal TOUTWY amavtwy ovd otlodv amodedelPOar, adr ETL? meptovtos “lovativov® mpos todde Tod avOpwmou SedatravhcOat nmép por ev ois éumpoobev cipnTat Noyous. a7rEp yap aUvTosS ev TO TavTt Xpove operepiterbat Te ov déov Kal dvanody 4

ioxvoer, 0vU6 dy TLVva AOyoY 1) Noytc OV 7) METPOV®

1 BhOn av tis (avtovs Reiske), abrd BaciAe? és Maltretus: d an Ons (a70 GP)... &y tis adrov Bacidelas. 2 ér: Alemannus: é71. 3 -fovorivov Alemannus: “lovotiwiavod. 4 dvadodv Alemannus: avadoyotv. 5 }) wérpoy S, uérepoy GP. 228

ANECDOTA xix. 5-9

been both the most provident and the most prudent administrator of all Emperors, and fearing, as actually happened, lest his future successor to the throne, finding himself short of funds, might perhaps take to plundering his subjects—he had filled all the treasur- ies to overflowing with gold before he completed the term of his life. All this money Justinian dissipated with all speed, partly in senseless buildings on the sea,! and partly by his kindness to the barbarians ; and yet one would have supposed that even for an Emperor who was going to be extremely prodigal these funds would last for a hundred years. For those who were in charge of all the treasures and treasuries and all the other imperial monies declared that Anastasius, after his reign over the Romans of more than twenty-seven years,” left behind him in the Treasury three thousand two hundred centen- aria*® of gold. But during the nine years of the reign of Justinus, while this Justinian was inflicting the evils of confusion and disorder upon the Government, they say that four thousand centenaria were brought into the Treasury by illegal means, and that of all this not a morsel was left, but that even while Justinus was still living it had been squandered by this man in the manner described

by me in an earlier passage.4 For as to the

amounts which, during all the time he was in power, he succeeded in wrongfully appropriating to himself and then spending, there is no means by which any man could give a reckoning or a cal-

* A silly and pointless charge repeated from Chap. viii. 7. 2 A.D. 491-518.

° Cf. Chap. i. 33, note. 4 Chap. viii. 4,

2209

B 114

10

11

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

onpunvar } enxavn TLS ovdemia eorly. Ootrep yap TUS ToTawos aévvaos és nwepay éxaoTny édniov pev Kal édnitero® TOUS UmnKoous, €mépper O€ admavta tois PapBdpos evOvs, olomep tadta éxarpifero.®

Thodrov obTe TOV Snpoa Lov evs exhopnaas éml Tous KaTnKoovs TO BrSeupa tye, TAELTTOUS Te aUTiKa Tas ovalas apeideTO apTratwy Te Kal BiaSopevos ovdevi Aoyw, TOV eyKANnMaTw@Y TE ovdaun yeyovotwy Umrdywv Tovs evdaipwovas év te Bulavtiw Kal more éExaotn Soxodvtas eivat, Kal Tols pev ToAVOEav, Tots dé d0Ens ev Xpictia- vois ovK opOns atpeciv, toils d€ tratdepactias, ETépols lepav yuvatk@v Epwtas 7) addas TiVaS ov Oewitas piers, AdAOLS GTadTEwWS Apopmny, pépous IIpactvov atopynv, 7 és avtov vBpifeyr, Ovowa oTLodv AXXO ErrevEeyKwV, 7) KANPOVOMOS avTOoMaTOS TOls TETEAEUTNKOTLY 7) KAL TEpLOovCLY, av oTw TVxaL, dte* ea TOLNTOS TPOS aUTaV yEVO- mevos. al yap 6 ceuvotata Tov mpdkewy avT@ ToladTar Hoav. Omws S€ Kal THY yevomuéevnv eT avtov ataow, iv Nixa® éxddovr, diocxnodpevos Maal KANpovopos Tots ex Bourrs evOds yéyovev non poe evaryXos. dedujyntat, Kal OTws Tis ord- TES T poTepov ovK OdLywv avTos (Oia ExdoToU THY ovaiav adeinreTo.

1 gnujva: Haury, cf. Buildings I. viii. 20: paviva.

2 é5ntov wev kad edni¢ero Capps: éxdniovmevos xateAnt(ero. Suidas gives €dzjou re kal érnt(ero.

3 oiomep Tadra éxatpi(ero supplied by Capps exempli gratia, ka) Tots ctaci@ra:s by Comparetti.

4 vivduevos before are deleted by Haury. 5 yea corrector of a, jvf{ka GPS and al.

230

ANECDOTA xix. 9-12

culation or an enumeration of them. For like an everflowing river, while each day he plundered and pillaged his subjects, yet the inflow all streamed straight on to the barbarians, to whom he would make a present of it.

No sooner had he thus disposed of the public wealth than he turned his eyes towards his subjects, and he straightway robbed great numbers of them of their estates, which he seized with high-handed and unjustified violence, haling to court, for crimes that never happened, men both in Byzantium and in every other city who were reputed to be in prosperous circumstances, charging some with belief in poly- theism, others with adherence to some perverse sect among the Christians,t or with sodomy, or with having amours with holy women, or with other kinds of forbidden intercourse, or with fomenting revolt, or with predilection for the Green Faction, or with insult to himself, or charging crimes of any other name whatsoever, or by his own arbitrary act making him- self the heir of deceased persons or, if it should so happen, of the living even, alleging that he had been adopted by them. Such were the most august of his actions. As to the manner in which he so man- aged the insurrection which arose against him, the one which they called “ Nika,” ? that he immediately became heir of all members of the Senate, and also how, before the insurrection, he had stolen the property of no small number of them, taking them individually and one at a time, has already been set forth by me in a recent chapter.’

1 See Appendix IT.

2 This serious outbreak is described in Book I, xxiv. 3 Chap. xii. 12.

231

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B 115

13

14

15

16

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Tous 6€ BapBdpovs amravtas ovdéva aviels KaLpov XP MATLY eSwpeiro peyarors, éwous TE Kal éomeplous mMpos Te apxtov Kal peonpPpiar, aype és Tovs é€v Bperraviats @anpevous Kal 7S mavrax oe THS olKoupevns Ta 0) avmep ovee 6cov aKony 7 poTepov elyopen,* arra 7 p@ToOv loovtes Etta” Tod yévous dvopa eyvwper. avTol Te yap muvbavopevor TO TOU avopos HOos én auTov 6 €K maons yas Evveppeov € és Bufavtioy, Kal Os ovdeud oxynoet GX’ Um py 6opevos TE TO Epy? TOUT®, Kal TL Kal €pwacov elvat olopevos Tov ® pev “‘Popaioy efavt rely ™AOUTOD, BapBapous &€ avO parrots 7 i) poBious Teal Garacactors Tpolec- Bat, det Kal’ Exdotny avtav Exactov Evy abpots Xenpaci4 aneméuTeTo. TavTn TE of BapBapot amavtes KUptoe TOD® “Pwpaiwy mavtTatac. ye- yévnvtat mAovTOU, 7) Ta YpPHu“aTa mMpos TOD Baovréws KEKOMLG LEVOL » AniCouevoe THY TOV ‘Pwpaiwy apyyiv, 7) Tovs aiyuadwrors arrobe- Sopevot, Y) T™V exexerplay dmeumohobvres, TY TE TOD oOvelpov du hs apte emvyja Onv és TOUTO 7 idovTe amroKxexpio Oat TETUXNKE. Kal aAXovs MEVTOL, emitexyno agar THS TOY KATNKO@Y Aenha- clas TpoTrous loxucen, olmep és 6cov duvatos av elnv avtixa pdra AedéEovTat, dv’ HV OvK AOpoas, ara Kata Bpayv © Tas mavTwy ovoias AniferOat duapKas Evye.

1 7d €0vn, Gvrep . .. axonv.. . etxouey Haury, 72 €6r7, direp, ovd5E doov ako} . . . eldouey Reiske: Svmep ta Ebyn. . . akon. . . elxouer.

2 elra GS, otrw P. 3 roy Alemannus: rap.

232

ANECDOTA xtx. 13-17

And he never ceased pouring out great gifts of money to all the barbarians, both those of the East and those of the West and those to the North and to the South, as far as the inhabitants of Britain—in fact all the nations of the inhabited world, even those of whom we had never so much as heard before, but the name of whose race we learned only when we first saw them. For they, of their own accord, on learn- ing the nature of the man, kept streaming from all the earth into Byzantium in order to get to him. And he, with no hesitation, but overjoyed at this situation, and thinking it a stroke of good luck to be bailing out the wealth of the Romans and flinging it to barbarians or, for that matter, to the surging waves of the sea, day by day kept sending them away, one after the other, with bulging purses. In this way the barbarians as a whole came to be alto- gether the owners of the wealth of the Romans, either by having received the money as a present from the Emperor or by plundering the Roman domain, or by selling back their prisoners of war, or by auctioning off an armistice, and thus the vision of the dream which I have just mentioned worked out to this result for the man who beheld it. However, Justinian succeeded in devising still other ways of exacting booty from his subjects, ways which will be described directly, in so far as I may be able to do so, by which he succeeded completely, not all at once, but little by little, in plundering the property of all men.

4 xphuarw GS, oxhuacw P. 5 tov Alemannus: tay GS, rod tay P. ® cara added by Alemannus,

233

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PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

kK’. Hpara TO SHuo } EmapxXov ev Bulavrio ex TOU él meio Tov epiorn, os én) GIN Tots Ta TOT PLA EXover TOpou eveavatov 2 évévde diarkayxydveav és Thy éEovciay avtovs éuBiBalev TOD Ta wvia On PovrAoWTO aTodidocba. Kal mepleaTnKel Tots THE avOpwros wvetcOar Ta émiTnoera TpiTAaclova pev KaTaBarXopévols Tiunpata, OTw O€ dv dia TadTa éemLKaNolev ov- dann EXovaL. heya TE TO GTO TOU épyou eee yet pero. [Epos yap THS Bacthetas TOvOE pepopevns TOU TropoU TAovTety an avtoo n TO mpdypate epertaca _&XH n0ene. To 6€ evBévde ol Te THs axis UmnpeTar THs aiaxpas TAaVUTNS Umoupyias ET ELAN M[LEV OL Kal ol TA TWAN- THpLa EXovTES THS Tob Tapavopelv é€oucias dpakdpevot avyxecta Epya Tovs TOTE wveicbat deopévous eipyabovto, ovy Ocov TodNaTAAacIas * @s elpyntar, Ta Tem maTa KoprSojevor, andra Kal Sodwaers €v Tols wviots pnYavepevor apv- Ontous Twas.

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1 o! after Snuw deleted by Maltretus.

2 adpov eviavotov Haury, mépoy éviavoroy Reiske: wépov évod G, mépou evod PS.

3 roAAaTAaclws, ws elpnrar Capps: moA\a (moAAal G, wo\dol

234

ANECDOTA xx. 1-6

xx. First of all, as a general thing he appointed over the people in Byzantium a Prefect,! who, while splitting the annual revenue with those who controlled the markets, planned to give them authority to sell their merchandise at whatever price they wanted. And the result for the people of the city was that, although they had to pay a threefold price for the provisions they bought, yet they had no one at all to whom they could protest on account of this. And great harm arose from this business. For since the Treasury received a share of this tax, the official in charge of these matters was eager to use this means of enriching himself. And next, the ser- vants of the official who had undertaken this shameful service, and those who controlled the markets, seizing upon the licence to disregard the law, treated outrageously those who were obliged to buy at that time, not only collecting the prices many times over, as it has been reported, but also contriving certain unheard-of deceptions in the goods offered for sale.

In the second place, he set up a great number of what are called “ monopolies,” and sold the welfare of his subjects to those who wanted to operate these abominations, and thus he, on the one hand, carried off a price for the transaction, and to those, on the other hand, who had contracted with him he gave the privilege of managing their business as they wished. And he applied this same vicious method, without any concealment, to all the other magistracies. For

1 i.e. Prefect of the City, cf. Chap. ix. 37 7G ths médrcws erdpxy.

P) efpnras modAaddmoia. Haury deletes modAdd elpnrat, Alemannus and later edd, read és efpnrat.

235

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PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

Baothéws yap potpay tiva ov Todd ael TaYV popioy KopuComévov al te apxat am’ avtou Kal ol Tpayware epertares EKATTO adeéaTepov Tovs cpio TapaTinTovTas ednitorro. @atrep Sé ovX ixavav ol és ToDTO ovaay Tay Tadat Svaterary- MEVOV AapXa@r, éTEpas dvo érl TH mohiretg eme- TEXVNTATO, KALTOL ATaVTA peETEL T poTepov Ta eyeAynuata 1) TO Onuw epectaca apyyn. arn Smws ael mAElous Te of auKopdytTat elev Kal TOAA® ETL OGocov Tav ovdey emTaLKOTwY avOpe- Tov TA THmAaTA alkifolTo, TaUTas 61) TAS apxas emivoely Eyvw. Kal avTaiv tTHv éTépav pev TOIS KNET TALS Ondev TO NOVO emeaT TeV, ovopua TaUTY émlels mpaitwpa Srey * Th O€ On érepa TOUS TE maoepactobyras € és del Tivyvc Bat kal yuvaréiv ov vomLma HeryvUpEvOUS em ny yerre, Kal el TO Ta és TO Oetov ovK opbas MoKnra, ovopa TavTy émifels Kovatcitwpa. oO méev ody mpaitwp et Twa év Tots peptors Aoyou moAov akia et pe, TaiTa 6 TH avToKpaTopL arropépely n&tov, packeyv ovdaph paiverBa TOUS TOUT@D Kupious, TAUTN TE Xoeon ael TOY TipLLwTaT ov Sua

Aayxaverv 20 Bacirevs eiyev. 0 6é 67) Kotatcitwp

Kau LEvos TOUS TA paTreNTOKOTAS Katepyato- HEVOS, @& pev BovdoTo Bacirel® Epepev, autos dé ovdeév Hooov eroUTEL Tols AANOTpLoLs ovOEV! VOLO.

1 Sjuwy Haury: dyu0v Alemannus: 5). Cf. Novellae 13, cap. 1: Kal TH wey Queréepa owt praetores plebis ™Tpooayo- peverOwoar, TH de EAA TavtTy Kal Ko.vt mpaltwpes Sjuwy.

2 Siacdayxavey Alemannus: Siadavdavery.

3 Baoiret added by Haury.

1 Praetor Plebis. 236

ANECDOTA xx. 6-11

since the Emperor always derived some small share from the peculations of the magistrates, for this reason these, and also those in charge of each function, kept plundering more fearlessly those who fell into their clutches. And just as if the offices which had long been established did not suffice him for this purpose, he invented two additional magistracies to have charge of the State, although before that time the Prefect of the City ! was wont to deal with all the complaints. But to the end that the syco- phants might be ever more numerous and that he might maltreat much more expeditiously the persons of citizens who had done no wrong, he decided to institute these new offices. And to one of the two he gave jurisdiction over thieves, as he pretended, giving it the name of “ Praetor of the Plebs’’’; and to the other office he assigned the province of punishing those who were habitually practicing sodomy and those who had such intercourse with women as was prohibited by law, and any who did not worship the Deity in the orthodox way, giving the name of “ Quaesitor ”’ to this magistrate. Now the Praetor, if he found among the peculations any of great worth, would deliver? these monies to the Emperor, saying that the owners of it were nowhere to be found. Thus the Emperor was always able to get a share of the most valuable plunder. And the one who was called Quaesitor, when he got under his power those who had fallen foul of him, would deliver to the Emperor whatever he wished to give up, while he himself would become rich none the less, in defiance of all law, on the property of other men. Tor the

2 Lit. ‘claimed to be delivering,” or ‘‘insisted on deliver- ing.” A display of such zeal would further his own interest.

237

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B 117 13

14

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PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA KaTnyopous! émnyovTo ovTe papTupas TOV Tre- TOUTOV TOV Kpovoy aKkaTnyopnTol

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3 Aabpaidtara Alemannus: Aaépaidratot.

4 of added by de Stefani.

5 For éxretvovro KraSeninnikoy proposed éxreivoy.

238

ANECDOTA xx. 12-16

subordinates of these officials would neither bring forward accusers nor submit witnesses of what had been done, but throughout this whole period the unfortunates who fell in their way continued, without having been accused or convicted, and with the greatest secrecy, to be murdered as well as robbed of their money.

And later this monster commanded these magis- trates and the Prefect of the City to take cognizance of all accusations alike,! bidding them vie with one another to see which of them would be able to destroy the largest number of men and with the greatest speed. And they say that one of them straightway asked him, if anyone should at any time slander the three of them, which one of them should have jurisdiction in the case; whereupon the Emperor retorting, said: ‘‘ Whichever one of you gets ahead of the others.” Furthermore, he handled the office called the Quaestorship in unseemly fashion—an office which practically all previous Emperors had main- tained with exceptional care, to the end that those who administered this office should be men of wide experience and, especially, skilled in matters involving the laws and also conspicuously incorruptible in money matters, on the ground that they could not fail to be most harmful to the State if those who held this office should either be handicapped by any in- experience or give rein to avarice. But this Emperor first of all appointed to this office Tribunianus,

1 i.e. obliterated their special jurisdictions,

5 dipadelpe Alemannus: diapéperv. 7 «al before ra deleted by Haury. 8 eirey Alemannus: ofmep or évz7ep.

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1 ére) added by Haury, é7’ by Piccolos.

2 Aativa Alemannus: Advrwa GP in text, Aarwixda P in| margin, Adria 8.

3 «aredveto Piccolos, katyndeito Reiske: karedéero.

1 Cf. Book I. xxiv. 16, where a more temperate judgment is expressed concerning this ‘extraordinary man,” as he is characterised by Gibbon; he was pre-eminent among his contemporaries in learning and in native ability, though tainted with avarice—a trait which Procopius chooses to isolate and to magnify unduly. As chairman of the board

240

ANECDOTA xx. 16-20

whose practices have been sufficiently described in the previous Books.!- And when Tribunianus departed from among men, Justinian confiscated a portion of his property, although he was survived by a son and a large number of grandchildren when the final day of his life arrived; and he appointed Junilus,? a Libyan, to this office, a man who had not even a hearsay acquaintance with the law, since he was not even one of the orators;? and while he did under- stand Latin, yet, as far as Greek was concerned, he had neither attended an elementary school, nor was he able to pronounce the language itself in the Greek manner (indeed, on many occasions when he tried hard to speak a Greek word, he won the ridicule of his assistants); he was, furthermore, extraordinarily fond of shameful gain, as evidenced by the fact that he experienced no shame at all when he put up to public sale documents belonging to the Emperor. And for one gold stater he never hesitated to extend his hand to those he met. And for a space of no less than seven years 4 the State was made ridiculous in this way. And after Junilus came to the end of

appointed by Justinian in 527 a.p. for the codification of the Roman Law, he performed a difficult and complicated task with remarkable skill.

2 Of this man nothing is known beyond this bitter and obviously unfair notice. It is fair to recall that Justinian’s uncle, Justinus, actually had risen to the imperial power “without the alphabet,’’ and that Justinian himself (cf. Chap. xiv. 2,3) made himself ridiculous when he insisted on reading Greek aloud.

3 i.e. not a regular member of the legal profession.

4 Since the Secret History was written in 550, Junilus became Quaestor not later than 543—probably somewhat earlier, since Constantinus appears from what follows to have been in office some little time.

241 VOle Vile R

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B 119

21

22

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PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

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L emiteOercey P, emitédnne G, emiréOncev S.

1 Praised in the highest terms by Justinian in the consti- tutio with which he promulgated the Digests: ‘*qui semper nobis ex bona opinione ct gloria sese commendavit.”’ Con- stantinus already had held official positions of honour and of importance.

242

ANECDOTA xx. 20—xxi. 2

his life, he appointed to this office Constantinus,! a man who, while not unacquainted with the law, was very young and as yet had no experience of the keen struggles of the court-room, and withal was the most thieving and the most boastful of all men. This man had come to be very close to Justinian and one of his dearest friends; for this Emperor never hesitated to use him as his agent in both stealing and deciding cases at law. Consequently Constantinus amassed great sums of money in a short time, and he assumed a sort of superhuman pomposity, treading the air and contemplating all men with contempt; ? and if any were willing to hand out large sums of money to him, they would deposit this in the hands of some of his most faithful retainers, and thus succeed in carrying through the schemes on which they had set their hearts. But to meet the man personally or to confer with him was quite impossible for any man at all, except while he was racing to the Emperor or leaving his presence, not at a walk, to be sure, but with great haste and speed, calculated to prevent those he met from inflicting upon him any ungainful business.

xxi. Thus were these matters handled by this Emperor. And by the Praetorian Prefect upward of three centenaria® were collected each year in addition to the public taxes. ‘To these he gave the name “ air-tax,”’ to suggest, I presume, that this did not happen to be any regular or customary tax, but that he always got it by a stroke of luck, as though

2 Cf. Aristophanes, Clouds 225, aepoBata Kal mepippova Tov #Atov, a passage which Procopius clearly had in mind, as in Chap. xii. 11.

3 Cf. Chap. i. 33, note.

243 RQ

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

é& a depos del auTny pepopevny ehapBave, d€ov THs Tovnpias THs avtod tabra émuxanelv épya. wv 6) TO ovopare of emt Tis apxns TETAY LEV OL ddedorepov ael Tals és Tous KaTnKoous Ano retats EXpOvTO. Kal TabTa wey T@® avToKpdTop. aro- hépew n&€iovv,! avrot 6é “Moorov BaoirtKkov TepteBarrovTo ovdevi TOV@. wvtep LlovaTtivLavos emuatpopny ovdeuiay édixaiov troveicbat, Katpo- purAaKav OT WS, e€mevoay TAXLOTA mAovUTOU TL péya teptSarwvtTar xphua, eyxrAnua 6 Te by avTois émeveyx@v ampopaoiatov alpooyv avtois adatipeto@ar THY ovoiav ikavos eln. OmEp Kal "Twavynv tov Kamabdoxny eipyacato. damavtes ovy améret aot THS TYAS UT? TOV Xpovoy ToUTOV edauBavovto * TNOVGLOL eCamwaios ovoevl ye- yevnyrau HETPO, dvotv HEVTOL xopis, Pwxd Te ovmep ev Tots eumpoobev Noyows euvyncOnv ate ToD OtKalov és TO aKpoTaTOV érLmEANTOD yeryo- voTos' Képdous yap oTovody obTOS Oo avnp év TO akiopate Kabapos eueve, Kat Baacov, ds 67 €v Xpove TH VaTepw THY apXiV aBev. OvTrep ovdérepos. éviauTov Staceoacbar THY Tomy Ea XEV, arn ate 4 axpetot Te Kal TOD KaLpod TO Tapatrav GdOKOTOL pnvav ‘mou ON Yov TOU aFt@ aT os éEw yeyévnvtar. wa Sé pn TO Kal’ Exactov

nélouy Alemannus: iélov.

brd Reiske: brép.

éAauBavovro Haury: @Aaxov Reiske: €AduBavoy. dre added by Haury, és by KraSeninnikov.

eo ND pe

»

of. Papyrus London. IV. 1357, and note: ‘“‘ The depicdy or ‘‘ air-tax ” was first instituted by Justinian and was levied, according to Procopius, as an addition to the ordinary taxes

244

.

ANECDOTA xxi. 2-8

it came of itself out of the air, though in reality this sort of thing should be called villainy on his part.t Under the shield of this name those who successively held this office kept up their brigandage towards their subjects with ever-increasing fearlessness. And though they claimed to be delivering this money to the Emperor, they, on their part, found no difficulty in appropriating imperial wealth to themselves. But Justinian saw fit to take note of none of these things, watching for his opportunity with the idea that, assoon as ever they should appropriate some huge piece of wealth, bringing against them some accusation or other which would give no room for excuses, he would thus be able to seize their property all at once. Indeed, this is exactly what he did to John the Cappadocian. Now every single man who held this office during this period suddenly became wealthy beyond measure, with only two exceptions, namely Phocas—whom I have mentioned in an earlier Book 2 as being a man who shewed himself a most scrupulous respecter of justice; for this man remained clear of any gain whatsoever while in that office—and Bassus, who assumed the office at a later time. Yet neither one of these two succeeded in holding the position a year, but, on the ground that they were useless and altogether alien to the spirit of the times, they were relieved of their office within some few months. But in order that my account may not

(xpbs tots Bnuocios pépois). Possibly the tax was continued under the Arabs unchanged; but more probably depixd, thus placed in the plural, is simply another name for the éorpadpdiva (1.e. extraordinaria); cf. 1338, 5, xpucixav dnuoolwy Kal earpa- opdivwy Kal Aoiwav otixywy.” The new Liddell and Scott Lexicon is in error in calling this a ‘‘ tax on lights.”

* Book I. xxiv. 18.

245

P 61

10

11

12

13

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

pot Oinyoupévw aTEAEVTNTOS O NOYOS €in, Ta’TAa} Kav Tais addals éempdaceto Tais ev Bulavtiw apyats.

Havrayode pévtor ths “Pwpaiwy apyis? o *lovotiviavos érrolet Tade. Tovs TovnpoTatous Tov avOpaTrwv atroreEduevos diepOapBar? are- didoto Tas apyas ohlor ypnudtwyv peydrwv. coppovi yap avopt % Evvécews oTwaTLODY wEeTAada- YovTe évvora ovoeuia eyéveTo YpnuaTta oiKela Tpo- iexOar ef’ & 6 Tovsovdev HdiKNnKOTAS AnEinrar.4 TOUTO TE TO Xpvaiov mpos TaV EvuBardovTwy Kexopulapmevos €s THv éEovciayv avtovs éveBiBate Tov TOvS KaTHNKOOUS TravTa épyatecOar. ad ay EweANov Tas YoOpas avTois avOpwtrass > atroNoDVTES amdaoas mAovatot TO NoLTrov EcecHat avTol. ot dé Tas TOY TONEWY TLas el TOKOLS dOpois Tiolv amo THS TpaTrétns Sedaveropévor Kal TO aTtrobedomevw atrapiOunoavtes, émrerd1) éyivovto ev Tais Todeot, Tacayv KaKkovd idéay és Tos apyo- pévous ael évderkvUpevoe OUK GANOU TOU ev eTL- pereta Kabictavta 4° Omws Tois ypiotais Ta @moNoynméva TENeTELAVY Kal avTOl TO NoLTOY év Tois mAovowwTaTols TeTaEoVTAaL,’ ovK EYOVTOS avtots Kivduvoy Twa %) UBpiv Tod Epyou, pépovtos

1 ravta Capps: tadra. 2 apxiis PS, vis G. 3 Before biepOdpAac Haury suspects a lacuna. Possibly

Procopius wrote rav #5n diepOapbat SoxovvT wy.

4 Ant(nra: Alemannus: AniCerat.

5 gurots avOpHmos Alemannus: adray &vOpwrat of. 8 4} added by Alemannus.

? reragovrat Dindorf: reratwvrat.

246

ANECDOTA xxi. 8-13

be interminable, through my relating each separate thing, I might say that the same intrigues were being carried out in all the other magistracies in Byzantium.

In all parts of the Roman Empire, however, Justin- ian’s method was as follows. Picking out the basest men, he would sell to them at a great price the offices that were to be corrupted by them;! for no man of decency or any degree of intelligence would think for a moment of paying out his own money in order to buy the privilege of plundering those who had done no wrong. Then, after collecting this money from those who were making the bargain with him, he would confer upon them authority to treat their subjects in any way they pleased. As a result of this, they were destined, after ruining all the districts under their jurisdiction, along with their entire popu- lation, to be very rich themselves from that time on. These men, then, borrowed from the bank at a stagger- ing rate of interest the amount of the prices they had paid for the cities, paid it to the man who had made the sale, and then, as soon as they reached their cities, proceeded to inflict upon their subjects every form of misery, having no concern for anything else than how they might meet their obligations to their creditors and themselves be rated thenceforth among the most wealthy, seeing that this business involved neither danger nor disgrace for them, but actually conferred upon them a certain amount of glory, in

' The text is corrupt and the translation merely attempts to supply for the lost words a thought which is consistent with the words which remain. The next sentence seems to suggest that Justinian had to select men already known to be

rogues, for no decent man would have accepted the condition attached to the office.

247

14

15

16 B 121 17

18

19

20

21

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

6é te Kal d0Ens padAdXov bam Kal Trelovs TOV odiat TapaTEeTT@KOTMYV ovVdEevt AOYw aTroKTEl- vavtes AnifecGa iayvov. TO yap Tod hovéws TE Kal Anotod dvoua és TO TOD dpacTnpiov avTois arroxexpiabar EvvéBawev: Gcovs pévtor TOV eXOVTOV apxas no OeTo TOUTH akpavovras, TovTous 67 cKHYErt caynvetoas evOds atravta * ovAA Bony abnpetro Ta Xpnpara.

Mera dé VOMOY TOUS TAS apxas eyparye peTe- ovTas opvovar 7) nv kabapors a amo TaoNS Kom hs opads avtovs écecOat, Kai pte Te dwWoELV TIS apxns evexa ponte Ay vecGar: apds Te Taoas éméBanrev, Ocal Tpos TMV TAAALOTATMY MVOMaT- pévat eloiv, Hv TIS TOV yeypaupévov éxRain. adda TOD vomov TeOévTOS OVTMW eviauTOY aUTOS ev TOV YEypaupéevwy Kal KaTNpapévwy OXL- ywpyoas Kal Ths vrép TovTwY aicyvrns, adeéo- TEpov Ta TUL MATa TOV apxav, ouK év TapaBvoTo, GX’ és 70 Snpoavov THS ayopas emparrev. ol O€ Tas apxyas @UNMevot SL@pLoTOL LaNXOV 1) TPOTEPOV TAUVTa EGUAWD.

‘Totepov dé Kal adXo TL erreTEXVITATO aKoONS Kpélacov. TaVY apyav, domep akiwtdtas ev TE Bufavtio Kal moet Tais addaus @ETo eivat, OUKETL aTre“TroNElY eyVw TTEP Ta T™ poTepa, po Bwrous d€ Orepevyv@mEvos € EXELPOTOVEL, Takas avTois 6 te 87 pro Papvodvtas * arropé pew auT@® Ta popiat mavra. of dé THY ploOwow KEeKomicpéevot adeéaTtepov Evxppopnoavtes ex Tadons ys dvavTa 1 Adyw added by Alemannus, véum by Sykoutres.

2 Grayra Alemannus: a&ravras. 3 5) wicPapvotyras Alemannus: d1au0baprodyras. 4 peépia Piccolos: xdépia.

248

ANECDOTA xxi. 13-21

proportion to the number of those falling into their clutches whom they were able without any justifi- cation to kill and to plunder. For the titles of “ mur- derer”’ and “brigand” came to be regarded by them as equivalent to “energetic”! All these office-holders, however, whom Justinian observed to be abounding in wealth, he bagged on trumped- up charges and straightway wrested from them absolutely all their fortunes.

But later he promulgated a law that all who sought the offices should take an oath that in very truth they would themselves be innocent of all theft, and-that they would neither give nor take anything for the sake of the office. And he laid upon them all the curses which have been mentioned by men of most ancient times, in case anyone should depart from the written terms. Yet when the law had been in force not yet a year, he himself, disregarding the written terms and the curses and the disgrace which would ensue, proceeded more fearlessly than before to negotiate the prices of the offices, not in secret, but in the public square of the market-place. And those who purchased the offices proceeded, though under oath, to pillage everything still more than before.

And later on he hit upon still another device, one transcending all report. He decided that he would no longer sell, as formerly, those offices which he considered most valuable both in Byzantium and the other cities, but he sought out hired agents and put them in office, instructing them, for a wage of what- ever it was, to deliver to him all their plunder. And they, having taken their pay, proceeded to collect and carry off everything from the whole country quite

249

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

epepov Kal TrepinpyeTo uLcOodopos efoucia 7 THS apxis ovopare Katarnivouevy TOUS Umnkoous. 22 obTws 0 Baovreds ax piBoroyovpevos TOV dmavra Xpovov exeivous épiatn Tots T parywacw ob 57 TavT@V Kara TOV arn 67 Noryov piapa@ratot 7oav, del TE 70 KAKOV TOUTO ix at av KaTeTvYyXaver. P 62 23 jpika ovv cpenel TOUS Tp@TOUS Tovnpovs ert THS apyns KaTesTHcaTo €s Paws TE av’T@Y 1 TIS duvdpews e€ovcia Tv KaxoTpoTriay éEnveyKer, eOavualomév ye Omws 67) KaxotnTa! tocavTny 24 avOpw@rov vows exwpynoev. érrel 6€ avTovs ol Xpove Tw apyas exdeEdmevor TOAD TO mepLovTe mapedav iaXvoay, SinTopodvTo pos adj AoUS ol avOpwrroe ¢ évTiva TpoTrov ol mpooGev TovnpoTarot B122 6d0€avtes TOTOUTw Taparoy@ aTE AUTOL KaXOL Kal wyabol yeyovores €v Tols oPeETepols eTiTOEUMaT!, 7 pos TOV emuyevopeveon joon@noar, ablis Te ol TpiToL TOUS SeuTépous UmepnkovTicay movnpia Th Tuon, Kal peT EexKElVOUS Erepou Tgis Tay eyKANMAaTwY KaLVvOTOM) mac *® dvoma XpnoTov 25 toils POdcact Tpocetpiavto. junKkuvopevou TE TOU KaKod TaoW expenabnxévar TO Epyw EvvéBy dre On Tois avOpwmous er’ drrevpov meV 1) movnpta pvecbat eiwle, padnjoes 6€ TOV Tporyeryery wEveov ExT pepopern) Kal TH THs Tappyatas e€ovala €5 TO Avpaiver ar Tols Tapamimrovel een Oneyy és Ttoaovde ae e&txvetaOat Soxed és Gaoov ovdé 4 dSvvatat 1) TOV BraTTOLEVwY cTAaOuacbat Soa. 26 ‘Pwpators péev ody Ta ye audi Tois apyovot 1 Haury would insert es before xaxétnra, wrongly.

Cy Fy / IQ a 1

2 émiyevouevwy PS, emiyevnoouévwy G.

3 D \ ; ; f 1 kawotounuaci GP, corrector in S, wapavoujjuacw §}.

250

ANECDOTA xxi. 21-26

fearlessly, and a hireling authority was thus going the rounds and, in the guise of the office, plundering the subjects. Thus the Emperor, making his calculations with nice exactness, kept putting in power constantly those who were in very truth the vilest rascals in the world, and he always succeeded in tracking down the abominable creatures he wanted. Indeed, when he appointed the first set of rogues to office and the licence of power brought to light their inherent villainy, we were in truth astonished that man’s nature had room for depravity so great. But when those who at some later time succeeded them in office were able to surpass these men by a very wide margin, men wondered among themselves how it was that those who formerly seemed most base were now outdone by their successors to such a degree that they now seemed to have been men of high character in their dealings, and the third group, in turn, overshot the second in every manner of wicked- ness, and after them still others, by their innovations in crime. caused an honourable name to be attached to their predecessors. And with the long con- tinuance of the evil all men have finally been taught by facts that whereas man’s natural depravity is wont to grow beyond all limits, yet when it is nour- ished by the instruction of predecessors, and when, through the influence of the licence which complete immunity inspires, it is lured on to wreak foul injuries upon all who fall in its path, then it seems invariably to attain to so great a bulk that not even the imagin- ing of its victims is able to measure it.

Such was the state of affairs for the Romans, as

4 ovde added by de Stefani. 251

P 63

27

28

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

TAaUTY ™ eiXe. IlovAXAdKis 6€ Kal Otvver TONE- piov oTpaT@ avoparrodicact Te Kal Anivapevors TV “Popatwr apxXnv, ob Opaxay te kal "IAAvUpLov oTpaTnyou BeBourevpéevor a avaxwpodoty em Onoeo- Oat amernonoar,: érel Baciréws *lovativiavod ypdupata eloov amepovyta odiat tHVv és TOUS BapBapouvs éridecw, avayxaiwy avtav és Evp- paxtav “Pwpatos dvtwv emt Lordous tows %) éml aAXous ToNELwY TLVaS. Kal am avTov of Bap- Bapot otto. édnifovto pev ws Toréutor Kal ’ / \ fol € / \ \ a jv Sparrootifovro TOUS THOE Popatous, Evy 6€ TH adn ela Kal Tots aixpahwrors are piror Kal Evupayor ‘Popratous ovTes ém olkoU aTrexojl- fovrTo. moAddKis O€ Kal yewpyav Tov évtadba Ties, Taid@y te odetépwv Kai yuvatkav TOOw eEnvoparrodicpévov nypévot, aOpoor te émbé- pevor” tois? avaywpovor* moAdovs KTeival Te® kat avT@v Tovs immous laxyuoav Evy maon aperéabat TH eta, T parywarov pévTot €s Teipay HrOov evOévSe Suvckdrov. ex Bufavtiou yap TLVES eo TAA MEVOL aixifer Oat Te avT@v Kal AwBaoGar Ta cwpata Kal Xpypace Enpcovy ° ovdepd 0 OKUNOEL n&lour. &ws Tous immous atavtas dotev ovatrep Tos BapBapous adeidovTo.

KB. “Hyka 5€ Bacire’s te kal Ocodwpa Tov Karradoxny ‘Tloavny aveiXov, avtixabiatavat bev es TUN Ty avTov 70erov, avopa b€ Twa TovnpoTEpov eUpetv er Kow}s éy omouon eTr0l- ODVTO, TEPLOKOTTOUPEVOL TE TO TOLOUTO THS TUpav-

1 aremndSnoay Herwerden: averjdnoay.

2 émiGéuevor Reiske: yeyevnuevor. 3 rots added by Capps.

252

=

ANECDOTA xxi. 26—xxii. 1

touching their magistrates. And many a time, when a hostile army of ‘Huns had enslaved and plundered the Roman domain, the generals of Thrace and Illyricum, after purposing “to attack the retreating enemy, recoiled when they saw a letter from the Emperor Justinian forbidding them to make the attack upon the barbarians, they being necessary to the Romans as allies against the Goths, it might be, or against some other enemy. As a result of this, these barbarians used to plunder and enslave the Romans in those parts as enemies, and then, taking with them their prisoners and the rest of their plunder, they would retire to their own homes as friends and allies of the Romans. And often some of the farmers of that region, moved by the loss of their children and women, who had been reduced to slavery, gathered in a body, attacked the retreating foe, and succeeded in slaying many of them and in capturing their horses together with all the booty ; ue, however, they found themselves involved in serious difficulties. For certain men, sent out from Byzan- tium, saw fit to maul and mutilate their bodies and to impose fines upon them without the least com- ‘punction, until they gave up all the horses which they had wrested from the barbarians.

xxii. When the Emperor and Theodora had de- stroyed John the Cappadocian, they wished to appoint someone to his office in his stead, and they made it their common task to find some man of the baser sort, looking about to find such a tool of their

4 For 4 dvaxwpotot Alemannus proposed avaywpovvras.

5 «reival re Capps: xrelvavres. Haury, retaining kretvavtes, inserted éréyxavoy before it: &rewdy re KraSeninnikoy.

5 Cyutodov Alemannus: (nulay.

253

B 124

=I

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

vidos Opyavov kal mdcas SlepevvavTes Tas TOV avOpworwv yvouas, Orws étt Oaoaov Tors brN- Koous aTroNely OvvwyTaL. eV wey OVY TO Trapav- tixa ©@eodotov avt avtov eéml Tis apyis KaTeaTHnoavto, avdpa ov KaronOn pév, ov chodpa d€ apéoKeww avTols (Kavov YeyoveTa. to Tepov be amav SLepevvdpevo1 TEPLNPXOVTO. eupov éé Tape doEav cepryupaporS ov twa Ilétpov ovopare, Yvpov yévos, ov7ep emia Bupovunv éxaddovv' Os TUNaL [Lev emt THS TOU Narcov tpatrétns xaby- pevos KEpon aiaxpotata éx TauTns 67 emopttero THS épyactas, THV mepl TOUS oBonous KNOT NY Ev para texvalwv Kal tovs avT@ EvuBaddXovtas dei T® TOV SaKTUAwWY TayEL exKpovaVv. SeE1Os yap nv KrNeyat pev TA* TOV avTO TepLTETTOKO- TOV avédny,® adovs O€ dMocaL Kal TOY YELPOV TO dpapTnwa TO TiS YAOTTNS TepiKahvyrat Opacet. év 5€ Tots TOV Um dpXov oTpATLOTaLS KaTaneyGeis és TOTOUTOV aToTAas eApAaKeY date Oeodapa cepéo Kew Te €v Tos padiora Kal €s TOV adixeov auTn Bovdrnpator p phora UToupyeiv Ta aunxava. 810 67 Ocodorov pev OVTrEp pera TOV Kammadoxny KATATTNTAEVOL ETVXOV THS TLLAS AVTLKA TAape- rvoar, Ilétpov 6€ TavTn éréaTtyaav, GoTeEp avTotV duerpakato Kata vody dmavta. Tovs TE yap OTPATEVOMEVOUS ATOTTEP@V TAS cUVTaEELS aTra- gas ovTe aicxvvOels ove Seicas TwToTE WPAN, aAdka Kal @vious Tas apyas ETL paddov 4) TMpoTepov TpovOnKev, aTimoTépas TE AUTAS KATA

1 katesthoayro, avdpa P, katréotnoar, Tov avdpa GS. 2 wey ra Alemannus: perd. 3 avédny Bernhardy: avatdnv.

254

ANECDOTA xxii. 1-7

tyranny and investigating thoroughly the attitude of the candidates, to the end that they might be able still more speedily to ruin their subjects. Now as a temporary measure they put in John’s place in the office Theodotus, a man who, though not of good character, had never proved able to please them completely. After this they went about investigating every possibility. And un- expectedly they found a certain money-changer named Peter, a Syrian by birth, called by the surname of Barsymes.! He had years before sat at the table where bronze coins are exchanged and was gaining most shameful returns from this business, contriving his theft of the ha’pennies with great skill and always baffling his customers by the swiftness of his fingers. For he was clever enough to steal freely the possess- ions of those who fell in with him, and when caught, to give his oath and to cover the sin of his hands by the impudence of his tongue. And when he had been enrolled as a member of the Pretorian Guard, he became so outrageous that he was exceedingly pleas- ing to Theodora and he gave her readiest assistance in the perplexing details of her wicked enterprises. So they immediately released Theodotus from the office to which he had been appointed after the Cappadocian, and they appointed thereto Peter, who accomplished everything to the liking of them both. For though he deprived the soldiers on active service of all their pay, he was never seen to be moved by either shame or fear, nay, he even offered the offices for sale to a still greater extent than had been done before, and by making them less honourable

! Really a patronymic, ‘‘Son of Simon.”

255

P 64

B 125

19

11

12

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

oTnodpmevos amediooto Tols TtavtTny 6) ovK amToxvovat THY avociav éputropiay épyatecbai ediels Suappyonv toils Tas apxas a@vnocapévols Tails TOY apxYouevav jWuyais Te Kal ovciais 7 BovrowrTo ypycacba. avTd Te yap evOrs Kal TO THS apxXns” KataBeBrnKoTe TO Tiunua 7) TOD a \ ” e 4 ? / / aurav Te Kal ddAXrws aprravew eEovcia Evvéxeito. Kal mponer pev €x TOD Kehanalov THs TrodLTELas » TOV Biwy wv, émpaTTeTO TE TO TUMSodraLoV Ths TOV TOAEwV? StadOopas, Ev Te TOV ELKac- Tnpiwy Tois mpovyovor Kai TH Snuootw THs ayopas tmepinpyeto* AnoTHS Evvouos, Gvom“a TH mpoucet ® reels THY TUANOYHY TOV el Tots TUmN)- pact THS apxis KaraseBrymévov XPNHATOV, OvUK eyovons Tia €Arida Tis TOY CpapTavopevwv émustpopys. Kal® mavtwy S€ TOY TH apyA UTNPETOUVTWY, TOAAMY TE Kal SoKijmwV OVTwY, TOUS movnporatous * ael és autov elXxe. TovTO 6é ovK auros eEnuapre poves, anra Kal dot TavTNY TpoTEpov TE Kal VoTEpoy THY TLLHDV éoyov.

‘Hpaptaveto 5€ TovodtTo Kav TH TOD payiotpov Kadoupevov apxn kav tots Ianartivois, of 81 ae Te TOUS Onoavpovs Kal Ta mplBara Kadov- peva TO TE TAT plucovLov émiteNety ael THV UToup- ylav elwOaci, ev Tacats TE GUAAHLOSnY Eire

eumoplay epydCerbar S, eumopiCerOar mpatiw G, europeiay

4 J

1 epyaecbar P. “ ap xiis Haury: xépas. 3 réAeavy Alemannus: moAeulwy. c mepihpxeTo Alemannus : mepinpte TOTe. 5 vvoua TH pater P, dvoua chy mpatw G, ri mpage S. ® For xa) Alemannus read ée.

256

ANECDOTA xxii. 7-12

he used to sell them to men who did not hesitate to carry on this unholy business, giving explicit per- mission to those who purchased the offices to treat the lives and property of their subjects as they wished. For a bargain was straightway concluded between him and the man who had paid down the price of the office that gave the latter full licence to plunder and pillage. Thus from the capital! of the State there issued the traffic in human lives, and there Peter negotiated the contract for the destruction of the cities, while in the highest courts and in the public square of the market-place there paraded a legalized brigand, who described his business as the recouping of the monies put up as the price of office, there being no hope that his misdeeds ever would be punished. And among all those who served this magistracy as subordinates, a numerous and notable company, he always drew to himself the basest men. But herein not he alone was guilty, but rather all who have assumed this office before and since.

And a similar abuse was practised also in the office of the Magister,” as he is called, and among the Palace officials who are wont to attend to the service that has to do with the treasures and with the funds known as privata and the administration of the patrimonium,? and, broadly speaking, in all the regular offices estab-

1 Following Haury. Other editors take 7d kepddaioy to mean ‘‘the official head of the State,’ i.e. Justinian or, possibly, Peter.

2 See Chap. xvi. 5, note.

* Both these funds were administered by the Emperor personally, the patrimoniwm being taken over from his pre- decessor—in a sense, inherited.

7 rovnpotarovs Haury: movnpous.

257 VOL. VI. 8

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

tais ev Bufavtiw Kal moheat Tats arraus TeTaYy-

13 HEévars apxats. é& ob yap 06€ 0 TUpavvos Ta

14

16

17

Tparymara Supkjoaro, € ev apy éxdorn Tous Tots omnpeTodor TpoorKovTas Topous 7) fev autos mn O€ 0 THY TinnY EXwY TpoceTroLOUVTO ovdevi 4 Noyw, of Te avTois? éemitatTovaw UToupyovvTes TEVOMEVOL TA ETYaTA TdVTAa TOUTOY TOV Xpovov dovAoT petréatata UTroupyel nvayKalovTo.

Litou 5€ modXod Kopurdy és Bufavtiov Kexomuo- pévou éceonter pev 0 TAEloTOS On, avTos 6é TOUTOV ToAEct Tals Ewas éeréBANXE KATA ROyoV éxaoTn, kalt@ep ovK éxovTa emit delos €s Bpaci dvOparrov, émréBannre TE, OVX TEP dmodiéoa bat TOV KaNMOTOV oitov leben, ara ral TOA akw@tepov, av Te Tols wVvoupmévols eTavayKeEs Xpymagra perydda T POE MEVOLS. éml TLLNMAct popriKwrarors elta TOV aitov és TI Oaraccay } &s tiva vdpoxonv atroppimtety. érel SE Kal citov axpathvovs te Kal ovmw* aeontoTos péya tLe TAHOOS evtavOa améxerto, Kal TovTO TAelaTais* Tov ToOrEwY® Talis aitov UToaTaM- fovas amewToNelV éyva. tTavtTn yap duTAacla Ta Xpnwara émrolet amep Tois umoTedéot TO Sno tov bmep Tovee®’ trod aitov Ta TpoTEpa eNENOYLOTO. GAN eel es VéewTA OVKETL OpMolws » TOV KapTa@Vv dopa jKuater,” évdeecTtépws ev

1 éy before ovder) deleted by Alemannus.

2 at rots Buecheler.

3 otrw GP, ofrtw 8.

4 gAelorats Alemannus and editors except Haury: mAcio- twv, ‘at the highest price.”

5 rédewy Alemannus: moAeulwr.

258

ANECDOTA xxii. 12-17

lished not only in Byzantium but also in the other cities. For since the time when this tyrant took charge of affairs, in each office the revenues which belonged to the minor officials were regularly claimed, without just reason, sometimes by Justinian himself, and sometimes by the man who held the office; and the men who served under their orders, being extremely poor, throughout this whole period were compelled to work under most servile conditions. Now at one time a very great quantity of grain had been transported to Byzantium, but after the largest part of this had rotted already, he himself consigned + it in proportionate quantities to each several city of the Kast, though it was not suitable to be eaten by man; and he consigned it, not at the price at which the finest grain is wont to be sold, but at a much higher price, and it was necessary for the purchasers, after spending very great sums of money to meet the very oppressive prices, to throw the grain into the sea or a sewer. And since a huge supply of sound grain which had not yet rotted also lay in storage there, he decided to sell off this too to the very large number of the cities which were in some need of grain. For in this way he made double the money which the Treasury had previously paid to the tributary states for this same grain. But the next year, when the crop of the grains was no longer bountiful to the same degree, the grain-fleet arrived

1 The consignment was a forced sale, as appears from the following.

® rovde PS, rodro be G. 7 Hepacey Alemannus: # axudev.

259 32

B 126

18

19

20

22

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

) KaTa xXpelav és Bufavteov 0 oiTaryaryos aTOdS apiKeETo, Ilétpos 6€ ois mapovor é1a- TOpOUEVOS, €K Tay * év te BiOuvia Kat Ppuyia Kal Opdnn N@plov mpiacdae * peya Te Xphua aitou n&tov. WW, Te avayKatov Tois TavTy oiKovor MEX pL pev és THVv Oddhacoay TOVw TOAXD Ta poptia péperi, és Bufdvrvov 6é fw xwovvo avTa éoxouifecbar kal Bpayéa pév Tiypata 5i0ev TH AOYH pos avTov PépecOat, THY Enuiav 5€ avTois és Tocdvde peyéGous Kabictacbar Hate ayarav nv ® tes adtous eon) TOV TE GITOV oi 4 Snpoot@ xapilerbar Kal TIMP Etepov vtrep avtod xatatiOévan. TOUTS €OTL TO axGos ® Omrep Kanrely cuvevnv® vevomixaciv. érrel dé ovd @s attos év Bugavti@ KaTa THY ypelav ixavos éryeryovet, Tool TO Tpaypa és Baciréa bué- BadXov. dpa 5é Kal ot TT PATEVOMEVOL oxedov Tl amavTes ate TAS el@O vias ov KEKO [LUT HEVOL EvvT agers, OoptBo te ava Ty moXLy Kal Tapaxt TOAAN elXOvTO. Bacvreds pev ovv On Te auT@ Xarer as éyew édoke Kal mapahvew avTov THS apxis HOere Oud TE TavTA amep eppnn Kal OTL Xpnwara Saipovios peyara HKNKOEL AUTO aro Kex pup Oar, fimep ex Tov Onmociov ceovAnKas | ETUXe" Kal my 6€ oUTas. Ocodepa dé Tov avSpa ovK €la. éxTOT@s yap Tov Bapovpnyv nyaTa,

1 é« ray added by Alemannus.

2 apiacda Maltretus : metpig Bau. e Re G1PS, ef corrector of G. 4 otkw MSS. ; ; Suidas reads ofxodev 7G; Dindorf conjectured

7 ; KraSeninnikov ofko: 76.

5 For &x@os Haury would prefer &yos.

6 kadcty cuvwvyy Maltretus, cuvwvhy Karey Suidas: Karey ouvwveiy.

260

ANECDOTA xxii. 17-22

in Byzantium with less than was needed,! and Peter, being at a loss because of this situation, decided to buy from the farm-lands of Bithynia and Phrygia and Thrace a great supply of grain. And the inhabitants of these regions were compelled to transport with great labour the cargoes to the sea and to convey them to Byzantium at great peril, and to receive from him the small amounts which passed for prices ; and the loss for them mounted up to such a figure that they were glad to be permitted to present the grain to a government warehouse and to deposit a further payment for the privilege. This is the burden which they are accustomed to call “ requisition.” 2 But when even thus the supply of grain in Byzantium had not become sufficient to meet the need, many made bitter complaints of the situation to the Emperor. And at the same time pretty nearly all the men in military service, seeing that they had not received their usual pay, gave themselves over to tumults and disturbances through- out the city. So the Emperor seemed at last to be vexed with the man and wished to relieve him of his office both on account of these facts which have been mentioned and also because he had heard that a prodigious amount of money had been hidden away by him, which, as it chanced, he had filched from the Government. And this was true. But Theodora would not permit her husband to act; for she had an extraordinary affection for Barsymes on account of

1 Justinian made a serious attempt to forestall this very contingency; cf. Buildings V. i. 10-16. suvwvn or ‘‘coémptio”’ was purchase by the Govern- ment at a price which made the process practically confiscation. The practice was familiar in Egypt; cf. Preisigke, Wérterbuch der Criechischen Papyrusurkunden.

261

B 127

26

27

28

29

30

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

éwol pev doxel, THS Te Tovnpias Evexa Kal TOD Tols KaTnKools SapepovTws Aupalves Gar. avrn Te yap @moTaTn mp Kal arravOpamias aTexXvas EUT EWS Kal TOUS UmroupyobyTas nEtou Ta és TOV TpoTrov avrh emt) dels @s pdartoTa EXEL, gaat é aura Kal KkaTapayevdcioay T pos Too Tlérpov GaKOVaLOV avT@ evvoiKkds éxewv. rept Te yap Tous papphaKeas Kal 7a Saipovia TEpLepyws eo moudaKet ) Bapovpns ovTos, Kal TOUS KaNov- pévovs Mawiyaiovs éteOjme? te xal avtav Tmpootateiv €x Tov éeudavods ovdauh amnéiov. Kaito. Kal TavTa 7) BaciAls akovoaca ov pEeOFKeE Tv €s Tov avOpwrov eivoLaV, GAAA MAaXXOV ETL dua Tadra TepiotéANew Te Kal ayaTav éyvo. payows Te yap Kal happyaxedor Kal avtTn ope- Anoaca €x TaLoos, ATE TOV ETLTNOEULATwY ALTHY és TovTo ayovtwv, SeBiw TicTevouTd Te TO TMpayuate ToOvTw Kal avT@® TO Oapaeiv és ael éyouca. Néyetar® b€ Kal tov “lovctiviavoy ov ToaovTov Owrevovca xELpor}On monoacbat, Oaov Th €k Tov Satpwovieov avayky. ov yap TLS HY evppav 7, dixatos 66¢ avnp i &S TO ayabov BéBaios, Bote Kpelacwy Tote THS ToLavTNS éTL- Bouvnrts elvat, ara hovwy pev Kal YXpnudtov épwros dtadpavas ticowr, Tols 6€ avTov eEaTTaTaat Kal KoAakevovoly ov YareT@s elkwv. eV TE mpateot tals pddtoTa of éotrovdacpévats peTe- Barreto Tet ovdSevri NOyw Kai KOvLoPTa évdede-

uwev PS, 5€ G.

éreOhme: Alemannus: éré0n érel. Aéyerat PS, Aéyous: G.

meteBadaAeté te GP, weréBare tore S,

Pe oO nm

262

ANECDOTA xxii. 22-30

his depravity, as it seems to me, and because he was exceedingly efficient in bringing ruin upon thecitizens. For she herself was a very ruthless person and completely filled with inhuman cruelty, and she required that her minions should conform as closely as possible to herself in character. But they say that she was put under a spell by Peter and shewed him favour against her will. For this Barsymes had shewn an exceptional interest in sorcerers and in the evil spirits, and he had a great admiration for the Manichaeans,! as they are called, and never hesitated to stand forth openly as their champion. And yet, even when the Empress heard of these reports, she did not abate her good-will towards the man, but she saw fit to both protect and cherish him even more on this account. For she too from child- hood on had consorted with magicians and sorcerers, her habits of life seeming to lead her in this direction, and throughout her life she retained her faith in such things and always based her confidence upon them. And it is also said that the way she made Justinian tractable was not so much by cajoling him as by applying to him the compulsion of the evil spirits. For this man was not so right-minded or just a person or so steadfast in virtue as to be at any time superior to attempts upon him of the kind just mentioned, but, on the contrary, while conspicuously susceptible to the appeal of bloodshed and money, yet he found it easy enough to yield to those who tried to cozen and flatter him. But even in those matters in which he took particular interest he used to reverse his position for no real reason and he had become

1 See Appendix II and Hastings, Yncyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics.

263

32

33

34

B 128 35

36

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

Xéorata Endepns eee TADTa TOL Ovoe TLS TOV avTov EvyyevOv 7) Ne adrws yre pipov eX iba TWa ToTE Aoparn eT avT@ ayer, adda peTava- oTacEs? avT@ €s adel THS €s TA emiTNdevMaTa eyivovTo yvouns. ovUTw TE cal Tois pappakedow, OTrEp EppnOn, evepooos av wal Th Ocodapa TOVM ovdevt UrroxelpLos evyeyovel, cal an avrob pdduota % Baoirls ate orrovdatov Ta To.abTa TOV Térpov ovra Umepnyam a. apxiis pev ouv is Ta TpoTEpa eixe Baovrevs auTov Tapehuoe HOS, Ocod@pas € ey KELMLEVNS ov TOANO boTepov dpyovTa Tov Oncavpav avtov KateoticaTo, “lwavynv trapa- Avaas 3 TauTnS 7] THS TULMS, Some QvTHY Tapel- AnPas. unot TOU odtyous T™ POTEpoOV TUNE. apy O€ ovTOS avijp ryévos pev Mararorivos * TpGos be Kal ayaos ayay, Kal oUuTe mopiter Bat NPNLAT OV adixov® tmopovs eld@s ovTE TH AUUNVapEVOS TOTOTE TOV mavT@V avO parrov: apéher Kal Svapepovtas 7 NHYATWV AUTO O ews amas. Oud ToL todo ‘Tova rweavov Te Kal THY omotuya ovdaph nperkev, olmep erreldn TOV ohicw vTovpyovvT@V Kadov Te Kal ayadov mapa dofav twa idorer, inuyylavtes® Kal dvadopovpevor és Ta padioTa Tdon pnXavn avtov ote Taytota SiwGetcbar ev oTOUON ETOLOUYTO.

Ovtw yobv Kai todtov tov “Iwavynv o Ilétpos éxdeEauevos Onoavpav Te TOV BaciNKa@Y TpovTT)

14 GS, odde tar P.

2 For petavacrdacets Herwerden proposed petacracets.

3 rapadvoas Alemannus: mapadAvcaca.

C yevos meéey Madaorivos Alemannus: yevduevos pty madao- TIWUiOS.

264

ANECDOTA xxii. 30-36

absolutely like a cloud of dust in instability... For this reason none of his relatives, and none of his acquaintances in general, ever based any confident hope on him, but, on the contrary, he had become subject to constant shiftings of his opinion as regards what he was to do. Thus, being easily accessible to the sorcerers, as has been said, he very readily became tractable in the hands of Theodora also; and chiefly for this reason the Empress loved Peter exceedingly as being an expert in such matters. So the Emperor removed him only with difficulty from the office which he previously held, but at the insistence of Theodora he not long afterwards appointed him Master of the Treasuries,? dismissing from this office John, who chanced to have assumed it only a few months earlier. Now though this man was a native of Palestine, he was a very gentle and good person, who neither was skilled in opening ways to wrongful gain nor ever had maltreated any man in the world. In fact, the whole populace loved him with extraordinary devotion. And just for this reason he did not satisfy Justinian and his spouse at all, for as soon as they unexpectedly discovered among their subordinates any man of high character, losing their heads and being vexed to the utmost, they eagerly sought by any and every means to push him out of the way at the earliest possible moment.

It was in this way, at any rate, that Peter succeeded this John and took charge of the imperial treasuries,

1 For the proverbial expression cf. Chap. xiii. 10. * Praefectus Aerarii.

5 adixwy Haury: lduév. Cf. Book II. xv. 9. 8 iAAvyyta@vres Alemannus : iAAryylwy re.

265

P 66

B 129

37

38

39

40

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

Kal cuppopav adds Heyahov aittarartos dmace ryeyovev. GTOTEMVOMEVOS yap TOV XONBaT OY TO TNElaTOV pLépos, amep év mapayuxis Oyo moNNois yYopnyeliabar ava trav Eros pos. Bact- Aéws ek madaiod SiatétaKTat, avTos pev Tos Snpociows ov déov eTOUTEL Kal Hoipay evbévde Baoiret avépepev. of 6€ TA YpHnuaTa Tmepenpn- HEvoU év Trev Get peyan@ meptend v70, €TeEL Kal TO Xpuaoiy VOLT Ma ovY nmrep elwler exhépey n&lou, Q\X édXaccov avToO KaTacTNTapEVOS, mpayya ovdeTTwTrOTE yeryovos T pOTE pov.

Ta pev appt Tots apyxovot Bacirei TAaUTY ™ elyev. onias é€ TOUS Ta Xepla KEKTNMEVOUS mavTayn + StepHerpey épav EPXOMAL. améxpn pev ovv musty ® TOV és Tas modes atacas oTEAAOMEVOV ApXOVTaDV éeTTLVNnTOEtoL OV TOARD mpoTtepov Kal TovTwY 6) Ta CU para onunvat Ta ma0n. Tpeorous yap ol apxovtes * ovrtor+ Tous TOV Xoplov Kuptous Bralopevor ednifovTo, Kal @s 6€ TaAXa elpnoeTau Tava.

Ky. Ilpa@tov pev eiOicpévov dv® &x tadarod Exagtov 71 “Pwpyaiwy apyny éxovta ovxy amak povov, adAa Kal TOAAdKIS ToOls TOV Sypociwy opAnuaTwV NELravoLs TOUS KaTHKOOUS SwpEicOaL TavTax} S, Tavtaxov mn GP. nei PS, quiv eiwety G. apxovtes PS, &vOpwmro G,

obrot Alemannus : oft. Haury proposed, wrongfully, to delete dv.

ao m Ot Ee

1 The standard gold coin, the “‘ solidus,” which Procopius calls ‘‘ stater,” was reduced, he says (Chap. xxv. 12), from 210 *‘obols ” to 180—a cut, as it seemed to him, of over fourteen per cent. Yet the intrinsic value of the “‘ solidus” was not

266

ANECDOTA xxii. 36-xxiii. 1

and he once more became the chief cause of great calamities for all. For he cut off the greater part of the payments which it had been ordained from of old should be given by the Emperor each year to many in the guise of a “ consolation,’ and he himself, meanwhile, by improper means, grew rich on the public money and kept handing over a portion of it to the Emperor. And those who had been stripped of their money sat about in great sorrow, since he saw fit also to issue the gold coinage, not at its usual value, but reducing its value materially, a thing which had never been done before.?

Such were the dealings of the Emperorin the matter of the magistrates. And I shall next proceed to tell how, in each division of the Empire, he ruined those who owned the lands. Now it was sufficient for our purpose, in mentioning a short time ago the magis- trates sent out to all the cities, to note also the sufferings of the common people. For the owners of land were the first whom these magistrates op- pressed and plundered; but even so all the remainder of the story shall be told.

xxiii. First of all, though it had been customary from ancient times that each successive Emperor should make, not once, but many times, a donation to all their subjects of the arrears of their debts to the Treasury, in order, on the one hand, to prevent

changed materially, and this coin continued to serve for many centuries as a standard unit of value, known as the ‘‘ Besant,” or ‘‘ Byzant,” throughout the world of commerce from the Far East to the western shores of Europe. Cf. Book VII. i. 30

* Here Procopius is exactly wrong. The ‘‘ aureus,’ which was first coined by Julius Caesar as ;; of a pound in weight, sank steadily to 4; of a pound under Constantine.

267

bo

6

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

TAVTAS, TOU [NTE TOUS ATrOpoUjEevOUS TE Kal OOEV av extioev Ta AEifyava TavTAa ovdaph ExovTAS dunvexés atotrviyesOar jpunte tols popoddyo.s aKnes Tapéxyec0ar cuxopavtTety éyyetpovar TaV Tob popou* UmoTeN@y TOUS ovdEV opethovras, ovTos és dvo Kal TplaKxovTa ET@V Ypovov ovdey TowodTo és Tous KATNKOOUS elpyacato. Kal at’ avTov TOis fev atropoupmévoits cvayKatov nv amoopavat te Kal pyoevl éte* emavévar. Kal ol cuKopavtar Tovs émuetKesTEépous aTréKxvatov KaTnyopliav étavacelovtes ATE TO TéAOS eVdEET- TEPws €K manravod KataBanrAovtTas THS ey- KeLpuevns TO xoplo dopas. ov yap. Ocov ot radaimopor wi Kavay TOU popov arayaryny edediecav, AAAA KAaL YpoveY TOTOUT@Y TO TANOOS ovoev T poo hKov BapivecOat popors. moot yoov aperer TH operepa avTa@v Tots cvKopayTais ) TO Snproriy 7 poe mevor amydrddao-oovT0. émerTa é€ Myson fev Kal Lapaknvav tHs “Acias yhv Tv? TodkAnv ToOV b€ 6) Ovvvwv Kal YxrXAaBnvev kal 'Avtdv* Etvuracav Etvpwernv Anicapévar, Kal TOV TorEwWY Tas pev KaDENOVTAD és Edadgos, Tas 66° dpyupohoyna dvTov és TO axpiBeés pud- iota, Tous dé a8 paerous eEavdparrodic ava Eup XPypware mao, epnjov TE TOV oixnTo pov KaTagTHCAapevwy YwOpav éExdoTnv Tais Kal’ npée-

1 pdpov GP, xépov S.

2 kal pndevrt és Haury, yy kal uneére Dindorf, yiv xal eine ért KraSeninnikov: yiy undert eri S, yqv pndevi Ever +P,

3 rhv deleted by Reiske.

’Avra@v (or Tor@av) added by Alemannus.

4 5 ras de Alemannus: ray 6€.

268

ANECDOTA xxiii. 1-6

the destitute and those who had no means of paying these arrears from being strangled regularly, and, on the other hand, to avoid providing the tax- gatherers with pretexts in case they should try to blackmail those who, though subject to the tax, owed nothing in arrears, this man, for a period of thirty- two years,! has done nothing of the kind for his subjects.2. And for this reason it was necessary for the destitute to go away and in no case to return again. And the blackmailers kept harassing the more respectable farmers by holding over them the threat of an accusation, alleging that they had for a long time been paying their tax at a lower rate than that imposed upon their district. For the poor wretches had to fear not only the new payment of the tax, but also the possibility that they might be weighed down by the burden of taxes for so great a number of years for which they owed nothing. In any case, many men actually handed over their property either to the blackmailers or to the Treasury and went their ways. Furthermore, though the Medes and Saracens had plundered the greater part of the land of Asia, and the Huns and Sclaveni and Antae the whole of Europe, and some of the cities had been levelled to the ground, and others had been stripped of their wealth in very thorough fashion through levied contributions, and though they had enslaved the population with all their property, making each region destitute of inhabitants by their

1 From the accession of Justinus, A.p. 518, for whom Justinian acted as Regent.

* Of. Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ed. Bury, IV. 237.

269

P 67

B 130

7

10

11

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

pav émi6 pomais, Popov pev ovderl TOY aTravTwV adbice, may ye 87 Goov eviavTod Tals adovaais TOV TONEWV povov. Kaltou et xabamep "Avagra- atos Bactdevs éErtaetes tails adovaais Ta TéAN emixwpely eyvw, oluart dv ovd &s adrtov Te- monobar ta Séovta, émel KaBSadns pev ais olKobomlals WS KLOTA AULNVAMLEVOS ATLWY WYETO, Xoopons d€ adravta muptorncas és edados Kabetnre, weiSw Te TpoceTpiato Tols TepLTETTTW- KOot Ta maby. Kal TOUTOLS pev Tols avOpwroas olomep TO yehouades TOUTO TOD popov adie kal Tois aNXoLs dmact, TONNAKLS [LEV deEapevors tov Mijédwv otpatov, dunvexes 5é Otvvwr te Kai * Lapaxnvav yhv thy édav Anicapévwv, ovdev be Hocov Kai Tav® emi THs Evpwrns BapSapwv TauTa épyatouévwy ael Kai Kal” Exaotny Tovs éxelvn “Pwpaiovs, Sacireds otTos yaherwreEpos evOds yéyove BapBdapwrv amdvtwy. avvwvais TE yap Kai Tais Kaoupevals emtBorais Te Kal Suaypapais ol TOV Xwplov KUpLoL TOV To\ewleov dvaKe yw pnkoTov auTixa para ALC KOVTO. 6 tT b€ Ta OvomaTa éoti Te Kal BovrEeTaL TadTa, eyo dnr@ow.

Tovds Ta xwpia KEKTN [LEVOUS dvayKalovar Tov ‘Popaiov Saipan OTpaTov KATA TO LeTpOV THs Ketwévns”? éExaoT@ Phopds, Tlunudtw@Yy KaTa-

4

1 §¢ after ofua: deleted by Haury.

BapBdpwy after xa deleted by Haury.

trav added by Haury. 4 roy GS, Tov Trav P. Herwerden proposed éyxetuevns.

ao wm

1 Of. Book I. vii. 35. 2 Cf. Chap. xxii. 19 and note. 270

ANECDOTA xxiii. 6-11

daily inroads, yet he remitted the tax to no man, with the single exception that captured cities had one year’s exemption only. And yet if he had seen fit, as did the Emperor Anastasius, to remit to captured cities all their taxes for seven years, I think that even thus he would not have been doing all he should have done in view of the fact that, although Cabades had gone his way without doing the least damage to the buildings, yet Chosroes had not only fired every structure and razed it to the ground, but had also inflicted greater sufferings upon his victims. And now to these men to whom he remitted this ridiculously small portion of the tribute, as to all the others likewise—men who had often supported the attacks of the Median army, and though Huns and Saracens had continuously ravaged the lands of the East, and though not less terribly the barbarians in Europe were also wreaking such destruction every day and unceasingly—to these men, I say, this Emperor shewed himself from the first more savage than all the barbarians together. For through “ buying on requisition ” 2 and what are called “imposts”” and “ pro-rated assessments,” 3 the owners of the land were immediately, once the enemy had withdrawn, reduced to ruin. Now what these terms are and what they mean I shall proceed to explain.

The owners of property are compelled to provision the Roman army in proportion to the tax levied upon each owner, the deliveries being made, not where the

* Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclop. s. vv. Preisigke, Wérterbuch der griechischen Papyrusurkunden. The ‘pro-rated assess- ments ’’ were levied in order to realise the amount defaulted by deceased owners, as explained below.

271

B 131

12

13

14

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

Bardopevov ovx nmep epinaw oO Tapov TH xpela Kalpos, adr’ nTep efeore kal bidpicrar, ov Suepevy@ evor b€ elmep avtois tal émitidera ev Th Xw@pa (EvpBaiver. TEPLETTIKE Te TOUS 6e- Natous TOUTOUS avayen Ta pev emlTHoELa oT pa- TLOTALS TE Kal imtous éaxopitecat, mavTa @VOUMEVOUS aUTa TIN MAT OV TONNBY és ayav aEvwrepov Kal Tavra eK YWpas, av obT@ TUXOL, pakpdv trov ovons Kal TadTa* €5 TO xwplov arroxopitery ov oy TO oTpatorredoy EvpBaiver elvat, eTpely TE TOIS TOV TTPATLWTOY Yopnyols, ov Kabatep Tacw avOpwrTrols vos“os, aAXN HEP exelvois av Bovdopévors ein. Kal TodTO éote TO mpaypna OTep cuvwrvn Kareitat, €€ ov bn dtacw éxveveupicbat Tois TaY Ywpiwy Kuplos EvpPat- ve. opov yap am auvtod Tov eméteLoy ovy Hocova % SexatrAacliova KataTibévar® adicw SHELIA IES, ols ye ov povov, Gomep elpntar, TO oTpaT@® yopnyeiv, aXAa Kal aiTov és Bufavteov TONNAKLS SvaKopt ter Tatvta mTemov0oct Euvé- TECTED; érrel 00x 0 Bapovpns Kaovpevos Hovos TO TovodTo ayos eEapapt ave TETOAMNKED, adda Kal mpotepov pwev o Kammasdoxns, totepov dé of peta” tov Bapovunv todto 6) TO THs apxAs maparaBovtes akiwpa.

‘i pev ovv THs cuvavas TavTn TH EXEL’ TO

7a added by Haury,

3 ee ravta is deleted by Haury, with Alemannus, un- necessarily.

3 anoxoulCewv deleted by Haury ; it is, however, needed.

4 The text in S is mac: rots Tay Xwplwv Kuplwy exvevevpic bat

EuuBaiver. 5 kararideva: Alemannus: éyxatariBevat.

272

ANECDOTA xxiii. 11-15

season of the year at which the requisition is to be filled permits, but where the officials find it possible and have determined, and in making these requisitions no enquiry is made to see whether the farmers happen to have the required provisions on their land. Thus it comes about that these wretched men are compelled to import provisions for both soldiers and horses, buying them all at very much higher prices than they are to receive, and that, too, in a market which, if it so happens, may be at a great distance from their farms, and then to haul back these provisions 1 to the place where the army chances to be, and they must measure out these supplies to the Quarter- masters of the army, not in the way accepted by all the world, but just as the Quartermasters wish. And this is the thing which is called “ buying on requisition,” and the result of it has been that all the owners of farms have been bled to death.2 For by this process they are compelled to pay their annual tax not less than tenfold, seeing that it has often fallen to their lot, not only to furnish supplies directly to the army, as stated, but also, on top of what they have suffered that way, to transport grain to Byzan- tium; for not alone Barsymes, as he was called, has dared to perpetrate this outrage, but even before him the Cappadocian, and later on those who suc- ceeded Barsymes in the dignity of this office.

Such in a general way was “ buying on requisition.”

1 i.e. from the place of purchase to the place where the soldiers are billeted.

_ * Lit. “‘have had their sinews cut,” i.e. ‘“have been incapacitated.”

5 atparg GS, otparny@ P. 7 werd GP, rep) S.

273 VOL. VI. us

16

17

18 P 68

19

B 132 20

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

be THIS emeuBorrs dvopa br«eB pos tis ear dm poom Tos eEamwaiws Tois Ta Xwpia KEKTNMEVOLS eT UYEVOMEVOS mpoppitov TE avrois ext plBov THY Tob Biov erriéa. Y@plov yap “TO TEAS TOV Epn wor TE kal am opa@v yeryernmevon, ov 87 Tols Te Kuplolts Kal Tols yewpyots 6n TETUXNKED of) mavtaraaty } dmrokwA€vat, 2 yhv tatpwav amoNTovaLt Tois éyKepéevorts ohicr dia Tadta Kakols Tpvyec0aL,® ovK amagvodaw ETLpEpELY Tols oUT@ dvepPappevous TavTaTact.

Toodto bev Kal TO Ths emeBonrns ¢ dvoud éoTLy, eTLTONATAV WS TO ELKOS ETL TOV Ypovov pddLoTa TovTov. Ta b€ TaV dtaypapav ws TUYTOMWTATA ppdcavtt amnrAdaxGar THOE Ty Exe. Enptats morals ddAwS TE Kal U7rd TOUS Xpovous TOUTOUS meptBarrea Bar * Tas moXeus iy? avaykn: @vTEp Tas TE ahoppas Kal Tous TpoTrous adinue Dévyeuy €v TO Tapovre, @s pn jot 0 oyos aT épavTos ein. TavTas of Ta xwpia ExovTEs aTréTLVOY, Tipnpa ® kataribevres KaTa Royov"? THs éyxKel- pevns EKaTT@ popas. ovK ax pe dé TovTwY auTols TO Kakov éoTn, andra Kal TOU Aoupwov Evpracav mreptraBovros THY TE GANDY olKoU- pevny Kal ovX Heora THY TOV ‘Popatov apyny, TOV TE yEwpyav ahavicavros MEpos TO meioTov, Kal am avTov épyuwv ws TO elkos TOV Xeplov yeyernuevmv, ovdeura erdoi eypyaato €s Tovs

mavramacw omitted by Suidas, 2 For 7 Suidas has rnv. TpUxET Bat Haury: xpumrecOa.

mepiBarreo Oat Haury : mepiBadréo Oat.

ay added by Reiske.

amérivoy tlunua added by Haury ; Alemannus proposed €Avoy, Reiske ameoeloavro ; cf. Chap, xxii. 18; xxiv. 18.

274

an m= O&O

ANECDOTA xxiii. 15-20

~ But the term “ impost ” is used to describe a kind of

unforeseen ruination that falls suddenly upon the owners of land and destroys root and branch their hope of a livelihood. For this is a tax on lands that have become abandoned or unproductive, the owners and farmers of which have already had the misfortune either to perish altogether or, abandoning their ancestral estates, to be now living in wretched- ness because of the woes imposed upon them by reason of these imposts ; and they do not hesitate to impose it upon any who have not yet been ruined altogether.

Such is the meaning of the term “ impost,” a term which with good reason gained its widest currency during the period in question. But as for the “ pro- rated assessments ’’—to dispose of the subject in the fewest possible words—the matter is about as follows. That the cities should be subjected to many damaging exactions at all times and particularly during this period was inevitable; as to the motives that led to their imposition and the manner of their application, I forbear to discuss them on this occasion, lest my treatise become interminable. These assessments were paid by the owners of the lands, each paying an assessed sum in proportion to the tax regularly levied upon him. But the trouble did not stop here ; on the contrary, when the plague came, seizing in its grip the whole civilized world and especially the Roman Empire,! and wiping out most of the farmers, and when for this reason the lands, as one might expect, had become deserted, the Emperor shewed

1 Book IT. xxii, xxiii.

7 kata Adyov Alemannus: kat’ dAlyov.

B 133

21

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

TOUT@Y Kuptous. popov yap Tov ém Er evov ovmTrote 1 aview T PAT TOMEvos ov nTep EKATTO éméBarnre povov, arrAa Kal Madr) TOV drrodwhdr ov Thy poipay. Tpoonv be? avTois Kal Tada mavra @viep éeuvncOnv aprios ate Tots TOV Xeoplav edvoTuxnKoor THY KTHoW cael CY KELMEVOY, eTL HEVTOL Kal Tois MeV OTPATLWOTALS ava TA KANALTTA Te Kal TYLoTaTa S@pariov Tov opeTepov Ban wevors Umnperei, avtois 6é€ TUT TOUTOV TOV Xpovov €v TOS pavrorarous TE Kal ATNMEAN- HEvols TOV olKLOL@Y diattay & Exel.

"Atep dtravta vo THY ” Tovariviavod Te Kal Ocodapas Bactrelav TOUS avo porous ael yiweobar EvvéBn, émel ovTe moAEMoV OvVTE TL AAO TOV peyloTtwy KaK@v év ToUT@ 67) TO Ypovw AeLwWH7- Keval TETUNNKED. érrel Se Sopariov epuno Open, ovde TOUTO ma puréov ntv, OTL OH Ol KEKTNMEVOL tas év Bufavtio oixias BapBapos evtad0a Kata- AvEeW TapexXomevoe ETTAKLGMUpPLOLS fuddLoTAa ov- ow, OVX OTws TaV oheTépwr dvivacbar ovdaph elyov, aAAa Kal TpoceTpiBovtTo SuaKdAols ETE- pols.

KO’. OU pny ode Ta es TOUS OTPAaTLOTAS AUTO elpyacuéva awn Soréov, ols 61) Tovs TovnpoTa- tous® éréotncev avépoTwyv atavToy XpHnuaTa opas OTL TAElLoTA Evdréyeuv evOévde KerEvCas, ev €lddTas ws potpa TaY Topic Oncopévwr 2) dwde- KaTN auvTols KeloeTat’ dvoma 6é RoyoléTas

1 o¥rote Haury, ovdé tére Alemannus: od Tére.

2 mpoony d¢ Alemannus: mpds 7718e. 3

movnpotarovs KraSeninnikov: kakiorovs Alemannus: tovs S, rovrous G.

276

er

ANECDOTA xxiii. 20-xxiv. 2

no mercy to the owners of these lands. For he never relaxed his exaction of the annual tax, not merely as he imposed it upon each separate person, but also exacting the share which fell to his deceased neigh- bours.t And in addition they also had to stand all the other exactions which I mentioned a moment ago as always falling upon those who were cursed with the ownership of farms, and over and above all these things, they had to house the soldiers, in the best and most expensive of their rooms and to wait upon them, while they themselves throughout this whole time lived in the meanest and the most dilapi- dated of their outhouses.

All these evils kept constantly afflicting the people during the reign of Justinian and Theodora, for it so happened that neither war nor any other of the great- est calamities subsided during this time. And since we have made mention of rooms for billeting, we

_must not pass over the fact that the owners of the

houses in Byzantium, having to turn over their dwellings there as lodgings for barbarians to the number of about seventy thousand, not only could derive no benefit from their own property, but were also afflicted by these other disagreeable conditions.

xxiv. Nor assuredly is his treatment of the soldiers to be consigned to silence; for over them he put in authority the most villainous of all men,? bidding them collect from this source as much as they could, and these officers were well aware

that the twelfth part of what they should thus

procure would fall to them. And he gave them the

1 i.e. the taxes defaulted by the death or disappearance of

_ Owners were pro-rated among the surviving owners.

* Cf. Book IT. xv. 9. 277

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

avtois €OeTo. of dé ava Tay ETOS errevooUY Tabe. TAS TTPATLWTLKAS ovvragers ovx. opotos VOMOS xopnyeta Fat epeens aTacw, adra veous bev ETL avrois ovat Kal oTpaTevaapevols apTios éXdo- wv 0 TOpos, TET OVI KOTL bé Kal pécols Toy Hon KaTaoryou yeyeun|mevors éml petlov ywpei.t rye- YNPAakool pevTOL Kal pédNoval THS oTpaTelas adier Bat TONG er Koumodertépa 7 owTages, dws avTol TE 70 Rovtrov Lola Brobyres €s TO amotipy dvapKas exovev, Kal émeSav adtois Evp-

HeTpicacar tov Biov EvpSain, Tapayuxyy Twa ex = TaOY oixeloy arrohutrety Tots KATA TV OlKiaV

P 69 4 dvvatol elev. 0 Toivur Xx povos TOV CTPATLWTOV

or

Tovs KaTabeeaTtépouvs és THY TETEAEUTNKOTOY 7) THs oTpatelas aperpévwv Tos BaOmovs ael ava- BiBafwv mpuvtavever Kata mpecBeta Tas ex Tod dnpociov ovvtdkes Exdot@. add ol AoyoUéTat KaNovpEVOL OVK elwy® ex TOV KaTAarCYwV adpat- petcOar Ta TOY TETEAEUTHKOTOV OVOuATA,* KaLTTEp ouov StadOerpouévmy, adNrNws TE Kal KaTAa TOUS moXemous® suxyvors ylvouevous, TOY TAELoTOP. ou pay ovoe TOUS KaTanoyous éTe €mAnpouy, Kat Tatra Xpovov ouxvod. Kal am’ avrou Teplel- OTNKEL TH [Lev TohuTela Tov TOY TTPATEVOMEVOY apO mov evdeéo TE pov del eivat, TOY d€ oTpAaTL@TOY Tois Teplodat Tpos TMV TdAaL TETENEUTHKOTO@V

xwpet Alemannus: xywpety.

éx added by Alemannus.

ovK elwy GP, olketwy S. 4 dvduata GS, cduara P. moAeuous Alemannus : moAeulous.

oo tm

1 Oppressive agents of the imperial Treasury; cf. Chap. xviii. 15.

278

ANECDOTA xxiv. 2-6

title of ‘ Logothetes.’”’! And these each year devised the following scheme. According to a law the military pay is not given to all alike year after year, but when the men are still young and have only recently joined the army, the rate is lower, while for those who have been in service and are now at about the middle of the muster-roll,? it grows larger. But when they have grown old and are on the point of being discharged from the army, the pay is very much more imposing, to the end not only that they may, when in future they are living as private citizens, have sufficient for their own maintenance, but may also, when it is their lot to have completely measured out the term of life, be able to leave from their own property some consolation to the members of their households. Thus time, by continually promoting the soldiers who are lower down in the scale to the rank of those who have died or been discharged from the army, regulates on the basis of seniority the payments to be made from the Treasury to each man. But the Logothetes, as they are called, would not allow the names of the deceased to be removed from the rolls, even when great numbers died at one time from other causes, and especially, as was the case with the most, in the course of the numerous wars. Furthermore, they would no longer fill out the muster- rolls, and that too for a long period. And the result of this practice has proved unfortunate for all con- cerned—first, for the State in that the number of soldiers in active service is always deficient ; secondly, for the surviving soldiers, in that they are elbowed

2 The position of a man’s name on the muster-roll depended upon the length of his service. 5 i.e. by enlisting new recruits.

279

B 134

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

/ b] ‘ / al \ \ ») , nr

du@Povpévors ert polpas! mapa thy akiav Tis / > nr / , KatabecaTépas amodedeipOa, tas te Evvtakets ’ 3 \ €EX\ATTOVMS 7) KATA THY TpoonKovaay Kopmiver bar / r \ f / ,

takw, Tols 5€ NoyoPéTas Siadayxadvew lovati- VLAV® T@OV OTPATLWTLKOY XPNUATWY TaVTA TODTOV TOV Xpovor.

"Ett pevTou Kal adhaus Enya idéats ToAXais TOUS oTpaTiotas aTreEKVQLOD, doTeEp caper Bopmevor T@V év TOIS TrOAepMoLS KLVOUVMD, ETLKANODYTES TOLS pev ws Lpaixol elev, domep ovK €€Ov THY amo

nr ¢ 10 2 \ / \ / / 6 THs “EXAdbos? TO Tapdrray Tit yevvaiw yevér Pat, Tois O€ WS OvK €TrLTET ay [LEV OV 7 pos Bacrréws ohiotaotpatevowTo,® KaiTmep appl: TOUT@ Ypaupata Baciréws evOerkvupevors, amep ol Aovyoberat dia- Barretv ovdemd dxvncer ETOApwY" AAXoLS bé STL

\ nr e / 4 € / / >’ n , 6) TOV ETalpwv* nuépas ohlow aTrodedetpOat tias EvpBain. tatepov Kat tav ev Iadatio puddxov Tes ava Tacav oTEANOpEvot Thy ‘Popatov apxnv Sinpevv avo dn0ev TO oye €v Tols KATANOYOLS * TOUS €s 70 otparever Bat emern- delous G ovTas @S mtorr, Kal abrav Tuas pev ate ax petous ovTas ie yeynpaxoras agarpeia Bar Tas Covas ETOAMOY, olmep TO Aovrrov eK TOV evoeBouv- Tov é€v TO Onpociw Tis aryopas mpooartobvrTes Tpopny Saxptcov Te Kal ohopupaews a del Tpopacers tots evTUYXavovT LY eyivovTo mao, Tous O€ ouous, otras 6) yn Ta’Ta Kal adTol TElowrYTaL, YPnuaTa

jotpas Alemannus : xeipas.

"EAAGDos (or Tpaklas) added by Alemannus. otparevoivro PS, oparever bat G.

étralpwy Alemannus : ET Eepwy.

} PS, nai G.

SABO at [he

280

13

ANECDOTA xxiv. 6-8

out by those who have died long before and so find. themselves left in a position inferior to what they deserve, and that they receive a pay which is lower than if they had the rank to which they are entitled ; and, finally, for the Logothetes, who all this time have had to apportion to Justinian a share of the soldiers’ money.

Furthermore, they kept grinding down the soldiers with many other forms of penalties, as though to requite them thus for the dangers incurred in the wars, charging some with being “ Greeks,’ ! as though it were wholly impossible for any man from Greece to be a decent man, others with being in the service without an order from the Emperor, even though they could shew, on this point, an imperial order, which, however, the Logothetes with no hesitation had the effrontery to denounce ; and others still they accused on the ground that for some days they had chanced to be absent from their comrades. Later on also some of the Palace Guards were sent out through the whole Roman Empire, and ostensibly they were in search of any among the armies who were quite unsuitable for active service; and they dared to strip the belts? from some of these as being unfit or too old, and these thereafter had to beg their bread from the pious in the public square of the market-place, so that they became a constant cause for tears and lamentation on the part of all who met them; and from the rest they exacted great sums of money, to the end that

1 The contemptuous use of the term “‘ Graeci’”’ was often noted by Procopius, e.g. Book IV. xxvii. 38. Cf. the ‘‘ Grac- culus esuriens ” of Juvenal’s Third Satire, line 78.

* i.e. “ discharged in disgrace,”

281

B 135

10

13

peyara émpattovTo,) @OTE TayT@V

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

2 Tous oTpaTLw-

Tas aTe TpoTrous € exVEVEUpLT LEVOUS monois TTWXO- Tépous TE yeyovévar Kal ovdap € és TO TroNepuety 7 po- OupetaOar EvvéBn. 60ev ‘Pwpaiors ral Ta év Iradla mTpaypwata AedkvaOar EvvéTecev. ov 67? ” ANEE- av6pos 0 Noyobérns oTanels Tots pev oTparLuT als TavTa €mTLKAaNELD ovdened 0 oxvijoet eOappet, Tous 6€ ‘Iranovs Xpymara empaTTe TOV €S Oevd€eprxov Kal Dor Bous TeTrohuTEvpLeveov dover Oat pacKwy. ov ovo 6€ of otpati@ta Tevia TE Kal drropia ™ pos TOV AoyobeTav érvélovto, adrAa Kal of Tao UmNnpEeTovDVTES TOS oOTpAaTHYOIS TauTANOEis TE Kal d0&n peyadou Ta TpOTEpa OvTES, ALLO Kal Tevia OEewn Ix ovr0. ov yap elyov G0ev Ta elwOora apiat Toplrovra,

Tpoc@now d€ TL TOUTOLS kal ErEpov | eel pe 0 TOV oTpaTLWT@Y RoYos és TobTO dye. of ‘Pwpatwov BeBacirevKotes ev Tols avw xXpovots TAVTAX OTE TOV THS ToALTELasS ET YaTLOV TaTOAU KATETTHTAVTO oTpaTLwTaV TAHGOS el hudraky TOV Oplwr THS ‘Popaioy apx7s, Kkata* thv éoav pdduoTa potpav TaUvTH Tas epodous Tlepoav® Te Kal Lapaknyav dvaorehovTes, ovaTrEep ALpuLTAa- vatous® éeaXouv. tovtots lovativiavos’ o Bacireds KaT apxas ev oUTw 61) Tapépyas® Te Kal PavrAwS

1 érparrovto Alemannus: émpatrero.

2 Sore mavtwy Isambert, oftw mayrws Alemannus, ay émAi- nmovtwy Reiske: ofte mavtwy.

3 of 85) Alemannus: oddap7.

4 «at before cara deleted by Haury.

5 Tlepo@y Suidas: ‘Pwpuaiwy. § Amravéeovs Buecheler.

? Tovorimavos supplied by Haury from Suidas (who omits 6 Bactdeus).

282

ANECDOTA xxiv. 8-13

they might not suffer the same fate, so that the soldiers, broken in manifold ways, had become the poorest of all men and had not the slightest zest for warfare. It was for just this reason that the Roman power came to be destroyed in Italy. Indeed, when Alexander the Logothete ! was sent thither, he had the effrontery to lay these charges ? without compunc- tion upon the soldiers, and he tried to exact money from the Italians, alleging that he was punishing them for their behaviour during the reign of Theo- deric and the Goths. And it was not alone the soldiers who were oppressed by destitution and poverty through the conduct of the Logothetes, but also the subordinates who served all the generals, formerly a numerous and highly esteemed group, laboured under the burden of starvation and dire poverty. For they had not the means wherewith to provide themselves with their customary neces- sities.

And I shall add one further item to those I have mentioned, since the subject of the soldiers leads me thereto. The Roman Emperors in earlier times _ stationed a very great multitude of soldiers at all points of the Empire’s frontier in order to guard the boundaries of the Roman domain, particularly in the eastern portion, thus checking the inroads of the Persians and the Saracens; these troops they used to eall limitanei.3 These the Emperor Justinian at first treated so casually and so meanly4 that their pay-

1 Cf. Book VII. i. 28 ff. * That they were ‘‘ unfit’ or ‘‘ too old.” * Soldiers of the frontier, limes. 4 i.e. ‘stingily.”

8 rapépyws Suidas: mepiepyws.

283

B 136

14

16

17

18

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

EXPHTO, WaTE TETTApoV i) TEVTE avrois eviauT av TOV ovvTatewy TOUS Yopnyous Umepnwepous eivat, Kal émeroav “Pwyatow te Kal Tlépoaus elpnvn) yévoiTo, nvayxafovto ol TaXraltwpor ovTOL aTE Kal avtol! TOV ex THs elpnvns dyabov aTroNav- COVTES Xpovov pntov Tas operdopevas ohict Euvrages TO dnpool@ Xapiver bar Ua Tepov € kal abto To THs? oTpatelas Gvowa avTovs adeineTo ovdevt Oyo. To? owmov Ta pev Oped TAS “Pwpaiwv apXAS pudaxrnplov €XTOS Euewer, ol b€ oTpaTiaras eEamivaiws éBXetrov els TAY Evoe- Beiv elwOotwv Tas xetpas.

“Erepor oTpariaraL OvX Haoous 7) TWEVTAKOG LOL Kal Tplaxteot Ta €& apxis éml duraxh Tod HaXatiou KATETTNO AY, ovoTep oaxXoAapious Kkarodou. Kal avtots our agers avéxabev TElouUs i Tots addots ie TO (Onpoctov ael Yopnyetv elwOe. tovtous* ot TpoTEpou pev apiorivdny amroneEav Tes e& "Appeviov €S TAUTNY 87 «THY Tiny ynyov. €&€ ov b€ Znvwv tHhv Bacireiav mapéthaBe, waow éEovcia éyéveto Kal avavdpo.s Kal aTrohemors ovoL TavTaTract TovTOU 61) Tob ovomatos émuBatevew. T polovTos dé Tod ypovou Kal avdparroda ® cataTibevres TUN uae THY arpa relay @vovVTO TuvTHVY. HviKa Tolvuyv ‘lovativos ® THv Baciretav mapédaBer, ovtos ‘lovativiavos moAXNovs €> THY TLLnY KaTETTHOATO TaAUTHVY

kat avto! Alemannus: kafro.

ris added by KraSeninnikoy.

For 7d KraSeninnikoy conjectured 76 te, Haury date 7d. rovrous Alemannus: tovrots.

avdpdroda Alemannus: avdparddots.

eon

a

284

ANECDOTA xxiv. 13-18

masters were four or five years behind in their pay- ments to them, and whenever peace was made between the Romans and the Persians, these wretches were compelled, on the supposition that they too would profit by the blessings of peace, to make a present to the Treasury of the pay which was owing to them for a specified period. And later on, for no good reason, he took away from them the very name of regular troops. Thereafter the frontiers of the Roman Empire remained destitute of guards and the soldiers suddenly found themselves obliged to look to the hands of those accustomed to works of piety.

Another group of soldiers, no fewer than three thousand five hundred in number, had been assigned originally to the guarding of the Palace; these are ealled Scholar. And the Treasury has been accus- tomed from earliest times always to pay these higher wages than all others. These men were picked for their excellence by earlier Emperors, being recruited for this honour from among the Armenians. But since the time when Zeno succeeded to the throne, the way has been open for all, both cowards and wholly unwarlike men, to achieve the honour of this title. And as time went on, even slaves, by putting up a bribe, could purchase admission to this service. So when Justinus took over the Empire, this Jus- tinian appointed many to this honourable service, thus

1 An Imperial Guard formed by Constantine I to replace the earlier Praetorian Cohort, so called from the Scholae or companies of cadets assigned to the Palace; cf. Book VIII. XXvii. 2.

5 "lovarivos GP, corrector in 5, ’fovariviavds St.

285

19

20

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

Xpymata peyara mepiBaromevos. ere S€é ToOv- Tots Tols KaTaAoyols ovdéva évdelv TO RoLTOV naGeto, éETépous avtots és Suayirious évTéHerker, oborep UmepaplO uous exdovp. éreton O€ auros Thy Paotrelay Eaxe, TOUTOUS vrepaptO ous amre- gelato avTixa para TOV YpnLiTwY ovd OTLOdY atrobovs apiaw.

"Es pévtor Tovs €vT0s TOD TaY axYOAapiwv apiOwod dvras émevoes Tade. Vika oTpaTevpA emt AvBinv 7 “Itadiav 7 esi Ilépcas as otadr- cetat émido€ov ein Kal avtois ws? Evotpartev- covow émnyyerre avoKxevalecOar, Kaitrep é€eTr- oTdpmevos emLTNSELWS AUTOUS és TO aTpaTEver Oat @s HKLoTA EXEL, ot de3 TobT0 iva pn yévntat deloavTes _Xpovou ol pntoo TAS Evyragers adiecav. TAaADTA eV Tols 7 Xodaplors TONKS Evynvéx On maeiv. Kal Tlérpos 6€ Tov dmavra Xpovov pica THv TOD _Haryior pou KaXoupevou elyev apxnv, ael Kal’ 7 mepav avrous Krorrals apmvOnto améxvace. TpGos wev yap vy Kal ws Tota vB pigerv elds, KeTTLOTATOS 6é avO pom ov amdvt@y Kal puTrov aicx poo aTexXvas eum ews. TovTOU TOD Tlérpou Kav TOUS eum poo Gev oryous éuvnoOny ate Tov "AparacovvOns ghovov tis Oevdepiyxou tardos elpyac mevov.

Kiol 6€ kai €repo. tov év Iladatiw todd akiwtepo., émel Kal mrelw TO Snudaiov adtois

xopnyev elwOev ate Kai peiSw Katatibetor Tod 4

etm corrector in G, PS, 4» G. ws added by Reiske.

of de Alemannus: ovdé¢. Before rot Reiske added iép.

m 2 to oe

286

ANECDOTA xxiv. 18-24

securing for himself great amounts of money. But when at length he observed that there was no longer any vacancy in these ranks, he added to their number two thousand recruits, and these they used to call “ supernumeraries.’’ But when he himself took over the Empire, he shook off these supernumeraries with great speed, giving them no payment what- ever.1

But for those included in the regular body of the Scholarii he devised the following. When it was to be expected that an army would be sent against Libya or Italy or Persia, he would issue orders to them to pack up as though to take part in the expedition, though he knew well that they were not at all fit for active service, and they, in terror, remitted their pay to him for a specified period in order that this might not be done. And it so hap- pened that this befell the Scholarii many times. And Peter also, during the whole time while he held the office of Magister, as it is called, was con- stantly harassing them every day with unheard-of thefts. For while he was indeed a mild man and not at all versed in offering insult, at the same time he was the biggest thief in the world and absolutely filled with shameful avarice. This Peter has been mentioned also in the previous books? as having carried out the murder of Amalasuntha, daughter of Theoderic.

And there are also others in the Palace held in much higher esteem, for the Treasury is accus- tomed to allow them a higher wage on the ground that they on their part have paid larger amounts

1 He dismissed them without pay.

* Book V. iv. 17 ff. Cf. also Secret History xvi. 2-5.

287

B 137

127A

bo or

26

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

THS oTpatelas ovo“aTos Ta TLunpaTa, of 67 Souéotixol TE Kal TpoTiKT@pes emixahodvrar Kal} avéxadev apenrernTot elot Tohenioy Epyov. takews yap Kal mpoowmov évexa Hovov €v Iladartivois? el@Pacr kataréyerOar. Kal avTay ot pev év Bufavtiw, oi dé émi te Taratias?® éx Taha.ov Kal ywpiwy éTépwv iSpvytar. adda Kal toutous ‘lovotiviavos TtpoTw ael Sedircopmevos TO elpnuevw peClecPar avayxafe TOV Tpocn- Kova av ohiat cuvtakewy.4 ev Keparaiw dé TodTo ElpyoeTal. VoOmos AV ava TevTaeTnploa ExadoTnV Tov Bactiréa THY oTpaTLwTaY ExacTov Swpeicbat Ypuci@ TAKTO. TET OVTES dé ava TevTaeTES TAVTAX OTE TAS ‘Popatov apxis TapelXovTo oTaThpas xpvaods oT paTiern ExdoT@ TEVTE, Kal TOUTO OVX olov TE HY [Ln mpaccer Oa ael unxyavn maon. e€& OTov dé avnp bbe SiwKnoaTo THY ToNtTeLaVv, TOLODTO ovdey ouUTE Suet pagaro oUTE EHEANITE,? KALTTED Xpovov dvo Kal TplaxovTa eVLAUT OY TpiBevtos HON, WOTE Kal Aj Ony TOU épyou TouTou Tols avOpwrrots yevérOar Tid.

Tporov 6€ Kal dddov THs és TO’s KaTHKOOUS AenAracias Epwv EpYomat. of Bacidel TE Kal Tais apyais év Bufavtio 1) omAomevor 1) ypadupata draxerplCovtes 7) ANNO OTLODY UNpETODVTES Tdc- govTar pev ev TOls KaTAaNOYyoS apyinV ErxXaTOL, mpoiovtos b€ TOD ypovou avaSaivovTes del es TOY atroywopmevav 7) ume~ovTwv THY Ywpav Takews

1 «ad added by Reiske.

2 Tadartvos Haury, cf. Chap. xxii. 12: Madarly.

3 Tadarlas Maltretus: yada PS, ydAatas EK.

4 cuvratexy PS, takewr G.

288

ANECDOTA xxiv. 24-30

for the name of belonging to the service; these are called Domestici and Protectores, and from ancient times they have been unpractised in deeds of war. For it is only for the sake of rank and for the appear- ance of the position that they are wont to have themselves enrolled among the Palace corps. And from ancient times some of these have had their residence in Byzantium, some in Galatia and some in other places. But these too Justinian was con- stantly intimidating in the manner described, thus compelling them to relinquish the pay which belonged to them. And this shall be explained in summary. There was a law that every four years the Emperor should present to each one of the soldiers a specified sum of gold. So every fourth year they used to send ‘messengers throughout every part of the Roman Empire and present five gold staters to each soldier. And there could not be any failure in this matter at any time or by any means. But since the time when this man took over the administration of the State, he has neither done such a thing nor purposed to do it, though a period of thirty-two years has passed already, so that men have even come to forget this practice to some extent.

_ And I shall pass on to explain still another of his methods of plundering his subjects. Those who mount guard or handle dispatches for the Emperor and the officials in Byzantium, or who perform any other service whatsoever, are assigned at first to the lowest ranks, and as time goes on they advance steadily to fill the places of those who have died or retired, and each of them keeps moving up from the

5 éuédAnoe Reiske: euéAnce.

289 VOL. VI. U

B 138

32

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

&xaoTo. THS Kat avTovs és TObE Ywpodcw, Ews y” fal > \ lal , ” 3 A av ris Bab mov émiBeBnxas TOV TpwTov bn és TO fol fal > Tf / lal r Ths Tyuns adpixntar mépas. Kal toils és Todt akv@pmatos Kova. Xpywata é€x tadaod diaté- rn \ lol ¢ cr TAKTaL TOTaDTA TO TANOOS Wate TAEOV ava TaV étos 1) és ExaTov yYpvacod ayelperOar KevTHVapLa \ / a val TovtTos, Kal! avtovs Te ynpoKopetcOar Kal TOV a \ / > lal > / 2 la aXAw@v TOAOUS METEVELY AUTOIS WhErELAS EK TOU emt mAEelaTov THs évOev? EvvéBarve, THs TE TOA / \ Telas TA TpaymaTa eT péya evToplas adel Ta’TN ] / *) \N \ ef / > \ > exwpel. adda Baoidevs O5€ TOUTwY avTOUS aTro- / cal rc oTEepnoas TXEOOY TL ATaVTwWDY,® a’TOIsS TE Kal TOLS ” ) 4 Ne iy L \ adXots avOpwtros Kaka Hveyxev. arrapuévn yap lal / - fal r avT@v 1) Teva Tp@TOV, eita Kai Sia THY Aro, / / fol éy@per ols TL Kal TPOTEpoV wpeErELas wETHV. Kal \ fal a nv tls THY EvyTEeTTw@KULaY avTois evOévbe Enuiay és étn Ovo Kal Tpidxovta SiapiOpmotto, evpnoe TO J lal MéeTpov @vTrEp avTovs aTroaTepeiaBar EvvéTece. e / Ke. Tods uev otpatevopévous oUTws 0 TUpavVoS el \ a 60e dveypyjoato. dmep Sé a’T@ és Ewtropous TE Kal vavtas Kal Bavatcous Kal ayopaiovs avOpe- mous, Ot avT@V TE Kal és Tos AAXOUS aTaVTAsS ld elpyactar, Ppacwv Epyouat. TopOuw dvo éExa- i o Tépwlev Bufartiov éatov, atepos pev ep’ “EAXNo- , > \ , Ys? ¢ \ \ movtov aupl Xnotov te kat “ABudov, o b€ 82) 3 a A , érepos él Tov atopatos Tov Kvgetvou kaXoupéevou c \ / ‘\ nr Ilovtov, ob 70 ‘lepov ovopagerar. ev pev ody TO ‘EAXnotovtouv TopOu® Tehwvetoy pev ev Snpociw

1 «at added by Reiske. 2 rhs €vOev Alemannus: ols évOev. 3 7. amdvrwy Reiske, 5} amavrwy Alemannus: dia mavTwr.

290

ANECDOTA xxiv. 30-xxv. 3

rank he has held until such time as he mounts the topmost step and attains to the highest attainable point of this career. For those who have achieved this high rank a salary has been assigned from of old, so huge that each year they gather in more than one hundred centenaria of gold,t and it has come about that not only they themselves are cared for in old age but that many others also share with them, as a general thing, the assistance derived from this source, and the affairs of the State have in this way advanced to a high point of prosperity. But this Emperor, by depriving them of practically all these revenues, has brought woes upon them and the rest of mankind. For poverty laid hold upon them first and then passed on through the rest who previously had had some share of their benefit. And if anyone should calculate the loss which fell upon them from this source over a period of thirty- two years, he would arrive at the measure of the amount of which it was their misfortune to be deprived.

xxv. Thus were the men in service mishandled by this tyrant. And I shall now proceed to tell of his treatment of merchants and sailors and craftsmen and traders in the market-place and, through these, of all the others. ‘There are two straits on the two sides of Byzantium, the one at the Hellespont between Sestus and Abydus and the other at the mouth of the sea called Euxine, where is the place named Hieron.? Now on the Strait of the Hellespont there was no public Customs House at all, but a certain

1 Cf. Chap. i. 33, note.

2 Cf. Chap. xv. 36. The modern quarantine station for ships coming from the Black Sea is near this point.

291 u2

12 U4

B 139

or

PROCOPIUS OF CAESARBA

@S HKiaTa Hv, apxwv Oé TLs Ex Bagiiéws oTEAAO- pevos ev “ABVdw Kabjato, Siepevvmpevos pev Hv vads otra dépovoa és Buldvtiov ov Baciréws lou yuopun, Kal Hv tis éx Bufavtiov avayotto ov Pepomevos ypaupata Tov avdpov Kal onpeta ols emixerTar 1) Tin avtTn (ov yap Oéuis Twa éx Bulavriov avaryer Gat ouK adetpévov T pos TOM avopav ov TH TOD payioTpou Kahoupevou apxn?

Umoupyovat) TMpaTTomevos 6€ TOUS Tay mhotwy Kupious TENOS * ovdevl aia Onou TapeXomevov aN domep Tia pra Bov 0 TavTny On THY apy EXOV TOD épyou ToUTOU Nau Savew n&lov' 0 pévToL emt TopO mod Tod erépou oTedomevos TOV Hea Bov ael 7 pos Bacr€éws KEKOMLT MEVOS Hy Kal Stepevvo- pevos és TO ax piBes TAUTa TE, amep jou elpnTat, Kal Hv TL és Tovs BapBdpovs Komiforto, of Tapa tov Kv€ervov ispuvrat Wovtov, avrep ov Oéuts €x “Popatov THS ys és TOUS moNe pious Kopiver Bar. ovdev pévtor €Env TO avdpl TOVTe Tpos Tay THdE vauTirrouévov Tpociecbar. e£ o8 8 "love- Tiviavos THY Bacirelav TapédXaPe, TeXwveiov TE dnpwootov KATETTHIATO év mopO ne EKaTEDO Kal pra Bopopous apxovtas dvo € és Gel WELT OV pic Ba- ol fev avTois mapel Xero THY EvyKeevny, erny-— yerre O€ Xpnuata of OTe mheioTa evOévde attopépery Suvamer TH Taon. ol 5€ adAXo ovdey # evvotay of THY és avTov evdeikvucbat év orrovdy éyovtes atmatdravta Tpos TOY TAEOVT@Y TA TOV hoptiov Tiunpata Anifopwevor aTnAXaCCOVTO.

lL obk dpemmévoy .. . apxt Alemannus : mpos Tav avdpay ot TH TOU B uarylorpou odK apeimevay apxt kadounevou, 2 5 after réAos deleted by Maltretus, réAos 53) Sykoutres.

292

ANECDOTA xxv. 3-6

magistrate commissioned by the Emperor was stationed at Abydus, watching to see whether any ship bearing arms went towards Byzantium without the Emperor’s permission, and also whether anyone was putting out from Byzantium without carrying a permit and seals from the men who have this func- tion (for it is illegal for anyone to put out from Byzantium without being released by the men who serve the office of the official known as the “ Magis- ter’), and collecting from the masters of the ships a toll which was felt by no one, but which was, as it were, a sort of payment claimed by the man who held this office as compensation for his labour. But the man dispatched to the other strait had always received his salary from the Emperor, and he watched with great care for the things I have men- tioned and, in addition, to see whether anything was being conveyed to the barbarians who are settled along the Euxine Sea, of a sort which it is not permitted to export from the land of the Romans to their enemies. This man, however, was not permitted to accept anything from those who sailed that way. But since the time when the Emperor Justinian took over the Empire, he has established a public Customs House on each strait, and sending out regularly two salaried officials, although he did provide the salary agreed upon, yet he directed them to use every means in their power to make a return to him from that source of as much money as possible. And they, being con- cerned only with demonstrating to him their loyalty towards him, finished by plundering from the shippers the entire value of their cargoes.

3 Fv Suidas: ef.

7

B 140 9

10

11

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

a \ s Q a e /, rn > / > vy pev ody TropOud Exatépw Tadta emote év dé Bufavtiw émevoes Tabde. TaV TWa ot émLTN- / / 4 delwy TpovoTHaaTo, Lvpov pev yévos, dvopa be "ASS a eee is 3 , rr > a a ’ 56 atov,! & 61 emnyyeddev Ex VNdV TOV évTtadba KaTalpovo@v dvynaiv Ttivd ot TopiferPa. oO 6é TAOla amavtTa Ta KaTaipovta és tov Bulav- / > / > / 3 / > \ A TLOV ALMEVA OUKETL éevbévode Nplel, AXXAa TOUS ) lal / r r VaUKANpOUS 7) TOlS TinpaciW eCnulou vN@Y TAY / x > r yy 7 AY 2) , adheTépwv 1) avadopetv és te AtBunv cat Itadtav nvayKate. Kal avTa@v ol pev oUTE avTipopTiver Cat BA Lal ” A 2 \ 7 ovte OadXatToupyety Ete HOENOV, AAAA KaVGAaVTES Ta opéTepa TOLA Aopevol AaTNANATTOVTO. GaoLs \ aS pévrou emravayKes Hv ex TavTns 6) THS épyacias tov Biov troteicAar obtor 8n* TpiTAaciav Tpos lal f \ / TOV éuTopev THY plcOwaolv KEKOMLoMEVOL TO a / Nowtrov EhopTifovto, Tois TE ETOPOLS TEPLELTTHKEL TavTny ohiow avtois tHv Enulavy mpos TOV Ta poptia @vOULEVoV iacacOat. ot} Tw TE ALpLOKTO- vetaOat maon NnXavy Tovs ‘Pepatous EvvéBawev. "AAG TavTa pev THOe KaTa TI ToALTELaY epépeto. a& Sé Kal és Ta Képuata Tois Bact- a 2 Nedow _elpyacrat OU mot Ta.puTéov olopar eval. TOV ep dpyupaporBav ™ poTepov déxa Kal bia- Kootous dBonovs, ous pornrets Karovow, umép EvOS OTPATHpos Ypuaovd mpoiecOar Tots EvpBar- / Novow eiwOoTwrv, avtol émitexva@pmevor Képdn lal \ a oikela oyoonKovtTa Kal ExaTov povous Umép TOD 1 *Addatov Dindorf: dddedv. 2 6) Haury: de.

1 The dodAXs was a coin valued at two denarii; under the earlier Emperors the word had been used to designate a money- bag (a meaning derived from porns, ** bellows ’—a leather bag), and then such a bag filled with pieces of two denariz each;

294

ANECDOTA xxv. 7-12

Such were the measures he took at each of the two straits. And at Byzantium he hit upon the following plan. He gave a commission to one of his intimates, a Syrian by birth named Addaeus, in- structing him to secure for him some profit from the ships which put in at that port. And he from that time on would not allow any boat which put in to the harbour of Byzantium to depart from there unmolested, but he either penalized the ship-masters the value of their ships or else compelled them to put back to Libya and Italy. And some of them were unwilling either to take on a return cargo or to continue any longer in the maritime business, but were glad enough to get off by burning their own boats straightway. All those, however, who were obliged to make their living from just this occupation would first collect treble charges from the importing merchants and thereafter continue to take on cargoes; and as for the merchants, their way out of the difficulty was to make good their own loss at the expense of those who purchased the goods; and thus it came about that the Romans were being starved to death by every device.

Such is the way things were going as regards the administration of affairs. But I think that I should not omit to mention also what was done by the imperial pair with reference to the small coinage. For while the money-changers formerly were accus- tomed to give to those who bargained with them in exchange for one gold stater two hundred and ten obols, which they call pholleis,1 these persons, contriving private gain for themselves, had it arranged

these bags, when officially sealed and stamped, were current at a fixed value. See Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclop. s.v.

295

13

B 141

16

17

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

atathpos didoc8ar tovs odBorovs dreTaEavTo.t TauTn » 5€ voulopatos Exdotov ypuaod éBdounv * amétenov poipay * * *4 qaytay avOpoTov.

"Emel 6€ of Bactrels odTOL TOY wviwy Ta TreloTa eis TA” KANOVMEVA TEPLOTHTAVTES [OVO- Torta, TOUS TL @VHcaTOaL Bovropévous del Kal? ExdoTny amémvuyov, mova € avTois avépatta Ta THS ecOHTos edXéAELTTO TwANTHPLA, pNXa- vavtar Kal aud’ avtois Tdbe. ipdtia Ta €K petaens év Bnput@ péev cal Tip moreor Tats emt Dowlens épyalecOar éx madaiod elw@ber. ot TE TOUTwWY EuTOpoL Te Kal émLdnuLovpyol Kal texvitat évtavdda To avéxabev wxovy,® evOévde Te €s yhv aracay hépecOar TO éutroAn“a TOTO EvvéBawev. émrel b€ ‘lovariiavod Bacirevovros ot émt TavTy T™ epyacia év te Bufavtio Kai moet Tals adraus ovTes akiwtépav drrebibovt Thy écOTa TavTnVv, aiti@pevor peifov pev 1) mpoTepov év Xpove TO TapovtTt wep auras kataBarreo Bat TO Tipe Tlépoaus, Trew € vov Ta SexatevTn} pla elvar ev yn TH ‘Popator, donna dnacw ) avToKpaTwp T Apex dmevos ote 51 emt TOUT ayavaxroin, vO dnacw areime pa) TA€oV 1) OKT@ YpvaT@v THs TowavTns eaOijros THY AiTpay eivat. Kal Tporriwnwa EXELTO Tots TapaBnoopmévois Tov vomov TOV UmapxKovT@y atepeiaOar ypnudtwv. tadta Tois avOpwrois aunxyava te kal dopa éddKe: TavTaTacw eivat.

dierdtavto Maltretus, Sierdtaro Suidas: dierpatayro. raitn Reiske : Tabrny.

Esddunv Haury: é«rny MSS and Suidas,

Lacuna indicated by Reiske ; én (nuia?

- on

2096

ANECDOTA xxv. 12-17

that only one hundred and eighty obols should be given for the stater. In this way they cut off a seventh! part of the value of every gold coin .

of all men.

But when these sovereigns had brought most of the merchandise under the control of the monopolies, as they are called, and every single day were strang- ling those who wished to buy anything, and only the shops where clothing is sold were left untouched by them, they devised this scheme for that business also. Garments made of silk had been wont from ancient times to be produced in the cities of Beirut and Tyre in Phoenicia. And the merchants and craftsmen and artisans of these stuffs had lived there from ancient times, and this merchandise was carried thence to the whole world. And when, in the reign of Justinian, those engaged in this trade both in Byzantium and in the other cities were selling this fabric at an excessive price, excusing themselves with the statement that at the time in question they were paying the Persians a higher price than formerly, and that the customs-houses were now more numerous in the land of the Romans, the Emperor gave everyone the impression that he was vexed with this, and he made a general pro- vision by law that one pound of this stuff should not cost more than eight gold pieces. And the penalty appointed for those who should transgress this law was to be deprived of all the money they had. This seemed to the people altogether impossible and out

1 The stater, cut from 21 obols to 18, lost one-seventh of its original value.

5 els ra, added by Alemannus. ® gxovy PS, dSkvouv G. 297

B 142

18

19

20

21

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

ov yap olov Te Hv Tovs éumropous peelCovos Tihs Ta optia Tav’tTa éwynpévous éAadacovos aura 1 Tols EvpBadrovow atrodtéocbar. 610 6) Tav- THY wey THY euTroplay epyoraBeiv ovuKete nEloup, émiK OT WT E POV dé poptioy TOV opiow arrone- Neupéev@v €TroLovVTO KATA Bpaxy TaS mMpacets, dnovore TOV yve@piwov Tio ly, olamep ® Ta TouvTa Karrwmivery TH operepa avuTo@V Tpoie- pEvoUs év 8007) iy TpoTM® Tw avayKatov éyiveto. av 6) PBactrIs érripiO upelovt ov TIWaY alcd0ouevn, KaiTEp Ov Bacavicaca Ta OpurXovpeva, Evpravra evdus Ta popria Tovs avOperrous aetrero, kal Xpuatov avTous és KevTnvapLov em TLpeNTaLevn sick ape 3 d€ TavTyS év ye ‘Pwpaiows ths épyacias 0 tois BactdtKols epeatas Oncavpois. Ilétpov oby TOV Bapovpny erie Ano éml TAUTNS KATHOTNOAHEVOL THS TLLAS ov TONG botEpov errex@povy auto mpaocew avoov epya. Tous pev yap* diddous drravTas TOV voMov és TO axpuBes edixatou Tnpelv, TOUS dé Tod Epyou tovTov TexviTas aiT@ wove ava- yeatov epy ates Gar GATreSLOOTO,° OVKETL em LK pUTTO- Hevos, arn ev TO dnote THS aryopas Badijs pev THS TpooTvxovons THY ovyetay ovyY ooov » KaTa €E& ypucav, Baupatos 5€ Tod Bacidixod, émep Kaneiv OOBnpov vevouikact, TéoV 7) TET-

/ \ y a \ cal \ 2 cdpwv Kal elKoot ypvo@v. Kal Paotret pev

evOévoe peyddra xpnuata epepev, avtos S€ TreEpt-

1 gira PS, tTimis G. 2 oiomep Alemannus : ef7ep.

3 Before &pxe: Haury indicates a lacuna; a transition has been lost, e.g. ‘‘But later these sovereigns did not decline to manage the trade in silken garments even in Byzantium.”

4 yap added by Haury. 5 aredidoro Reiske: éred{doro.

298

ANECDOTA xxv. 17-22

of the question. For it was not possible for the importing merchants, having bought these cargoes at a higher price, to sell them to the dealers for less. Therefore they no longer cared to engage in the importation of this stuff, and they gradually disposed of the remainder of their cargoes by rather furtive methods, selling no doubt to certain of the notables who found a satisfaction in making a shew of such finery through the lavish expenditure of their money—or, in a certain sense, they were obliged to do so. And when the Empress became aware of these transactions through the whisperings of cer- tain persons, though she did not investigate the gossip that was going round, she immediately took the entire cargoes away from the men and, in addi- tion, imposed upon them a fine of a centenarium of gold.t . . . But this particular business is under the control, among the Romans at least, of the official in charge of the imperiak treasures. Consequently, having appointed Peter surnamed Barsymes to this position not long afterwards, they indulged him in doing execrable things. For while he required all other men strictly to observe the law, the craftsmen of this trade he required to work for himself alone, and he would sell dyes, no longer furtively but in the public square of the market-place, at the rate of no less than six gold pieces the ounce for the ordinary quality, but more than twenty-four gold pieces for the imperial dye which they are wont to call holo- verum.2. And while he produced large sums from that source for the Emperor, he himself gained still

1 Cf. Chap. i. 33, note. 2 ** All genuine”; a hybrid word.

8 viyxiay Alemannus: olxiay.

299

P 74

B 143

24

26

bo

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

Baddopevos trAElw éeXavOavev, OTEp am’ avTod apEdpevov és adel euerve. povos yap és TOE TOU Xpovov _EmTropos TE aTapakadUTTWS Kal Kamnos Tov ETON LATOS TOvOE cabioratat. EmTropou pev ovv Goo TPOTEpov TV épryaciay TavTny peTnEecav eV TE Bufavtio Kal 7rodeL éxdoTn Aaarroupyol Te Kal éyyetor ep epovto @s TO elkos Ta Ex TIS épyacias KaKd. év 6é TorEeow 0 OHpos aYEdov TL 6AOS Tals Elpnuevats mpocattnts | éEarrivaiws éyéveto. Bdvavao yap avOpwro. Kal yeipwovaktes LUO Tadalev, ws TO €lKos, nvayxalovto, ToNAOL TE am avUTOU THY ToNLTELaV peTASAaANOpMEVOL PEvyOVTES WYOVTO és ta Ilepody 7j0y. ovos 6€ aet 0 THy Onaaupav dpxov évepyohaSav 70 eprom jue. TOUTO molpav bev Bacrel, domep elpnTat, Top@v tov evOévde drop épetv n&élov, avTos S€ Ta TAELw Pepopevos Snportass auppopais émovTE. TadTa pev ovV THOE KEK @pnKer.

xs. “Ovtwa 6€ TpoTov TOY TOAEWY TOUS KOgmoUS Kal Ta éyKa\AwWTicpaTAa TavTa éV TE Bufavtiw Kal mode éExdotn Kabedrety ioxucev avTika é€povpev. TpwTa pev KaTadVELY TO TOV pytopav akiwpa éyvw. Ta Te yap éralra avtovs adetreto evOvs? dmavta, olatep tpudav Te Ta TpoTepa Kal éyxadrAwTiberOat THs cUVN- yopias adpetmévor elwOact, Kal Siwpotous auvic-

1 rpooaitntys Alemannus: mpocartety thy GP, xpoca- Te 5S. P P > 2 avrovds apelAero evOs P, adeideto adrovs G.

300

ANECDOTA xxv. 22—xxvi. 2

more without being observed, and this practice, which began with him, has always continued. For he alone, up to the present time, is established, with no attempt at concealment, as both importer and retailer of this merchandise. Consequently the importers who in former times had engaged in this trade both at Byzantium and in the other cities, on sea and on land, now had to endure, as was to be expected, the hardships arising from this procedure. And in the other cities practically the whole population found itself suddenly reduced to beggary. For the mechanics and the hand-workers were naturally compelled to struggle with hunger, and many in consequence changed their citizenship and went off as fugitives to the land of Persia. But always the Master of the Treasures 1 stood alone as sole manager of this business, and while he did consent to deliver to the Emperor a portion of its profits, as has been said, he carried off the greater portion for himself and was enriching himself through public calamities. So much then for this.

xxvi. Weshall now tell how he succeeded in destroy- ing the marks of distinction and all the things which confer honour and beauty both in Byzantium and in every other city. First he decided to abolish the rank of rhetor;? for he straightway deprived the rhetors of all their competitive prizes in which they had formerly been wont to revel and take great pride when they had discharged their function as advocates, and he ordered those at variance with one

1 Praefectus Aerarii. * The Rhetors were professional pleaders, or attorneys-at- law ; cf. Chap. xx. 17.

301

3

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

tac9at Tovs Stapepopevous exéXevoe,) Kal at avTov meptuSptapevor év TON abu pia” éyé- vovTo. emel d€ TOY TE aTO THS GUyKATOU BovrAjs Kal TOV AdrAXov Eevdatmovwv SoKxovyTwY elvat ey TE Bulavtio Kal m™aon TH “Popaiwy apxh Taoas, OoTeEp Eppn, Tas ovalas adelrero, apyelv TO Aovmrov To émiTnoevpaTL TOUT® €Xé- NeiTTO. ov yap eiyov avOpwro. AOyoU oOTOVODY ovder a&.ov ovmep av Kal audio Bnrotev aXrAnroLS. avtixa Tolvuy €k ToAN@Y peV OALYOL, e& evdoEwv 6€ Alay Kooy abo£ou Tarra oe yeyovores THS yas TEVia LED, os 70 elKOs, TON elXovTo, wouny de UBpw thy amo Tov Epyov depopevor amTn\XaooorTo.

"AXAA Kal Tos laTpo’s Te Kal d’dacKadovS TOV €dEvGEplwy TOV advayKalwy atropeiaPar® memoinke. Tas Te yap. oLTHoELS AS Ol TPOTEpOV BeBacrrevKores €x Tov dnpociov xXopnyeia Gat TOUTOLS 59 Tots emit devpac eragay, TavTas 51) ovTos adetheTo macas. Kal pny Kal boous ol Tas TOoAELS OlKOUYTES ATaTaS TONLTLKOY odtowy %) Oewpnttxav olxobev TretrolinvtTat Topous, Kal TovToUs peTayayav dopos avapi~ar Tots Snpoctors é€TOAMNTE. Kal ovUTE laTpa@V TiS 7) du6acKadXwV TO AoLTTOY eyiveTO AOYOS OTE Snpo- alas Tis €TL’ olKkodomtas mpovoeiy iaxvoev ovTE huxva Tals mwoAeow év Snpooiw éxdeTo 4 OuUTE TIS my adn mapawyux?) Tols TaUTAaS OlKOVGL. Ta te yap Oéatpa Kal immdodpouor Kal Kxuvnyéota

1 For rots... éekéAevoe Suidas has ots dSiapepomeévors exeAeve Tols pyTopas. 2 aduuiag Alemannus: donla.

302

Sy ee

ANECDOTA xxvi. 2-8

another to litigate directly under oath; and being thus scorned, the rhetors fell into great despondency. And after, as has been said, he had taken away all the properties of the Senators and of the others who were considered prosperous, both in Byzantium and throughout the whole Roman Empire, there was nothing left for this profession thereafter other than to remain idle. For men possessed nothing of any value whatsoever, concerning which they might dispute with one another. Immediately, therefore, having become few in number instead of many and being everywhere held in no esteem at all though they had formerly been most highly esteemed, they were oppressed by extreme poverty, as was to be expected, and in the end gained nothing from their profession except insults alone.

Nay more, he also caused physicians and teachers of free-born children to be in want of the necessities of life. For the allowances of free maintenance which former Emperors had decreed should be given to men of these professions from the public funds he cancelled entirely. Furthermore, all the revenues which the inhabitants of all the cities had been raising locally for their own civic needs and for their public spectacles he transferred and dared to mingle them with the national income. And thereafter neither physicians nor teachers were held in any esteem, nor was anyone able any longer to make provision for public buildings, nor were the public lamps kept burning in the cities, nor was there any other consolation for their inhabitants. For the theatres and hippodromes and circuses were

3 Gmropetoba P, orepetaba Gr.

* éxdero KraSeninnikoy, éxcdorn Alemannus: éxdory.

393

B 144 P 75

ll

13

14

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

’ nr > \ tal oe ” Ka / e €x TOD él TWAEioTOV ATavTa Hpyel, OV dy OL \ Lal / Q \ / al \ Thv yuvaika tetéxOar te Kal teOpadGat! Kal fal / ve \ lal 4 metaroeva bat EvvéBawev. Uaortepov dé Tadta oH > lal \ 9 $} B / ’ / \ / apyetv kat” év Bufavtiw éxéXevoe Ta Oeapata, r \ \ ’ , cr r TOU 1) TA ELwOOTA Yopynyetv TO SnuoaLov Toros \ , TE Kal ayXedov TL avapltOuols ovaw ois évOévde ¢ / => > / \ nr 4 \ o Bios. Hv te idla Te Kal KowH AUT) TE Kal / ef ” r > > > r KaTnpela, wWaTep aXNO TL TOY aT ovpavod > / / \ / cal > / emiaknpacat alos, kal Bios tacw ayéXacTos. 7 \ / 2O\ > 4 ca) > / ado TE TO Tapdtrayv ovdev epépeTo Tols avOpa- Tos év Oinynpacwy, oiKoL Te OVTL Kal ayopafouct Kav Tois tepois SvatptBovowy 7%) cvpdpopal te Kal TaOn Kal KaLVoTEepwY aTUYnUdTaV UTEpBodn. Tadta péev oUTwm Tals modecw elyev. 0 6€ TO NOyw NeltreTal, ToUTO elveiv akLov. UmaTot ‘Pwpaiwy ava trav étos éywwécOnv dv0, dtepos ¢€ pev ev “Poun, o 6€ 8) repos ev Bufavtio. id \ ’ \ \ ’ fal we / x Oats O€ Els THY TLuLNY exadElTO TaUTHY THéOV 1) KEVTHVapLA YXpvTov eikoow &€s THY ToONTELAV dvanoby éuedrev, OAlya fev oiKeia, Ta de TAElaTa Tpos Baciéws KEeKopicmévos. TAdTa TE \ , ” \ ” 2 > , Ta YpHnwaTa és TE TOUS aANOUS wYTTEP EuyynTOnv kal és TOV Biwy Tols aTopwTépous ex TOD eT fal Ul \ / > \ > \ TrElaTov dhepomeva Kat Stapepovtws és Tovs éeTt ocKNVAS aTavTa Ta Tpaypwata és ael TH TodEL > / >’ Ka \ ? \ \ , avictn. é€& o¥ 6€ ‘lovativavos thy Bacidevav mapéraBev, ovKete Katpols Tots KaOnKoveL TAaDTA

1 reOpapea: Haury: rerpap@at. 304

ANECDOTA xxvi. 8-15

all closed for the most part—the places in which, as it happened, his wife had been born and reared and educated. And later he ordered these spectacles to close down altogether, even in Byzantium, so that the Treasury might not have to supply the usual sums to the numerous and almost countless persons who derived their living from them. And there was both in private and in public sorrow and dejection, as though still another affliction from Heaven had smitten them, and there was. no laughter in life for anyone. And no other topic whatever arose in the conversation of the people, whether they were at home or in the market-place or were tarrying in the sacred places, than disasters and calamities and misfortunes of novel kind in surpassing degree.

Such was the situation in the cities. And that which remains to be told is worth recounting. Two Consuls of the Romans were chosen each year, the one in Rome and the other in Byzantium. And whoever was called to this honour was sure to be required to spend more than twenty centenaria of gold! on the State, a small portion of this being his own money but the most of it supplied by the Emperor. This money was distributed to those whom I have mentioned and to those, as a general thing, who were altogether destitute of means of subsistence, and particularly to performers on the stage, and thus provided constant support for all civic undertakings. But since the time when Jus-

_ tinian took over the Empire, these things were no

1 Cf. Chap. i. 33, note.

2 «al added by de Stefani. 395

VOL. VI. xX

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B 145 17

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émpaoaeto’ ada Tal pev TpwHTa* TOAD / ¢ / ‘Pwpatots tmatos Kabiotato xpovov, Tedev- lol » \ la} s Ta@vTes 6€ ovde dvap TO mpaypa ewpwv, ef ob \ 51) Tevia Tul evoene OT ATA eopiyyeTo Ta av- Opareva, Ta bev elw ora TOU Bactrews * OUKETL Tols UmrnKools Tapexyouévov, Ta O€ tmTdpyovta TpoTrous amace mavtaxobev adatpoupevov.

‘Os pev ov Ta OnjuooLa KATATLOV Evpmavta Xpywata Tors €K THs ouyKATOU Bounijs 0 upewy obTos ExaoTov Te lola Kal Kown Evp- TavTas Tas ovatas adipntar, duapxas bedvn-

ynobat oipae. @s O€ Kal TOUS addous evoaipovas Soxodvras elvat cvKopavria TrepLu@oy apatpetaGar Ta Xpipara iaXUGED, ixavorara How eiphjo bar

/ vopitw, kal* wévTot oTpaTlMtas® TE Kal ApYoucL maow vmnpetovvtas Kai tovs év Lladatio aTpaTevopéevous, yewpryous TE Kal YwWplwy KTTO- / / \ pas Kal Kuptous, Kal ols év Noyous Ta érriTNOEv- pata €oTly, ara pV EwTrOpoOUs TE Kal VaVKANpOUS Kal vavtas, Bavavoovs Te Kal YEeLpwvaKTas Kal ayopatous Kal ols amo TeV ET THS TKNVAS ErLTN- devpatov o Bios, Kal pnv Kal Tovs adXoUS ws > lal 7 ’ A fal , ‘ > elmeiy amravtas és ods duKvetcbar BraBos TO éx Tovee ® cuuBaiver. e \ / \ \ ? / Oia S€ Tovs Te TpocaiTnTas Kal ayedXalous / ,

avOpwtouvs Kal mTwXovs Te Kal AWBN Tdaoy

1 For aAAad 7a most editors have read &AdAore with Alemannus,

2 rpéra added by Haury, . . . mpara udvos tis by KraSe- ninnikov.

3 rod BaoiAéws added by Haury.

4 «al Reiske, od Haury: ev.

5 srpatiétas Reiske: orpari@rais.

306

ll aR

ANECDOTA xxvi. 15-18

longer done at the appropriate seasons ; but although at first a Consul was appointed for the Romans after a long interval, yet finally the people never saw that official even in a dream,! and consequently man- kind was being most cruelly pinched by a kind of poverty, since the Emperor no longer provided his subjects with what they had been wont to receive, but kept on depriving them in every way and every- where of what they still possessed.

Now how this despoiler has been swallowing up all the public monies and how he has been fleecing the members of the Senate of their property, both individually and all of them in common, has, I[ think, been sufficiently described. And how he has cir- cumyented by blackmailing methods the others like- wise who are reputed to be prosperous, and has succeeded in robbing them of their money, this I consider to have been told by me quite adequately ; aye, and the soldiers and those who serve all the magistrates and those. who serve in the Palace as guards, and the farmers and the owners and masters of lands, and those whose profession is oratory,— nay more, the shipping-merchants and the owners of ships and the sailors, and the mechanics and day- labourers and the tradesmen of the market-place and those who derive their living from performances on the stage, and, furthermore, all the other classes, I may say, which are reached by the damage which issues from this man.

And we shall proceed forthwith to tell how he treated the beggars and the common folk and the

1 The consulship was abolished in a.p. 541.

® é« rovde Haury: és tovade.

397

B 146

19

23

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EXOMEVOUS eipyacaro, avtixa epovpev" Ta yap augdt Trois lepetow avTo TET Pay Leva, év Tots Omrta Bev Aorvyous Nerekerau. Tpara perv, Omep elpnTa, amavTa meptBe Brn pmevos Ta Todt npla Kal @vieov TOV dvaryKaLoTaTov Ta Aeyopeva KaTaCTHTAaMEVOS LovoTTMALAa TAEOV 7) TpLTTAaGLA TLunwata Tavtas avOpwrots émpaTTETO. Kal TA pep GAXa Errel avaptOud por Cdokev elvat, ovK av éywye ovde ev Noyw aTEedXeEUTHT@ KaTAEyELY pidroverkoiny: amo b€ TV TO’S apTOUS @Vvov- pévwov TMeKpoTata &s TavTa TOY al@va EcUNEL, OS 61) Kal YELpWVAKTAS Kal TTWYOUS Kal TATn KOBN €XOuEvOUS EE SALON 11) ovK wvetoOar advvatov. auros Mev yap as * €S Tpla KevTnvapla pépecOar ava may Tos ev Oevde, nEtov OTrws ob dpTo Kal atiotepor® Mot Kal oTrobod éuTAEw: OSE yap és TovTo 6) TO THs alaypoxepdetas acéBnua 6 Baotrevs obtos oxvnpos ret,’ TavTn Sé TH OK EL oixeta xépon ETLTEXY@[EVOL ols eTEKELTO 1) TULH auTn avrol jeev pgora és TAOUTOY TWA TeEpt- oT avo pear, ALpwov S€ ‘Tots TTOXOES XELpo- mointov év evOnvotdor xpovors ael mapa dofav eipyatovro, ere ovde aitov éTépw0év Tit eloKo- piterOa TO TapaTrav ef jy, arr avayKatov HV aTact TOUTOUS 81) GVOULEVOUS adptous éaOiew. Tov 6€ THs Todews GyeTOV SteppwyoTa TE

1 gvde ev added by Capps.

2 @s added by Capps.

3 «al (or date) Capps; atidrepo: added by Haury, ¢f. par. 25, uixpdrepor by Comparetti.

4 yee Dindorf: efn.

1 Cf. Chap. i. 14.

ANECDOTA xxvi. 18-23

poor and those afflicted with every form of physical handicap; for his treatment of the priests will be described in my subsequent books. First of all, having taken control, as has been said, of all the shops and having established what are called the monopolies of all the most indispensable goods, he proceeded to exact from the whole population more than threefold the usual prices. Now as to his other doings, inasmuch as they have seemed to me past counting, I, for my part, could not aspire to catalogue them even in an endless narrative; but I will say that from the purchasers of bread he stole most cruelly at all times, men who, being manual labourers and impoverished and afflicted with every physical handicap, could not possibly avoid buying bread. For in order to realize from this source as much as three centenaria? each year, he required that the loaves should be both more expensive and full of ash;% for this Emperor did not hesitate to resort to even so impious an act of shame- ful covetousness as this. And those who were charged with this office, using this pretext as an excuse for contriving some private gains, did indeed find it easy to attain great wealth of a sort, but in so doing they were constantly, strange as it seemed, creating for the poor a man-made famine in times of abundance; for it was absolutely forbidden that any man should import even corn from elsewhere, but it was required of all that they should buy and eat these loaves.

And though they saw that the city’s aqueduct had

2 Cf. Chap. i. 33, note. 3. That is, he forced the bakers not only to adulterate their loaves but also to charge moro for them.

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opa@vres Kal potpav bdatos odtyny TWa és TH mow elaayovTa Umepewpov Te Kal ove OTLOvV avT@ mpoeabae nOedov, KaiTrep optdou del appl Tas KpHvas am omvuryoevou mood Kal TOV BaXavelwv atoKekNeropéevoy atravtTwv: Kaitou és olxoboutas Oadkacalovs Te Kal avontouvs adddas péyeOos Ypnuatwv ovdevi AOYw TpoleTO, TaVvTa- yoOt TOV TpoacTElwy ETLTEYVMMLEVOS, WOTEP TOV Bacirelov avTous ov YXwpovyvTwy, év ols 67 dmavres ol PEE! BeBaotrevKores diaBuodv és del nOeXov.t obTwS ov Nenwatov petdoi, Gra POcpov avOpworwv &vexa THs Tod OXETOD oiKo- Soplas OrALywpely Eyam, eTrEl OVOEIS EX TOD TAaVTOS \Vpovov ‘lovotiwavod TOUCE ETOLMOTEPOS ryéyovev av pom ov aT avT@v Nenpwara Te MpoaToleia Oat KAK@S, Kal TavTa NELpovers avtixa 67 para mpoécOat. dvoiv TOLVUY aTrOAEAELMMEVOLY eV TE ToT@ Kal Tos édwoipors Tois Ta ExyaTa TeEVO- pévols Kal Trw@yYois ova, VdaTOs TE Kal ApTou, Ov audotv avtovs, WaTrep por Sedinyntar, Bacireds de eBrawe, TO ev aTropov adiat, Tov d€ TOAAD a vor epov Epyarapevos.

Ov povov dé Tovs ev Bufavrio TporalTnTas, annra Kal TOV érépoOe @OKNMEVOV TLVAS eSpace TavTa, W@aoTrep fot avtixa AeréfeTau. "TraXiav yap Oevd€epuyos EXwV TOUS EV TO “Papas Ilaratio oTpatevomévous avtov” lacey, Srws te Sia- awtoito ToXtTeias éevtav0a THs madatas ixvos, puxpav® atoduta@y avvTaki és jpépayv éExaoTo. és adel HOeAov G, érxor LP.

avtod Reiske: adrovs mixpav Haury: ular.

con

ANECDOTA xxvi. 23-27

been broken and was delivering only a small fraction of the water into the city, they took no notice of the matter and would not consent to spend any money on it whatever, in spite of the fact that a great throng of the people, bursting with indigna- tion, was always gathered at the fountains, and that all the baths had been closed. And yet he squan- dered a great mass of money for no good reason on buildings over the sea! and other senseless structures, building new ones in all parts of the suburbs, as if the palaces in which all the earlier Emperors had been content to live throughout their lives could not contain his household. ‘Thus it was-not from motives of economy, but in order to effect the destruction of human beings, that they saw fit to neglect the building of the aqueduct, for no man in the whole world since the beginning of time has been more ready than this Justinian both to acquire money basely and then immediately more foolishly to squander it. Of the two resources, then, namely food and drink, which had been left to those in extreme destitution, both were used by this Emperor to their injury, as I have stated, since he made the one, namely water, impossible to get, and the other, bread, far more expensive to buy.

And he treated thus not only the beggar class of Byzantium, but also, in some instances, those who lived elsewhere, as will immediately be told by me. For when Theoderic captured Italy, he left where they were those who were serving as soldiers in the Palace at Rome, in order that at least a trace of the ancient polity might be preserved there, leaving each man a small daily wage; and these soldiers

1 A charge urged repeatedly by Procopius, e.g. Chap. viii. 7. 311

12 7 ¢

28

29

30

31

32

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

Foav 6€ ovTOL TapmANOEis Ayav. of Te yap olNevTLapLoL Kaovpevor Kal SopéaTLKoL Kal axo- Na ploe ev avrois noaV, ols 67 adXo ovdey den é- AeuTTT0! H TO THs otparelas dvopa povov Kal 1) owrTacis airy és TO amrothy am oxpaca pods avtois, dmwep & Te maidas Kal atroyovovs Oev- dépiyos avto’s mapaméuTelv exéXevoe. TOIS TE TpocarTn Tats ov mapa TOV Ilérpou ToD aToaTo- Nouv vewy dSiavtayv eixov, TplaxiAlous aitouv pen Stwvous xYopyyeiv ael TO On joo Lov ava wav tos

LepLo evs rep dmavres obToL Siayeyovace KOpl- fomevor Ews “AréEavdpos 0 Waridios és tay >) / > / / \ ? \ « BN ItaXiav adixeto. tavta yap evOvs ovTos avnp OKV TEL OVOEMLA TeEpledeiy Eyvw. TavTa palwy ‘Tove tiwiavos ‘Pwpatiwy adtoxpadtwp Thy Te Tpakww TpoonKkato tTavTnvy Kai Tov ~AXdéEavdpov ert padrAov 7) TpoTepov Sia TLS Eoyev. ev TavTH "AréEavdpos TH Topela Kal Tovs “EXAnvas elpya-

: , Gato TaOe.

Tod é€v OeppotvrAas gvdaxtnpiov™ of Ta exelvn yewpyouvTes yYwpla é€x Tadalod éepe- NodVTO, eK TeplTpoTns TE To évtavda TelXos épvhacoov nike 67 epodos Bap8apov twov @s eTmLaK Wer €S THY Tedomovwnaov émrido£os ie arn évtadda yevopuevos TOTE "Ad€eEavdpos ovTos Tm povoeiv Ilehorrovynatov TKNTTOMEVOS oux én yewpyols TO TavTn udaKTHpLoy émuTpérrery.

1 ameAeAerrto corrector of G, breAcAeirro GP. 2 rod . . « pudakrnplov Alemannus: Tobs .. . pudakrnplous.

1 Cf. Book II. xxi. 2. 2 Cf. Book III. iv. 7 3 Cf. Chap. xxiv. 15, note.

312

ANECDOTA xxvi. 28-32

were very numerous. For the Stlentiart,! as they are called, and the Domestici? and the Scholarii? were among them, though in their case nothing military remained except the name of the army, and this pay which barely sufficed to maintain them; and Theoderic commanded that this custom be trans- mitted to their offspring and descendants. And to the beggars who had their station beside the Church of Peter 4 the Apostle, he ordered that the Treasury should for ever supply each year three thousand measures of corn. ‘These pensions all these beggars continued to receive until Alexander, called “ Snips,” arrived in Italy.5 Tor this man decided immediately, without any hesitation, to abolish them all. Upon learning this, Justinian, Emperor of the Romans, put the stamp of his approval upon this course of action and held Alexander in still higher honour than formerly. During this journey Alexander did the following disservice to the Greeks also.

The outpost at Thermopylae had from early times been under the care of the farmers of that region, and they used to take turns in guarding the wall there, whenever it was expected that some bar- barians or other would make a descent upon the Peloponnesus. But when Alexander visited the place on the occasion in question, he, pretending that he was acting in the interests of the Pelopon- nesians, refused to entrust the outpost there to the

4 The church built by Constantine the Great on the site of the present St. Peter’s.

5 As Logothete, he oppressed the soldiers cruelly, being reputed to be able to pare gold coins without changing their shape. Cf. Book VII. i. 28-30. Tho padldcov, diminutive of

paris, was a clipping instrument; the term survives in Modern Greek.

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oTpaTioTas ody évtavda eis SiaXtdXlovs KaTAacTN- od pevos ovK €k TOD Snpogiou Xopnyeta Oat odict Tas ourragers Svwpicer, adda TOV ev TH “ERXXAdEL TAT@V ToE@D Ta Té TONTUKA Kal Gewpytixa Evyravra Xpnwara és TO On porvoy éml TO Tpo- TX INMATE TOUT@ [METIVEYKED, ep a) évOevde of otpaTiatat odTor aititowro, Kal am’ avtod év Te TH adAn Taagn ‘EAAdbL Kal OvX KioTa év "AOnvats avdtais ovte Tis ev Snuociw oikodopuia ? , ” ” > \ / sg / avevewOn ote dAXO ayabov olov Te Av yiverOa..} ‘lovotwiavos pévtow Ta THOE Supxnpéeva TO Wanr.dio ovdepud pehdyjoet ETEeppwce.

Tatra pev ovv THOE KEX@pNKED. itéov dé Kal els TOUS ev ’AneEavdpeta TTWXOUS. “Hgaaros Tis €v TOS evravda pntopow eyeyovel, doTrep TaparaBav tiv “AdeEavdpéwy apxynv Tov ev djpmov Tod otaciavey Katémavae doBepos Tots oTaci@tas pavels, Ecyata b€ éoydTwy Kaka Tols THOE WKnuévols EvdédeKTaL Tact. TavTa yap ev0ds Ta THS ToAEWS* TwHANTHpLA €s TO KaOULEVOY MoVOTT@NLOY KaTaATTHadMEVOS aAXov ® fev éurropwy ovdéva tavtny 6 THY épyaciav épyateo Pat ela, wovos b€ aTavTwY avTOos yeyovws KaTdos mapediboro Ta wvia Tavta, SynAovoeTt TAS TOUTOV TULaS TH TAS. apXAS | éEoucig arab wc HEVOS, ATETVLYETO TE TH TOY avayKaioy omavel n tTav “AreEavdpéwy mods, ov 812 Kai Tois Ta éoxXaTa TEevomevols TA TpoTEpa EVwVAa SiapKas

Lévy Snuoclw. . » ylreobat Haury: év dyurcla (Snnocip corrector) olxodoula “* obre GAAO ayably * * * yiver@a G, oikodoula ev Snudolw otte * * otte GAAO ayabdy yiver@a P,

aveveéOn and oldy te hv added by Haury, fvvéBy (after aivers 6a) by Maltretus.

314

ANECDOTA xxvi. 33-36

farmers. So he stationed troops there to the number of two thousand and ordained that their pay should not be provided from the imperial Treasury, but instead he transferred to the Treasury the entire civic funds and the funds for the spectacles? of all the cities of Greece, on the pretext that these soldiers were to be maintained therefrom, and con- sequently in all Greece, and not least in Athens itself, no public building was restored nor could any other needful thing be done. Justinian, however, without any hesitation confirmed these measures of * Snips.”

So then these matters were moving on in the manner described. But we must now proceed to the subject of the poor in Alexandria. There had been a certain Hephaestus among the rhetors there, who took over the government of Alexandria, and while he did put an end to the factional strife of the populace, shew- ing himself an object of terror to the factious, he had brought upon all the inhabitants of the city the utter extreme of extreme misfortune. For straightway bringing all the shops of the city into what is called the monopoly, he would permit none of the merchants to engage in this business, but having, alone of them all, become himself a retailer, he would sell every kind of merchandise, obviously gauging their price by the arbitrary power of his office, and the city of Alexandria was like to burst with anger because of the scarcity of the necessities of life—a city where, in former times, all things had been exceedingly cheap even for those in extreme poverty ;

1 Of. xxvi. 6.

2 rédews added by Alemannus. 5 @dAov Haury: &AAwy.

315

37

40

B 149 41

42

43

44 P 78

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

’ / / 4 \ > ‘ > \ lal A eyeyover TavTa: wddiaTta O€ avToUs audl TO apTo \ cr émieCe. Tov yap aitov autos é€& AlyuTTiwv @velTo povos, ovde Saov és pédsuvov eva éETEéEpw evdtdovs TplacGat, TavTn TE TOVS Aptos Kal Ta TOV apTov Tiunuata dveTiOeTo rep é€BovAETO. la) / 3 U mrovTov Tolvuy? apvOntov avTos Te dt OAtLyoU , \ lal \ > \ 4 > mepieBareto Kal Baoirel THY ahi TovT@ érU- Oupiav éverAnocaTo. Kal TOV pev ’AdeEavdpéwy e a / BY G / \ 4 / oO OF} Los béet TOU Hgaiarov Ta TapovTa opiow NOUN épepov,” o dé avToKparwp aidot THY ol és ael eo xopulomevarr Ypnudtwv é€y Tos padioTa UmepnyaTa TOV avOpwmov. Bovaetcas 6€ “Hgarotos ottos brrws TH / lal lal cal Baoiréws dudvotay TOAA@ ETL paddov e€€eNeiv dvvnTal, TpoceTEeTEXVHTaTO Tabe. AvoxANTLAVOS ‘Pwpaiwy yeyovas a’toxpatwp aitov péya Te fal LO fal \ lal ry fF 3 cal > xXphua StoocPar Tapa tod Snuociov® tav ’AXreE- avopéwy Tots Seomévois ava trav étos Siwpice. r e r / TavTa 0 Onuos THVUKdOE Otadacapevor* ev odio fal / lal autois €s atroyovous TOUS axpt Sedpo TapéeTEUWav.® arn “Hdasoros évOevde pupiddas és diaxocias €mreTelous pediuvwv Tos TOY avayKaiwy UTo- / fol omavifovtas ade opevos TO Snort) évTéberke, Bacrrel yparras ws ov Suxatws ovde 7° Evupeper Tois MpaypLact HEX pL vov TavTa ot avdpes ovToL KopitowTo. kal amt avtovd Bacvrevs peev eprre- dmcas THY mpaéw dia orovdhs avdTov pelfovos ” > fe \ er / 3 lol gxxev, “AreEavdpéwy S€ Goor TavTnv eiyov Tov

kat after rolvuy deleted by Alemannus. €pepoy KraSeninnikov: é@pepev. Snuociov S, Sjuou GP.

ANECDOTA xxvi. 36-44

and he pinched them particularly in the matter of the bread. For he did all the buying of grain from the Egyptians himself, permitting no one else to purchase as much as a single peck, and thus he determined the size of the loaves and the price of bread just as he wished. Thus in a short time he acquired for himself fabulous wealth and fulfilled the Emperor’s desire in this matter. And while the populace of Alexandria, through fear of Hephaestus, endured their plight in silence, the Emperor, out of respect for the money that kept coming in to him constantly, loved the man exceedingly.

And this Hephaestus, in order that he might be able still more to captivate the Emperor’s mind, contrived this further scheme. Diocletian, a former Emperor of the Romans, had decreed that a huge amount of grain be given by the Treasury every year to the needy among the Alexandrians. And the populace, having distributed this grain among themselves in the first instance, have transmitted this custom to their descendants even down to the present day. But Hephaestus, from the time in question, wrested from those destitute of the neces- sities of life as much as two million measures annually and placed it in the warehouses of the State, writing

to the Emperor that these people had until now

been receiving the grain wrongfully, and not to the advantage of the public interest. And consequently the Emperor confirmed the action and held him in still greater favour, and those of the Alexandrians

4 Siadacduevo. Petavius ad Synesium, p. 58: diadiKacd- pevot.

5 rapémeuay Alemannus: mapaméupat.

6 ¥ Reiske: ei.

317

B 150

or

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

Biou éXmLoa, TavTyS 67 é€v Tols avayKatoTatols THS anavOpwmtas aT @VAaVTO.

Ko. Ta perv ovdv "Tova timave elpyaopeva tocabra ear, date poe Tov Tavta ai@va To} mepl avTav Oyo érapxelv SUvacba. srLya 8é pot atta €x TavtTwyv atrodeEapév@ elmely atro- XpHoEL ov @y avtov évdndov Kal Tots Sige evn oc opevors TO 7008 dmav diagavas é EoTal, as? elpwy TE Av Kal ovte Geod ovTE lepéwy ovTE vOMev auto cpenev, ouTE Onpuou KateaTrovbac meévou auT@ Soxodvros eivau, ov pny ovTE TLWOS TO mapdrray aidods D) TOD THs ToXtTelas Evppopou )) OTOU TL mpovpyou és auTiy YyéevorTo, 1) OTws oKryrews ° TLVOS Ta Tpacoopeva TuxXew dvvaito, ovTE aAXO Tl avTOv €oner OTL pL) fhovn adpaipecis TaV ev Taon yn KEelwévwy xXpnuatwv. apEouar 6é ev Oévoe.

"Apxiepéa xateotyicato ’AdeEavdpedow avtos Tladrov dvoma. étiyyave dé ‘Podwy tis, Doiwk yévos, €xwv tyvixade THv "AreEavdpeias apxnv. @ 61) éméo Ted Nev és adtavta IlavAw wb7npetetv Tpobupia TH mary, 67rws 62) dredevry Tov pevou* Tov 7 pos. avtoo em aryryeAAOMEVOV pndév. TavTn yap tav AdeEavdpéwv tovs aipetixovs ° érarpit- ecOar avtov és tTHv év Karyndove cvvodov weto duvatov écecbar. Av d€ Tis “Apoévios, HaXaso- Tivos yévos, baTep Deodmpa TH Bacirids év Tots paddoTa avayKaLoTatols ériTHdSELOS Yyeyovws Kal

1 +@ Reiske: ra.

2 xal before ws deleted by Dindorf. 3 oxnwews GP, ek oxiwpews S.

4 wévor Dindorf: petivor.

318

ANECDOTA xxvi. 44—xxvii. 6

who had this one hope of a livelihood suffered most cruelly as a result of this inhumanity.

xxvii. Now the deeds done by Justinian were so many in number that all eternity would not be able to suffice for the account of them. But it will suffice for me to collect and mention some few examples from the whole number by which his whole character will be clearly revealed to men of future generations also: that he was a dissembler and cared not either for God or for priests or for laws, nor for the populace, though in seeming it was favoured by him, nor, further, for any decency what- soever nor for the advantage of the State or for any benefit that might accrue to it, or that his actions might be able to find some excuse, nor did any consideration weigh with him other than simply and solely the snatching of all the money there was in the world. And I shall begin with this last.

The Emperor designated a chief priest over the Alexandrians, Paulus by name. And it chanced that a certain Rhodon, a Phoenician by birth, at that time held sway in Alexandria. This man he instructed to support Paulus with all zeal in every- thing, so that not one of his orders might remain unfulfilled. For in this way he thought he should be able to win the adherence of the heretics among the Alexandrians to the Council of Chalcedon. There was a certain Arsenius, a native of Palestine, who had been serviceable to the Empress Theodora in a very important matter, and from this circumstance

1 The second Council of Chalcedon, A.p. 451, defined the nature of Christ’s divinity.

5 afperixols added by Haury. Various other supplements have been suggested.

S19

10

13

14

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

am avtod duvapivy te moAXHY peydda TE Tept- BarXOopuevos xenuata és Bovrrs akiwpa Are, KalTmep LLaporaros av. o0Tos Lapapeltns pev 7, Tov 6€ un THY UmdpxXovoar mpoea bat duvapy OvOLAaTOS avrihaPecbar TOU X protiavay éyva. 0 mévTOL TATHP TE Kal AdeApOS TH TOUTOV SuVapeEL Oapoodvtes Siayeyovace pev év XKuOorroret, TEeplaTéNNOVTES THY TatpLov Sokav, yvwun Oé avtod avijxecta Tovs Xpiotiavovs elpyafovto Tavras. 540 67 of ToT aL opiow emavacTavTes dupe éxtewav Oavato oixticTo, KAKU TE TONG Evvnvex9n Haravarivors évbévde yevéo bau. TOTE fev ovv avTov ovte ‘lovativiavos ote Bact- Als KaKov Te edpacav, Kaitep aitiwTaToV ‘yeyo- vota dvok0\wy amavtwy, ateitov b€ avTo és IladXdtiov pnnéte lévar: évdereyéotata yap Tov- Tou 67) évexa pos Tov Xpiotiavav vax dodvTo. ovTOS "Apo évios Bacinet xapreiaPat olomevos ov TOAXND Dorepov Evy TO Tlavrw és Thy "AdeEav- ] Spevay OTEAAETAL, WS 5) ta te dda UTNpEeTHTwY Kal THVv és TOUS "AreEavdpeis melO@ Evycatep- yao opevos * auT@ duvapet 7H mao. ioxupitero yap vmod Tov Ypovoy TovTOY, NViKa ol TOD IlaXatiov amoxexreiobar Evvérece, THY EV Xpiotiavois ovK apereTnTos yeyovévar SoymaT@v atavtwv. Oomep tHv Oeodwpav nriace’ Tv évavtiav yap éoxnmtetTo TH Bacirel és TovTO iévat, @s jeou ev Tois EuTpocVev Aoyots eipynTat.” ere ov ev? AreEavdpetow éyévovto, SudKovov

|

5

EvyKarepyacdmevos Alemannus: -duevos. * elpnrat Reiske : eipjaera.

3 ey added by Alemannus.

320

ANECDOTA xxvii. 6-14 he had acquired great power and a vast amount of money and had achieved the dignity of the Senate, although he was an utter scoundrel. This man was, in fact, a Samaritan, but in order not to lose the power he held, he had seen fit to adopt the name of Christian.! His father and brother, however, rely- ing upon this man’s power, had continued on in Scythopolis,? preserving their ancestral faith, and, under instructions from him, they were working outrageous wrongs upon all the Christians. Conse- quently the citizens rose against them and killed them both with a most cruel death, and many evils came to pass for the people of Palestine from that cause. And at that time neither Justinian nor the Empress did Arsenius any harm, though he had been the chief cause of all the difficulties, but they did forbid him to come to the Palace any longer; for they were being harassed most persistently by the Christians on account of this matter. This Arsenius, thinking to gratify the Emperor, not long afterwards set out in company with Paulus for Alexandria, in order to assist him in other matters and in particular to help him with all his might to bring about obedi- ence on the part of the Alexandrians.3 For he declared that at the time when he had the ill- fortune to be excluded from the Palace, he had not neglected the study of all the doctrines of the Christians. But this annoyed Theodora; for she pretended to go against the Emperor in this, as I have stated previously.4 So when Paulus and

1 i.e. he called himself a Christian as a mattor of policy.

2 Modern Bethsean.

3 7.e. adherence to the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon. 4 Chap. x. 15.

321 VOL. VI. We

B 112

15

16

17

18

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

tia Vonv dvowa ‘Podwrt IladAos mrapédwxe \ a teOynEopevov, pacKkwy 61 avTov povoy ol avTo b] \ / lal \ \ fal / éuTrodav iatacPar Tod pn TA Bacidrel Sedoypéva € / a“ \ / / ¢€ / UmoTevéaat. Tols b€ Bacidéws ypdupmact Podwv nyeévos auyvois TE OVAL Kal lav oTrovoaiots, yt? \ ” fA) v Vp ia ¢ \ lel aixifecOat Tov avOpwrov éyvw: Kai! ds bod “THs / Bacavov Kkatatewomevos avtixa Ovo Ket. arep émrel €s Baciréa AGE,” eyKerpevns ioxupotata THs BacirLOos, dtavta Bacwrevs é7rt Llavrw Te Kal ¢ / \o? / ? \ ble MA A lat \ Podave kal’ Apoevi evdus éxiver, doTEp TOV T POS fal \ a avtov Tovtols 61) Tols avOpwros emnyyedrpéevav >] / ig / / s r 3 > emiAeAnamévos avavtwy. AtBépiov ovv Tav? ex ‘Popmyns dvdpa matpixiovy Katactnodpevos én n ey / fol a Ths AreEavdpéwy * apyijs Kai TOV OoKipav lepéwv > / rn twas és tv “AdeEdvoperay® Eotette THY TOD T paryHartos mona oevous © Suayvoow, év ols Kal 0 ‘Popns dpx.OaKovos Hedaysos 7) 70, TO Buyidiov q ToD apXvepéws Umodus T POTwTov, emeTeTayevov ol TOUTO YE Tpos TOD Buyrdiov" ToD Te dovov érnreypevou IlatAov Tis (epwavvns evOvs Kabei- t Ne Ae. t >? / / Rov, puyovta dé Podwva és BuSdvrov Ty Te Keparny adeidero O Baowrevs Kal Ta Xpnwara és TO Onpoc.ov avaypanra €molnaato, KaiTrep Tpioxaldera emlaTohas Tov avOpwrov évdevEa- pevov, domep avT@ Baairevs eypawe orrovdalwv Te Kal Suarervopevos dyav emayyehhov TE amavra 7T® Ilaviw brrnperetv emeTaTTOVTL Kab pe oTLoby avtiteivery, brws® éml th SdEn émutedéoa Ta

1 kad added by Haury.

2 és BaciAéa HACey Alemannus: és Bao * GP, és * S. 3 -@v Haury: téy.

4 ’Adetavdpewy Alemannus: “AAetdytpov.

ANECDOTA xxvii. 14-18

Arsenius had arrived at Alexandria, Paulus delivered to Rhodon a certain deacon named Psoes to be put to death, claiming that he alone was the obstacle which prevented him from executing the Emperor’s decisions. And Rhodon, acting under the guidance of the Emperor’s messages, which were both frequent and exceedingly urgent, decided to torture the man. And he died at once when racked by the torture. Now when word of this came to the Emperor, he immediately, at the very vehement insistence of the Empress, set everything in motion against Paulus and Rhodon and Arsenius, as if he had forgotten utterly the instructions which he had given to these very men. So he appointed Liberius,! one of the Patricians of Rome, as Governor of Alexandria and he sent some of the notable priests to that city to make a review of the situation, among them being the Archdeacon of Rome, Pelagius, assuming the role of the Chief Priest Vigilius, as he had been. ordered to do by Vigilius. And when the murder had been proved, they immediately removed Paulus from his priesthood; and when Rhodon fled to Byzantium, the Emperor cut off his head and con- fiscated all his property to the Treasury, although the man displayed thirteen letters which the Emperor had written to him urging and earnestly insisting and commanding that he support Paulus in all things and not oppose him in anything whatsoever, to the end that he might be able to execute the Emperor's

1 Cf. Book VII. xxxvi. 6.

5 "Adekdvoperay Reiske : ’AActavdpéewy. 5 roinrouevous P, roinoauévous GS. 7 BrytAlov Dindorf: rod Biy:Aiov GP, omitted by S. 8 érws Alemannus: Sums. 323 y2

19

20

21

22

P 80 23

24

B 153

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

dofavta duvatos ein. “Apaoéviov te ArBépios yvoun Ocodwpas avecxoroTice, Kal avTod Ta Xpynpata Onuoctoby Bacireds &yvw, Kaimep ovdeV avT@® emeyKadely Eywv 7) OTe Ev_v TH Llavro diavtap eixe.

Taira pev ody elite opOds elite dXAn TH aA’TO elpyaotat, ovK EXw Eltrety, GTOU O€ 61) Evexa TadTAa pot elpntar avtixa dndwow. 6 Iladdos xpovw Twi tatepov és Butavtiov Axwv érta te? ypucod KevTnvapla TO Bacirel ToT Tpoémevos ELoU THY lepwovrny aTroNaPely Ate aVTHVY OvdEVI VOLO * adnpnuévos. “lovativiavos 6€ Ta TE xXpHmaTa ed€Eato mpdws Kal Tov avOpwtov ev Tih Er xXeEV, apxyepéa TE Wpmoroynoev “AdeEavdpedow avTov KatacTyced Oat avtixa 67) para, Kaltrep éTépou THY TLULNVY EXOVTOS, WaTTEP OVK Eldws OTL bn TOUS avT@ Evvoixnoavtas te Kal UToupyety TeTOALN- KoTas éxTevé TE AUTOS ® Kal TAS OvTiaS adEtdeETO. 0 pev ovv LYeBaortos és ayav Svatevvopevos TO mpaypua év atroudn érroretto, LladXos b€ duappydnv émiOoEos Hv THY Lepwaovvny aTroAnWerOat pnXYavy mdon. adrdrkga Buyidvos thvxdde tapwv eixew Bacidei Tovovtov émitadttovTe ovdayn éEyvo. épacKe yap ovyx olds TE elvar Whpov THY oiKElav avTos avadixov Siepyacacbat,* tiv IledXayiou TAapadsnrAwyv yvoow. oUTwS aAAoU ovdEVOS TO Baoinrel TovTw STL a) XpnuaTwy adhatpécews ael éuerev. elpryjoetar O€ Kal adXO ToLOVOE.

Pavoativos Hv tus, Wanacotivos yévos, Laua- re Maltretus: 7.

auTyv . . . voum GP, obder) airiy tpdry S.

1 2 3 airds Maltretus: avrovs.

324

ANECDOTA xxvii. 19-26

decisions touching the faith. And Liberius, by the will of Theodora, impaled Arsenius, and the Emperor saw fit to confiscate his property, although he had no charge to bring against him other than that he consorted with Paulus.

Now as to whether these things were rightly done by him or otherwise I cannot say, but the reason why I have recounted these things I shall declare immediately. Paulus some time later came _ to Byzantium and offered the Emperor seven centenaria of gold,! demanding that he receive back the priest- hood, on the ground that it had been illegally wrested from him. And Justinian accepted the money courteously and kept the man in honour, and he agreed to make him Chief Priest of Alexandria immediately, though another held that honour, just as if he did not know that he himself had both slain and robbed of their property men who had lived with him and had dared to serve him. So the Augustus? was taking up the matter with great vehemence and enthusiasm, and Paulus was definitely expected to resume the priesthood in any case. But Vigilius, who was now present, absolutely refused to yield to the Emperor if he should issue such a command. For he said that he could not possibly cancel his own vote—meaning the opinion rendered by Pelagius. Thus this Emperor had no concern for anything except to be for ever depriving others of money. And another incident shall be told, as follows.

There was a certain Faustinus, born in Palestine,

1 Cf. Chap. i. 33, note. 2 i.e. ‘the Emperor.”

* drepydoacba: Herwerden: dieipydoba.

325

27

28

29

30

31

33

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

peltns pev vyeyovms avwOev, dvouatos Sé Tod Xpiotiavav avTiAapBavopevos avayKy TOU vopmov. ovTos 0 Davativos és te BovrAns akiwmpa AGE Kal THS Y@Opas THY apxXnv éxxXeEV, HaoTEp avTOV Tapa- Avdevta ou TONG batepov é> Te TO Buavrvov ieovra TOV TLVES lepéov 61¢Baddov emereyKapevor ws Lapapertav vopypa TEPLOTENAEL Kal Xpiorea- vos dpacete tors ev Tladatotivn wx«npévous avoclta épya. “lovotiviavos dé aypiaiverOai Te Kal dewa toveta bat bia TavTAa eddKet, ote On avTov THY ‘Popaton a apynv EXOVTOS TO TOU Xpiorob dvoma vp’ oTovobD Siac vporro. ol pev ovv é€x THIS auyxAntov BovrAns thy duayvwow mTetrounpévot TOD Tpaypatos puyn tov Pavotivov é&nuiwoar, Baciréws ery kelpuevou adiot. Pacirevs Sé mpos avutov Xpnpara dca éBovr€eTO KeKomtopévos avabica evOds ta Sedixacpéva éeroince. Pavo- tivos d€ avOus TO Tpdtepov akiwpa Exwv Bactret Te wpe, érritpotos Te Katactas Tav ev Ila- Natotivn Te Kal Dowixn’ Baciixkav yopliov adeéoTepov amavTa Kateipyaleto boa ol avT@ Bovronév@ ein. Ovtwa pev ovv ‘lovaTtiviavos TpoTov Ta Xpiotiavay SiKatwpata TeplaTéedrew nEloU, KaiTEp OV TOAA@Y Elpnuévav Hulv, ANN eK TavOE Bpaxéov OVT@Y TeK wn pLoov Eat. OT ws dé Kal Tovs vowous ovdEMLa OKYITEL KATETELE iXen- MaTov KELLEVOV Bpaxutare OndwOnoeTat oye.

KN. IIpicxos Tis é€v Th “Epeonvav éyéveto monet, OomrEep adOTPLA ypdmpata? ppetrOar evpuas® éEnrictato, TexviTns TE Hv Tepl TO

Ley Madaorivy re wat doiwlkn Alemannus: éx MaAaortivns Te Kal paviins.

326

ANECDOTA xxvii. 26—xxviii. 1

a Samaritan by descent, but under the constraint of the law he had espoused the name of Christian. This Faustinus had risen to the senatorial rank and was ruler of the land; but a little later he was removed from this office and came to Byzantium, where some of the priests began to slander him, alleging that he was observing the rites of the Samaritans and basely mistreating the Christians living in Palestine. And Justinian appeared to be furious and deeply resentful on this account, that while he was ruling over the Romans the name of Christ should be insulted by anyone. So when the Senate made an investigation of the matter, they penalized Faustinus with banishment because of the Emperor’s importunity. But the Emperor received from him all the money he wanted and immediately recalled the decision which had been made. So Faustinus, once more in possession of his former dignity, consorted with the Emperor, and when he was appointed Overseer of the Imperial Domains in Palestine and Phoenicia, he felt more free to put through all the measures that were in accord with his own wishes. As to the methods, then, by which Justinian saw fit to defend the claims of the Christians, although it is not much that we have related, yet it is possible to form a conclusion from it, brief though it be. And how without any hesitation he shattered the laws when money was in sight shall be disclosed very briefly.

xxviii. There was a certain Priscus in the city of Emesa who had a great natural ability in imitating the handwriting of others, and he was a very clever

2 ypdupata G, mparyyara P.

3 For etpuas Suidas has treppuds.

B 154 2 xkaxov todto Selos ayav. eéryxyave dé 7 TAV

P 81

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

*"Kyueonvav exxr\nola TaV Tivos éemihavOv KAnpo- Vomos ryeyevnwéevn KXpovors Tal ToNAOIs EuTpoT- Jev. av b€1 odtos avip Tar plKtos pev? oO afiopa, Mappiavos dé dvopa, fyevel aptrpos Kal Tepovaia Xpnuatov. emt de* lovatimavod Baorrevovros 6 ) I picxos Ste pevurjorauevos TONEDS THS elpnjuevns Tas oixtas 4 Taoas, el tuvas > evpe TOUT H Te® axpdlovtas Kal pos Enplav xpn- patov peydrov duapKas EXOVTaS, T TOUT@Y due- pevvna dpevos és TO axpiBes Tous TpoTatopas, ypapmacu aut av manavois EVTUXOY, BiBrcia TOANA WS Tap éeKElvwY yeypaupeva, TeTolnTat, omohoyouvT@y TONAA YpHuaTa TO Mapptave aToo@aelv TE mapaxatabnins Oyo TadTa mpos” éxelvou KEKOMLTMEVOV. TO TE wWLOOYN- pévov § év tovtoLs 8 Tos KaTATAdOTOLS ypampa- teiols Ypuvaoiov Evyner® ovy Hocov 1) és éxaTov KevTnvapta. Kat avdpos b€ Tivos baTrep etl TIS ayopas Tnvikadde ToD Ypovov Kabyjpevos Hvika oO Mappmavos trepuny do€av te morrdnv emi tH 1° arn Beta Kal TH arn apeTh eXor, amavTa émerénel Ta TOV TOALTOV ypaypareia, Exag Tov oixelots emicppayifov avTos ypdupacw, byTeEp

hy de Suidas: #5n. 2 wey Suidas: elev. ém 5€ Suidas: émel oty.

For olxias Suidas has ovctas.

vwas Suidas: re.

m\ovTrm te Herwerden : re mAoUTY.

For mpds Suidas has map’.

&modoynuevoy Suidas: amoroynpevwv.

tvy7jex Dindorf: fuvier.

ert 77 G, em P. ent re Suidas,

e©eerrtanr. © Hw

o

328

ANECDOTA xxviii. 2-6

artist at this evil business. Now it happened that the Church of Emesa had a good many years before become the heir of one of the notables.1 The man in question was of patrician rank, one Mammianus by name, a man of distinguished family and great wealth, and during the reign of Justinian Priscus in- vestigated all the families of the above-named city, and if he found any persons who both abounded in wealth and were capable of sustaining great losses of money, he would carefully trace out their ancestors, and when he chanced upon old letters of theirs, he made many documents purporting to have been written by them, in which they promised to pay to Mammianus large sums of money on the ground that they had received this as a deposit from him. And the total amount acknowledged in these forged documents amounted to no less than a hundred centenaria.2 And selecting the writing of a certain man who had been wont to have a seat in the market-place at the period when Mammianus was alive, a man who had a great reputation for truth and for virtue in general, and who used to execute all the documents of the citizens, sealing each per- sonally with his own writing (such a person the

1 Priscus proposed to enrich the Church by enlarging an inheritance to which it had fallen heir, and actually (if Pro- copius may be trusted) got a formal decision from the Emperor (see Note on par. 10, below) which granted the Church not forty years, as formerly, but one hundred years for the prosecution of claims. In the meantime he set about fabricating claims in favour of the estate, forged by his own skilful hand, thus increasing the amount expected by the Church and securing for himself a percentage. His exposure prevented the consummation of the plan.

2 Cf. Chap. i, 33, note.

329

B 155 8

10

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

TaBedrXLova xahovat ‘Pepaior, Ta ypdupara Satpovias Hino dwevos Tots OLovKoupevors Ta TpaywaTa THS ‘Eyeonva exkhyo las TApeOw@Ker, @moroynKoot! oipay avT@ Twa KeioBar TOV evOévde tropicOnoopévayv ypnuatwy. érrel b€ 6 vopLos euro Sav totato, Tas pev ad2ras dixas amdaas és pec oemelOay Tapaypadiy 2 daywv, oALyas bé drras Tas 3 UmoOnkapias KaNOUMEVAS TETTAPAKOVTA EVLAVTOV [LNKEL EXKPOVWY, pNXa- vovtat torade. €s Bufavtiov adikouevor Kat xpnuata peyada TH Bacire? ToOVT@ Tpoémevot edéovtTo oflal Tov T@Y TOALT@Y OAEOpov oVvdéev aprnKotwov* Evyxatepydlecbar. o S€ Ta xp para KEKO LL [EVOS peddjoet oe vojLov eyparpen, ov Xpovors Tas exxAnotas ° Tots Kabn- KOUOLY, GAN eviavTa@v éxatov TANGEL duxav® Tov avtais tmpoonKovaoay aoKekdelobat, Kai TadTa ov év “Eéon povoy Kvpia eivar, aAda Kal ava Tacav tHv “Pwyaiwy apynv. “Eueonvois te TO mpaypa TovTO Siauray erate Aoyyivov Twa dpac- Tiplov TE avépa Kal 70 oda ioxupov dyav, Os Kal THY TOU OHpwou apxny év Buavtiw taotepov

1 Gpwodoynkdar Suidas: amoAoynkdTwyr.

= mapaypapny Suidas: mapdypagoyv.

3 cas Haury: ral ras.

4 wpAnKdTaY Haury: dperrneoray Herwerden : dpednkdtov. 5 For é«kAnaias Suidas has ékxaAnrous.

® Sixay Suidas: Soxay.

1 This was enacted by Justinian in A.D. 535 in Novella 9: ‘cum enim antiqua iura triginta annorum metis temporales aioaptioiee circumcludebant et, si hypotheca fuerat, paulo longiora eis spatia condonabant, nos... centum tantum- modo annorum lapsu temporalem exceptionem eis opponi

33°

ANECDOTA xxviii. 6-10

Romans call tabellio), Priscus, after making a mar- vellous imitation of this man’s writing, delivered the documents to those who administered the affairs of the Church of Emesa, they having promised that a share of the money to be derived from that source should fall to him. But since the law stood in the way, which provided that all ordinary cases should be subject to a thirty-year limitation, yet some few cases, including cases involving mortgages, should be extended to include a period of forty years, they hit upon the following expedient. Coming to Byzan- tium and paying out great sums of money to this Emperor, they besought him to co-operate with them in accomplishing the destruction of the citizens who had been found guilty of nothing. And he, after he had got the money, without the least hesitation published a law that Churches should be debarred from prosecuting their claims, not after the regular period of time, but after the lapse of full one hundred years,! and providing that this should be valid, not in Emesa alone, but throughout the whole Roman Empire. And to arbitrate this question for the people of Emesa he designated a certain Longinus, an energetic man and very powerful in body, who later also held the office of Mayor of Byzantium.

sancimus ...’’ ‘‘ Whereas ancient laws decreed that pro- tests on the basis of time should be limited to a period of thirty years, and, if there had been a mortgage, granted them slightly longer periods, we decree that a protest on the basis of time may be lodged against them only after the lapse of one hundred years.” Again, in A.D. 541, in Novella 111, he cites, ‘‘constitutionem, quae praescriptionem centum annorum locis venerabilibus dederat ’’—i.e. ‘‘an ordinance ”’ (issuing from the Emperor) ‘‘ which had granted a limitation of one hundred years to religious foundations,”

331

11

12

13

14

B 156 16

P 82 17

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

»” e \ lol ] / \ / éoyev. of O€ THS ExkANoias Ta TpaypaTa SLoL- KoUpevol TA ev TPw@TAa Ta TLWL! TOALTa@Y SiKNY KevTnvaptow €x BiBrLov Tov el neva NayovTes Svoin, KATEOLKATAVYTO TOU avOpwrov ® evOus, 6 Tl Kal dmroroyngarto ovdapr) é EXOVTOS dud TE Xpovou / Toocovoe Akos Kal dyvovay TOV TOTE mem paryLe- vov. ev mévOer 5 peyaddw exaOnvto of Te adAdoL Evurravtes avOpwrot dte*® owas Tols cuKopavTats EXKELMEVOL KAL TAVTWY adLoTa Ol TOV’ Ewernvav na an / Noytmotato..* tod dé Kakovd &s ToS TAELaTOUS On TOV TOALT@V emrLppéovTos TpounOevdy TWA r r / / / / Tob Geod EvvnvexOn yeveo Bar Tovavee. Uptcxov 0 Aoryyivos TOV TODTO 67) TO TKaLOpniLa epyaca- \ pevov amavTa opmod Kopi few ol Ta ypanuara éxéhevoev, avaduomevov Te THY mpakw épparice Suvduet TH Tadon. 0 dé avdpos iayupov ALav THY n / TAnyny ovdapy eveyK@V emerev UmTLos, Tpé“wv dé 75 Kal mepdens yeyoves 6XwWsS TE BETO oOo bas Ta mem paryweva Umovo@y > wponroyet,® oUTwW TE THS TKaLwpias aTdonNs €s Pas evexPelans Thv avxopavtiay meTavabar EvvéBy. Tadra dé ov povoy é > Tos vomous ael Kal ths (2 / > / \ (? / ? \ \ Kal’ éExdotny eipyaveto Tovs ‘Pwpaiwyv, adda Kal A ¢€ al n / 68 \ > ots EBpato: tiwm@ot katadrvew ob¢€ Bacidevs ev amouon elev. Hv yap Tote avrois ETAVL@Y O Ypovos THY Tacxariay EopTiyy 7 po THs? Tay Xpiotiavav ayay@v TvxoL, ovK ela TavTHY TOS 1 After ri, ray deleted by Reiske. 2 ro0 avOp@mov ... amodoynoaito .. . éxovros Haury: Tous avOpmmous . . . GmoAoyhioaivTo . . . €xovTas. 3 are added by Capps. 4 Aoyimudraro Haury: Aoyidtaro. ® tmovody added by Reiske.

332

ANECDOTA xxviii. 11-17

And those who managed the affairs of the Church lodged, to begin with, a case for two centenaria,} based on the documents mentioned, against one of the citizens, and they immediately secured the man’s conviction, since he was utterly unable, both because of such a lapse of time and because of his ignorance of what had been done at the time in question, to make any defence whatever. And all men were filled with great sorrow, and above all the most notable among the men of Emesa, as being all equally exposed to the blackmailers. And since the evil was by now spreading out over the majority of the citizens, it so happened that a providence of God, one may say, occurred as follows. Longinus commanded Priscus, the author of this mischief, to bring together before him all the documents, and when he declined to do so, he struck him with great violence. And he, unable to support the blow of a very strong man, fell on his back, and by this time trembling and in a state of panic he suspected that Longinus knew entirely what he had done and so confessed the truth; thus the entire deviltry was brought to light and the blackmailing ceased.

Yet these constant and daily tamperings with the laws of the Romans were not the only harm he did, but the Emperor also took pains to abolish the laws which the Hebrews honour. If it ever happened, for instance, that the year in its recurring rounds brought on the Feast of the Passover before the festival of the Christians,2 he would not allow the

1 Of. Chap. i. 33, note. 2 i.e. Easter.

® Guoddyer Alemannus: efwuordye: Reiske: d.oAoyav. 7 rs added by Capps.

333

18

19

s arnOns etn. Kal ds evOvs aTnpynTaro pn dev

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

‘TovSaiovs Katpois tots KabyKxovow ayew ovoé Te ev TavTn e€ootovcbar! TO Oe@ 7) EmiTEnELY TOV év odiow avtols vouiswy. Todos TE avTOV ol éml TOV apx@v TeTaypévor ATE TpoPatelov

a 5) / i? lal an > RIOD) (2) Ow) IRUETEIL NS TP RApeas Bae © THY ToOMLTELAY Tapavoulas ® Umayovres Xpnwacw eSnulouv Todnols. Epya pev ovv Kal adra Towavra "Tova tiviavon * avapil wa efeT aT apevos OvUK av TL eveinv, érrel Tépas dotéov TO AYO! aToxpnoe: yap Kat Ov ad’t@y Td TOU dv0 parrov O05 onunvat.

KO’. “Ore 5€ elpwy te Kal KatatacTos HV autixa dnoow. TOV AtBépvov TobTOv, bvmrep Euv7)- Any a aptios, TMaparvaas rs elyev aPXAS, ‘Todvyny avT avTou KATETTHO ATO Aiyimrvov yevos, émiKAN- ou Aafapiwva. Omrep érrel Terayvos eyVvo, At- Bepio dpiros és Ta padtora OV, TOU avToKpaTopos aver vv dvero elrep 0 apd Aafapiova Aoyos

TET paryevae TovodTO aTLa xX vpLaapEvos, ypappara TE AUTO TPOS AuBépuov evexelpioev, EVTENNOMEVOS BeBadrara THS apxAs exer Oar Kal* pndevt aurijs TpoT@ peBieo Ga: ov yap TavTNs €0éXeuv év T@ TapovTt avtov Tapardaa. Av dé Tis TO "Twa vy B Carin Getos, Evdat ov Ovoma, oavvn ev Bu m H Te TO TOV UTATwY afiopa Hoov Kal Xpnpara mepiBeSrnpevos mona © émiTpoTros TEWS THS Bactrtéws ovacias idias. ovtos Evdaiwwv éretd)

1 éfoo.otc0a: Haury, cf. Book LY. xiv. 18, rg beg eEoo1ovc bat Ta eiwOdra: SetiovcOa.

2 rapavoulas P, rapavduws G.

3 "Iovoriviavod Alemannus: ‘Iovetimava.

334

ANECDOTA xxviii. 17—xxix. 5

Jews to celebrate this at the proper time nor to make any offering to God at that feast nor to perform any of the rites customary among them. And many of them used to be brought to trial as having tasted the flesh of lambs at this time by those who were in positions of authority, and these punished them by heavy fines, arraigning them for violation of the laws of the State. And though I know well of countless other such actions on the part of Jus- tinian, I shall not add anything, for an end must be set to my discourse. For the man’s character will be disclosed with sufficient clearness by what has been said.

xxix. That he was insincere and a dissembler I shall straightway make clear. The Liberius whom I have just mentioned 1 he dismissed from the office he held and appointed in his place John surnamed Laxarion, an Egyptian by birth. And when Pelagius, who was a very close friend of Liberius, learned of this, he enquired of the Emperor whether the report about Laxarion was true. And he straightway denied the report, insisting that he had not done any such thing, and_he put in his hands a letter to Liberius, instructing him to hold on to this office most firmly and by no means to relinquish it. For it was not his will, he said, to remove him from the office at the present time. And John had an uncle in Byzantium named Eudaemon, who, having risen to senatorial rank and having acquired great wealth, was for a time administrator of the Emperor’s per- sonal estate. This Kudaemon, upon hearing the

1 Chap. xxvii. 17.

4 kal P, AG. 5 roAAd G, meydda P, 335

B 157

P 83

10

ll

12

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

TAUTA NKNKOEL dep éppyOn, Kat autos Baorrews averuvOaveTo el €v BeBaip a) abehp1d@ 1 Ta Ths apxns ein. o 6€ bca al ™ pos AtBéptov * eyeypamro apynadpevos, ™pos Tov ‘Toavyny ypanpara yparras avriraPeobau THS apxis Suva per Taon eT ETTENAED. ovdé yap ovd 3 ate vewTepov aud avrn BeBovreda Oat, olarep 0 Toavuns dvarreiaBels AtBépiov avaxXwpeiy Tov THS apyns KaTaywyiou ate auras Tapanenvpevov EKENEVE. AuBéptos dé avT@ reiGecbar ovdaph) epac Ker, HY HEVOS Sydovdre Tots Bactréos Kal avTos ypaupacty. 0 pev ovv ‘Toavens TOUS ot ETropevous OTALaas emt TOV IO TEL, 0 dé Evy Tots ce’ auTov els avriatacw * cide. Baxns TE ryevouernys, addou Te Tool mimtovat Kal ‘Toavins auros i) Tay apxry éyov. Evdaipovos obv ioxXu- porara ery KELMEVOU, Suet aT evOvs és Bugav- tiov o AtBépios Hv,? } TE TUYKANTOS BovrAn THY Siayvwoiy Tovoupevn TOV TeTpaymevav, are wn- picato Tov avOpwrrou, érrel avrod OUK €7TéA- Povtos,® arr GMUVOMEVOU TO pias pa EvvnvexOn yever Oar. Bacwdevs HEVTOL oU TpoTEpoyv aTeaTN €ws avtov efnuiwoe ypynpuact” AdOpa.

Odr mev ouv ‘Tlovarevearos ° ann biea bal Te HTloTAaTO Kal evOvyacacos 7) iy. eyo dé ma pepyov TL TovOE TOD Noyou elmrety OUK amo TOU xatpoo olomar eivar. 0 perv yap Evdatwwy ovdtos éTedev-

aber pidG Reiske: ddeag@. AtBéptov P, BeAtoapioy G. oud? Dindorf: oir’ G, br P. ayrioracw P, Qunlomacty G.

For jv Haury would prefer je.

om OO MD

336

ANECDOTA xxix. 5-12

statements we have mentioned, also enquired of the Emperor whether his nephew’s office was secure. Whereupon the Emperor denied what he had written to Liberius and wrote a letter to John instructing him to lay claim to the office with all his might; for, he said, he on his part had not planned any change regarding it. And John, having been con- vinced by these statements, commanded Liberius to retire from his official quarters as having been dis- missed from his office. But Liberius refused abso- lutely to obey him, he also obviously having been led to do so by the Emperor’s letters. So John armed his followers and proceeded to attack Liberius, while the latter, together with his supporters, pre- pared for resistance. And a fight took place in which many were killed, including John himself, the holder of the office. Liberius was therefore imme- diately summoned to Byzantium, Kudaemon urging this step vigorously, and the Senate, making a deter- mination of the facts in the case, acquitted the man on the ground that the outrage had occurred while he was not an aggressor, but was acting in self- defence. But the Emperor did not drop the matter until he had punished him by a fine of money, imposed secretly.

It was in this wise, in sooth, that Justinian knew how to tell the truth and practised straightforward- ness of speech! But it is not, I think, inopportune to add a matter that is incidental to this narrative. For this Eudaemon died not long afterwards, having

& éreAOdvros Suidas: eAddvros. 7 xphuact Herwerden: xphuara. 8 wev obv lovar. G, pev lovar, P, Lovat. ob povoy 8.

337

VOL. VI. 7

13

B 158 14

15

16

19

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

THoEV OV TOAXM® VaTepov, Evyyevov pév oi} aTONENELMpEVOY TOAAM@V, OVTE OLAaOnKNY TWA diaBéuevos ovTE TL AAO TO Tapdtay Eitwr. U0 Ypovoyv Te TOV avTOoV Kal TLS ApYwV yeyovws tav ev Iladatiw evvovywv dvona Evdpatas aTrehvOn Tob Biov, aderpidoodv pen aTroNLTT@V ovdev b€ € emt TH ovoia SiaBewevos TH abtoo TOANT és diya ovon. dpbo dé Bactreds Tas ovatas apetheTo, KANPOVOMOS yEeyEvNMEVOS AUTOMAaTOS Kal ovdé TpiwBorov TL TOV VoMipwv KANnpovopwv Mpoémevos. TocavTn aldot és TE TOUS Vo“ous Kal TOV emurndelov Tous Euryryevets 0 Bacirevs ovTOS expyto. otTws? Kal Ta Kipnvaiou TONG € ELT poo- Gev TeeUTHTAVTOS duxaiwpa*® ovd ottody ém avtois éywv apeihero.

Tovrey dé TO ex OpEvov vo Xpovov Te TOV avTov yeryovos ovK av TLoT@nY. ‘Avarodtos TLS Hv ev’ Ackartovtoav TO NEVKOMATL TA TPwTELa éxwv. TovTov THY Talda yapueTnY yUvaika TOV tis Kavcapéwv TeToINTal, Mapudcavos dvoma, olxias émupavods ayav. jv Oé 1) Kopn emir pos, émel povns avTns ‘Avatoros éyeyoves Tarp. vouw O€ avabev Suwpiocpévor, emevdav BovrevTs TOY TLVOS TOAEWY OUK ATTONEAELLMLEVY OL TAldwv ryovou dppevos ef avo par wy apavicBein, TOV ATrONENEL MEV OY Ure ToOUTOU _XpnwaTov TO jev TeTapTN {0 pLov didocIa TH THS Toews Bounev- Tn plo, TavT@Y O€ TOY dddwv TOUS KANpoVvoLOUS TOU TETENEUVTNKOTOS aTrovacGal, yywpicpa 70ous

1 nev of GP: evra S.

2 otws Alemannus: ov7os. 3 Sixalwua Alemannus: dika@uara.

338

ANECDOTA xxix. 12-19

neither disposed of his estate by will nor made any statement whatever, although he had many relatives surviving. And at about the same time a certain man, Euphratas by name,! who had been overseer of the Palace eunuchs, departed this life, leaving a nephew but without having made any disposition of his estate, which was very great. And the Emperor seized both these estates, of his own arbi- trary act making himself the heir and giving not a farthing to any of the lawful heirs. Such respect for the law and for the kinsmen of his intimates was shewn by this Emperor! In the same way he had seized the property of Eirenaeus who had died a long time before, although he had not a shadow of a claim to it.

And the incident directly connected with those just mentioned, which occurred at about the same time, I could not pass by in silence. There was a certain Anatolius who held chief place in the sena- torial roster of Ascalon.2 This man’s daughter had been duly married by one of the Caesareans,? Mamilianus by name, a man of a very notable house. And the girl was an heiress, since she was the only child of Anatolius. Now it had been pre- scribed by ancient law that whenever a Senator of any one of the cities should depart this life without leaving male children, the fourth part of the property left by this man should be given to the Council of the city, while the natural heirs of the deceased should enjoy the rest; but the Emperor here too gave evidence of his own true character, for he

1 Cf. Book VIII. iii. 19. 2 In Palestine.

* Caesarea, in Palestine, was the birth-place of Procopius. Cf. Chap. xi. 25.

339 z2

20

24

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

Tob oixetou kavTadda o auToKpaTop everKevUMEVOS, vO_ov evaryXos eTUY NAVE yparpas, éuTrahw Ta Tou Tpaymaros Stoveov pevov Omas om, émrevoav BovreuTis dmats TedeuT@ * ryovou appevos, THS ovalas ot pev KANPOVO"OL TO TerapTov EXotev, Tad\vAa 6€ Tav’Ta TO TE dnpooLov Kal TO THS Toews AevKwpA PépowTo. Kaito. ovdeTwTOTE dn Loo vov » Baoirevs ad’ ov yeyovacw av0 pwrot XPNbaT ov Bovrevtixdv peTacxeiy eax. TovTOU Tolvuy KELMEVOU TOU vomov, “AvatoXl@ pev émre- yevero U TEAELOS npepa Tou Biov, um dé TovTov mais TOV TOUTOU KAHpov Mpos TE TO Snwoovov Kal TO THs TOAEwWS BovAEUTHPLOY KATA TOV VOMOV en Kal auth ypapwara Bacidevs Te AUTOS

‘Ackarwvrey of woe AevK@MAaTOS eyparray, nis Tepl TOUTMY aura 2 adiévtes avTiNoyias are Ta ohiot MpoanKovTa KEKO [Lo EVOL ® op0as Kal duxaiws. vaTepov Kal Mapurcavos aTrenvOn TOU Biov, ¢ bamrep AvatoXt Knder rns eryeyouet, matoos ol Grohe el pers meas, Jimep Kal ovn * ny TOU TAT pos ovctay, ws TO eiKos, EaXe. peTa dé Kal abrn Teptovans éTt ol TAS pn Tpos adixeto €5_ TO [eT pov TOU Biou, av6pl pe Evvorxiabeioa TOV Noyluwv TLWI, pat np d€ ovTe OndeEos ovTE dpaevos ‘yevouévn yovov. arr ‘lovativiaves TdvT@y avtTeraBetTo®? TOY Ypnudtwv EvOUs, éxeivo attop0eyEduevos TO Oavydciov, ws THY *AvatoXlov taida yuvaixa ypabyv ovcay Tois TE

1 redevtgy KraSeninnikov : teAevTay. 2 aityvy Alemannus: avtovs.

3 xexomiouevor Alemannus: -Kéevg.

4

udvn S, omitted by GP. 34°

ANECDOTA xxix. 19-24

happened to have promulgated a law recently, which arranged matters in just the opposite way, providing, namely, that when a Senator died without male issue, his natural heirs should re- ceive the fourth part of his estate but that all the rest should be taken over by the Treasury and entered in the roster of the city’s Senate.1 And yet never since the creation of man has either Treasurer or Emperor been empowered to share in senatorial property. So while this law was in force, the final day of life came upon Anatolius, and his daughter divided the estate with the Treasury and the Council of the city in accordance with the law, and both the Emperor himself and the magistrates in charge of the roster of Ascalon wrote letters to her releasing her from the counter-claim? in this matter, since they had received their due correctly and justly. Later on Mamilianus also departed this life, the man who had been son-in-law to Anatolius, and he left a single daughter, who alone acquired her father’s estate, as was to be expected. But later on she too, while her mother still survived, reached the term of her life, having been married to one of the notables but having become mother of neither female nor male child. But Justinian seized upon all the property forthwith, letting fall the amazing statement that for the daughter of Anato- lius, now an old woman, to be enriched by her

1 The official senatorial record, like the album senatorium at Rome.

2 i.e. from further claims by the Treasury upon the one quarter of the estate which the new law assigned to her as heiress.

5 avreAdBeto Haury: aveAddPero.

341

P 84

B 160

25

30

31

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

TOU avdpos Kal Tots TOU “maT pos ™ouTety XP pacw ovy baLov el. Omws O€ 7 Yyuvn pn ev Tols mpooaTntais TO evOévde TeTaAkeTAaL, oTaTHpa Ypuvaoov és nucpay Exadotny THY yuvaika péper Gar Taurny Leopurer, &ws ay TEP, TovTo Gépmevos €v Tots ypappace dv ov Ta Xpimara éAnicato tabra, @S TOV oraripa Tpoetra TAS evoeBelas evera Toutov: “ é0os yap pol, py, “Ta Te dota Kal evoeBn 7 paTTelv.

"AXA trepl wey TOVTwWY TadTal aTOoXpN AEyeLD, drws [4 0 AOYOS KaTaKOpws ExoL, Errel ovdEVi* andvrwyv avOpwmrw ye ovte dSuvatoyv atropvnpo- vedDoa. O7t d€ ovdé? Bevérwv TOV ol éoTrov- Sac pévov SoxowvT@y elvar NOyo TWa TeTOiNnTaL NPNMAT wv TAapovr wy, eyo dnorw. Mand@avns Tes Sep ev Kinués Aéovtos éxeivou yauBpos damep elyev,* Bomrep jor Eutrpoober elpytat, THY TOD Kaoupevou pepepevdaptov Teper" ToUTOD ® Bias dvactéAXew éréctedre Tas ev Kiéinrs€s. TavTns Te THS aK Wews 0 MadOavns AaBopevos aynKerra. Kaka Kirikwy tods Tela TOUS elpya- GeTO, Kal Ta Xpymara Na couevos Ta pev TO TUpavy@ emeume, Tois 6€ autos ® eduxatou qov- Tel. of pev ovv AAXOL TA oiat Tmapovra oLw Tn épepon, Wafecicoy 6é ba0L Béverou joav Th eK Baorréws * Tappnota Papoobytes €v To Sypoaie THS ayopas €s Tov Madéavny ov TapovTa a pict TorrAa UBpifov. Sep érret 0 MadOarrs éyva,

ravra added by Capps. 2 ovdert Haury: ovde. ovde Capps: ov.

bomep elxev Haury, cf. Chap. xxii. 13: és Tepieimev.

5 For rodroy KraSeninnikoy conjectured rovre.

342

mo

ANECDOTA xxix. 24-31

husband’s and her father’s money was an impious thing! But in order that the woman might not thenceforth be assigned to the ranks of the beggars, he ordered that this woman should receive a gold stater each day, as long as she lived, inserting in the document by means of which he had plundered all this money the statement that he relinquished the stater for the sake of piety: “ For it is my custom,” he said, “‘ to do whatever is pious and righteous.” But concerning these matters it suffices to give these facts, that my account may not lead to surfeit, since it is not possible for any human being to men- tion them all. But that he has taken no account even of any adherent of the Blues, who were sup- posed to be his favourites, when money was at stake, I shall now make clear. There was a certain Malthanes in Cilicia, son-in-law of that Leon who held, as mentioned above,! the office of Referendarius 2 as it is called. This man he directed to put a stop to the acts of violence in Cilicia. And laying hold of this pretext, Malthanes committed outrageous wrongs upon the majority of the Cilicians, and as he plundered their money, he sent some to the tyrant, while he saw fit to enrich himself with the remainder. Now all the rest endured their misfortunes in silence, but such of the men of Tarsus as were Blues, being bold in the licence which the Emperor’s favour gave them, heaped many insults upon Malthanes in the public market-place when he was not present among them. And when Malthanes learned this, he

1 Chap. xiv. 16, xvii. 32. 2 Private secretary; cf. Book IT. xxiii. 6.

5 atrds GP, abroy S. 7 Bagti€ws PS, BactAldos G.

343

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

A fal ’ / ’ \ > \ mrNOGosS TTPATIWTAV ETAYOMEVOS €5 ‘Tapoov evOds apirero VUKTOP TEPLTELTOV TE TOUS oTpaTlaTas és Tas oikias Op8 pov Bafeos Katahvew exeQevev.

32 Epodov oe olo evo TavTny of Bévetou eivat, éx TOV TapovT@y 7) LUVOVTO. EvveBn TOlVUY ANNA TE Kaka év okoT@ yevéoOar Kal Aapiavon, dvopa

33 ex Bovdjs,1 rokevpare BrnOévta Teceiv. my € 0 Aapuavos obTos TOV THOE Bevérwy T POOTAaTNS. étrep émel es Bufavtiov rev, ot te Bévetoe dua hopovpevor OopvBo ava Ty TON TORO

v \ , fal

elyovto, kai Baowéa pev adi TO TpdypaTt b] ‘ BA / \ \ \ , nvwxrouv ayav, Aéovta b€ Kat tov MadOavnv Ebv deworaraus amerais moAda edvadypovr.

34 Kal avToxparop ovoev TL nooov dypiaiveo Bat éml Tots aie ae eTKITTETO. ypaupa ovv evOvs eypae, Entnciv te Kal Tiow Tov TO MandOdvn temo\Tevpévav Kedevwv yevéec Oat.

ae) \ ; Ny , , a a

35 ara Aéwy avT@ Xpuaciov Tpoéuevos TAHGos TOD te Oupod? avtixa Kal ths &€s tovs Bevérous oTopyns émavae, TOD TE TPayuaTos aveEeTUaTOU

/ / \ b , pevernxotos Mard@avnv Baatrevs és BufSavtiov > > \ is4 ¢ fol / map auvtov Kovta Evy Te TOAAH Hiroppoovvyn

36 eide Kal ev Tih over. éEvovta dé of Bévetou éx Baciéws tTypjacavtes TANYAS® avTw Tpoce-

/ > / \ / v tpiwarto év Lladatiw Kal diaypicacOar EwedXov, el pon avta@v* Teves duex@ucar, ot ye 7 pos Aéovtos Xpnwara men KEKO LT LEVOL AdOpa € eTy-

37 yavov. Katto Tis ovK av raven TH moXeTetav édXeeLvoTaTHY Karoin év n° Bacirers pev dwpo-

1 é« Bovdts GS, ev Bova7 P.

2 @uuod Haury, Siwypyod Reiske : Me mov. 3 rAnyas P, tAnyiy S, tAny’ G.

344

ANECDOTA xxix. 31-37

straightway came to Tarsus by night, bringing a large force of soldiers, and sending hem prota to the houses at early dawn, he ordered them to take lodgings therein. And Ae Blues, thinking this to be a raid, defended themselves as well as they could. And many other mishaps took place in the darkness, but the worst was that Damianus, a member of the Senate, fell by a shot from a bow. Now this Dami- anus was the patron of the Blues there. And when news of this came to Byzantium, the Blues were angry and raised a great tumult throughout the city, and they plagued the Emperor about the matter exceedingly, and they vilified Leon and Malthanes roundly together with most terrible threats. And the Emperor pretended to be no less angry than they at what had happened. So he straightway wrote a letter ordering an investigation and punishment of the public acts of Malthanes. But Leon, by handing over to him a vast quantity of gold, caused him to give up at once both his anger and his fondness for the Blues, and though the matter had remained unin- vestigated, when Malthanes came into the Emperor’s presence in Byzantium, the latter received him with great friendliness and held him in honour. But when he went out from the Emperor’s presence, the Blues, who had been watching for him, rained blows upon him in the Palace, and they would have de- stroyed him had not some of them prevented it, these being the men who chanced to have already received money in secret from Leon. And yet who would not call that State most pitiable in which an Emperor, having accepted a bribe, left the briber’s crimes

4 gitav PS, ray G. 5 ¥ Alemannus: ols.

345

3 161

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

doxnoas avekéracta KaTédere Ta éyKAjpaTa, TTATLOTAL 6€ Baorrews ev Ilaratiw dvTos éemavacTivar TOV TLL dpxovroy obdeud 3 OKYNTEL éTohunoav adikwv TE Xerpav em auTov dpEar ; tials pévTot TOUTOY 67) évera ovdepia ovTE Els tov Manr@avnv éyéveto ovte eis tos avT@ éeTavactavtas. €« TOUTwY 6€ el! TLs BoUXOLTO TO *Tovotiviavod Tov Baciréws Texpnpiova bw ° 700s.

rN’. Ei bé twa kal TOU THS TohuTelas Evpopov TOLELTAL oyor, Ta és Spopov Te avT@ Tov OnMo- oLov Kal Tous KAT aTKOTOUS elpyao pera dnhocet. ot pev yap ‘Papmatwv aUTOKPaTOpES év Tots ave Xpovors ryeryevnevol, Tpovonaavres orrws amavTa Te opiow errary'yEXROLTO * Taxa Kal pn dened 61070 PEAANTEL, TA TE Tpos TOV TONE [LLeOV €v yopa éxdory Evprinrovra kal tais moAeoe KaTa oTaow i) aro TL ar pooTm Tov oupSatvovta mdaos, Ta TE TPOS TAY ApYovT@Y Kal TOV AdrwV amdyray Tavrax oe Tpaccoseva THS ‘Popatov dpxiis, Omes Te of Tous dopous TaparrewrovTEs TOUS emreTeLous d:ac@louvto Bpaduthtos Te Kal xivOvvou Xo pis, dnuoaiov o€vy Tiva TAVTAX OE merroinvta, Spomov tpoT@ Tor@de. €s nHuepas odov evfovw avdpl ataBmovs KaTeETTHTAVTO, 7) pev OKTM, 11) S€ TOVTwY EAdaooUS, Ov péVTOL Hooov €k TOU éTl TAELOTOY 1) KATA TéVTE. im7ToL dé fatavto és Tecoapakovta év ctTabu@ ExaoTo. immokouo. d€ KATA AOYoY TOD THY imtTwV LéTPOU

ei Reiske: 67.

TeKunpiova bw Alemannus : Tekunpiovda Gat.

emayyEAAOITO Dindorf: arayyéAAowro. de Stefani pro- poses amayéAoiro, for which Haury would prefer arayyéAowTo.

346

oO rm pe

ANECDOTA xxix. 37-xxx. 4

uninvestigated, and factionists, on the other hand, while the Emperor was there in the Palace, dared without any compunction to set upon one of the magistrates and to commit an unjust attack upon him? As for punishment, however, none was in- flicted on account of these misdeeds, either upon Malthanes or upon his assailants. From _ these things, if anyone should wish, let him estimate the character of the Emperor Justinian.

xxx. And as to the question whether Justinian had any consideration for the welfare of the State, the things he did to the public post and to the spies will be illuminating. For the Roman Emperors of earlier times, by way of making provision that everything should be reported to them speedily and be subject to no delay,—such as the damage inflicted by the enemy upon each several country, whatever befell the cities in the course of civil conflict or of some unforeseen calamity, the acts of the magistrates and of all others in every part of the Roman Empire—and also, to the end that those who conveyed the annual taxes might reach the capital safely and without either delay or risk, had created a swift public post extending everywhere, in the following manner.t Within the distance included in each day’s journey for an unencumbered traveller? they established stations, sometimes eight, sometimes less, but as a general thing not less than five. And horses to the number of forty stood ready at each station. And grooms in proportion to the

1 For an account of the similar Persian post, cf. Herodotus VIII. 98. 2 About twenty miles; cf. Book III. i. 17.

347

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PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

éreTayato €v Tact otaOpmois. auyvais d€¢ immav doxtuwtatav dvtwv diaboyais €AavvovTes del ola mep emixertat TO epyov TOUTO, béKa Te, av obT TUXOL, oOoY 7) Tmep@v apelBovtes év nuépa pia émpaccov amavra boa pou apTiws SedjAwTat, Tpos d€ Kal ov TOV Xoplov TavTaxy KUpLOL, ads Te KAY ev peroryelous Ta Yopla ovta} eTVyXaveVv, EVdatpoveactaToL” em’ auTols® év Tots padiara yoav. TOUS yap ovras ex Tod TEPLOVTOS cpio KApTOUS immo Te Kal immoKomov Tpopis eveca TO Onpwocim ava wav Etos amrodidopevot XPNLAT A peydda épépovto. EvveBawe Te OLa TabTa TO Snpocio déverOat pev del TOUS eyKeEL- pévous éxdoT@ pédpous, avtTiTrapadéyetOar é avTous Tois éaxoplCovow avTixa 5% pedra, Kal ™poohy To yeyeviio Oat Tm ToNTEla Ta déovta.

Ta pev ouv T poTepa TAUTN ™ elyev. 0 6€ avToKpareop OUTOS TPOTA Ley TOV EK Karx7Soves axpe és Aakifilav xabedov Spopov qvayKace mavtas €x Bufavtiou evOvs dype és tHv “EXevov- Tov ovTL EOEXOUVGLOUS vavTiAAETOaL. TEOVTES obv év akdtos Bpaxelas Ticiv, olais* dvatropO- peverOar THOSE ElwPact, YELMwVOS, Av OUTW TUYOL,

1 For évra Alemannus conjectured raira. 2 ebdamoveorato: Alemannus: -éorata.

3 qgitots Alemannus : adros.

4 ofais Alemannus, Haury : ofa.

1 About two hundred miles. The ‘‘ Pony Express” in the United States, before the day of railroads, covered from two hundred to two hundred and fifty miles per day; Mark Twain, Roughing It, Chap. VIII. Cf. also P. A. Rollins,

348

ANECDOTA xxx. 4-9

number of horses were detailed to all stations. And always travelling with frequent changes of the horses, which were of the most approved breeds, those to whom this duty was assigned covered, on occasion, a ten-days’ journey in a single day,! and accomplished all those things which have just been mentioned; and furthermore, the owners of the land everywhere, and particularly if their lands happened to lie in the interior, were exceedingly prosperous because of this system. For every year they sold the surplus of their crops to the Govern- ment for the maintenance of horses and grooms, and thus earned much money. And the result of all this was that while the Treasury regularly received the taxes assessed upon each man, yet those who paid the taxes received their money back again immedi- ately,? and there was the further advantage that the State business has been accomplished.

Now in earlier times this was the situation. But this Emperor first of all abolished the post from Chalcedon as far as Daciviza? and compelled all the couriers, much against their will, to proceed from Byzantium directly to Helenopolis by sea. When they make the passage, then, in small boats of the kind the folk are accustomed to use in crossing the strait, in case a storm happens to descend upon

The Cowboy, p. 136; ‘‘. . . Leon, a Mexican, changing horses, traversed, in 1876, one hundred miles in four hours, fifty-seven minutes; in 1877, five hundred and five miles in forty-nine hours, fifty-one and a half minutes. ... FF. X. Aubrey of the Pony Express rode across-country eight hundred miles in five days, thirteen hours.”

2 In the form of payment for the supplies furnished by them.

3 Modern Gebize.

349

P 86

B 163

10

ll

13

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

eTLTETOVTOS, ETL péeya KivdUvoU YwpovaL. TIS yap advayKatou omouons eyeeypenns adict Katpo- prudraxely Te Kal mpoadexer Oat péddovoay THY yadnvny advvata éoTlv. émEiTa de KATQ [Lev THY éml Ilépcas od0v gépovcay tov Spopov emt oXIMATOS ToD mpoa bev ovto0s * elacev elvat, és de TY NoLTrHY cuumagay) Ew pméeype és Alyurrov év Tuepas 060 arab mov” éva KATETTHTATO povov, ovx int wv MEVTOL, GXN bvev oriyor. 60 On Ta pev EvpBaivovra ev NOPE éxaory pons * TE Kal oe TOU katpoo ral OTLaw@ TOV Tparymarov éaaryyehno- peva émixouplas ovdemias TuyXaverv ElKOS, OL O€ TOUS dypovs KEKTNHEVOL KapTr ov Tov a petépov TETNTOTWY TE Kal ELK KELMEeVWY avOVNTOL és ael ylvovTat.

Ta 6€ TOv KatTacKoOT@Y ToLavTa éoTLV. cavdp_es moNXnXol év Snuociw TO avéxabev éaitifovto, ot 51 €s TOUS ToNEeulous lovTes ev Te Tois Llepoav Bactrelous ywvopevor 7) éutroplas ovdmate 1) TPOT® Etépo, &S TE TO axpiBes Svepevv@pevor ExacTa, ean} KOVTES és ‘Popatoy THY yay mavTa Tots apxovow éraryyehewv HOUVAVTO TA TOY TTONE- piwy amoppyta. ot d&€ tpovpador * épvraccov Te Kal aTTpooTTOY ovdev EvveTiTMTE Thict. TOUTO

1 byros GS, ottos g.

a kara before otadudv deleted by Haury. Cf. Section 3 above.

3 éxdorn wodcs Alemannus : spans ExaoTN. 4 rpotuaboy gS, mpouaddyres P

1 The new route did away with about twenty-eight miles of land travel—from Chalcedon to Daciviza—substituting an equally direct, though slower, water route, which would afford

35°

ANECDOTA xxx. 9-13

them, they come into great danger! Vor since the haste which is obligatory keeps urging them on, it is impossible for them to watch for the right weather and wait for the next calm. And, in the second place, while on the route leading into Persia he did allow the previous arrangement to stand, yet for all the rest of the East as far as Egypt he allowed one station only for each day’s journey,” using not horses, however, but mules and only a few of them. It is no wonder, consequently, that the things which take place in each country, being reported both with difficulty and too late to give opportunity for action and behind the course of events, cannot be dealt with at all, and the owners of the lands, with crops rotting on their hands and going to waste, continually lose all their profits.

And the matter of the spies is as follows. Many men from ancient times were maintained by the State, men who would go into the enemy’s country and get into the Palace of the Persians, either on the pretext of selling something or by some other device, and after making a thorough investigation of every- thing, they would return to the land of the Romans, where they were able to report all the secrets of the enemy to the magistrates. And they, furnished with this advance information, would be on their guard and nothing unforeseen would befall them.

connection with the road to be followed at a point slightly beyond the mouth of the modern Gulf of Ismid. This measure resulted in a certain loss of time, which might become serious in case of storm; for the course lay along a shore exposed to the south wind, which is often troublesome. On the other hand, about four stations of horses, some one hundred and sixty animals, were dispensed with. 2 Cf. Section 3 of this chapter.

352

B 164

14

16

17

18

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

\ \ lol > lal / > Lal *. 6€ TO yphua Kav toils Mndas éx madatod iv. ’ > , © Xocpoyns pev ovv pelGouvs, wotep hact, memon- pévos Tas! Tay KatacKoTwy EvyTates Tpounbeias an ? Lf } by s Oe \ Sb >? / THS évOévde aTrndavoev. ovdev yap avTov [édAav- lal € € Oave Tov év “Pwpaios yivonevav. o 6€ ‘lovc- Tiviavos ovd oTLODY dvadXwaas Kal avTO TO]? THY KatacKoTr@y dvopa é&étpipev ex “Pwpaiwy tis fol ? ®, \ ” \ e / \ ys, e€ o8 67 adda TE TOAAA ruapTHOn Kal lal € , Aatixn mpos Tav TrodEulwy édrdo, “Popaiwy ovdaun TeTUcpéevmy Omror ToTe ys o Ilepowy Baowrels Evv TO otpatT@ ein. adda Kal Kapn- Novus TaputAnGeis TO Snmoctoy €x TadaLov / 3 > 50 Os On; fal “Pp / nr ? \ Tpéperv® eiwbe, ai dn TO “Pwpaiwy otpat@ eri ToNeplous tovre dravta pépovoar Ta émuTnoeta el OVTO. Ka ovTe Tols yewpyois ToTE aryyapo- popeiv emdvayKes Hy ovTE TL evdeEly Tots oT patla- Tals TOV avayKalwv EvvéBaivev. adda Kal TavTas meptetAev “lovotiviavos oxedov TL atadaas. 610 / fo f ’ 67) él Tovs ToAEmLOUS LovTos Ta VUY TOU ‘Pwmatwv oTpatou yeyevicOal Te TOV SeovTwY advvaToP. ms \ 45 5 / nr / 4 > / 5 Ta pev ody atrov avorana Th monuTela* epépeto THoe. ovdev dé yetpov® Kal twos avTov TOV ryeNol@v emymyna Onvat. TOV év Kaioapetg pnto- pov Evayyeros TUS TY OUK donpos avnp doTeEp emrl- popov oi Tov THs TUYNS TVEvmaTOS yEevomévov

1 ras S, Tas mpbs ¢ gP.

2 €rdvOave _. . avro 7d added by Haury ; KraSeninnikoy supplies trav &y ye Pwualwy TH apxf Tore yivowevwy 7) Kal BeBov- Aevuevwy A€AnOev. 55 lovariviavds Bacirevs kal avrd 7d (for not one detail) ‘‘of what was happening, in the Roman Empire at least, or even of what was being planned, escaped him. And the Emperor Justinian also (blotted out) even the very ” (name of spies).

352

ANECDOTA xxx. 13-18

And this practice had existed among the Medes also from ancient times. Indeed Chosroes, as they say, increased the salaries of his spies and profited by this forethought. For nothing [that was happening among the Romans escaped] him. [Justinian, on the other hand, by refusing to spend anything at all on them] blotted out from the land of the Romans [even the very] name of spies, and in consequence of this action many mistakes were made and Lazica was captured by the enemy, the Romans having utterly failed to discover where in the world the Persian king and his army were. Nay more, the State had also been wont from ancient times to maintain a great number of camels, which followed the Roman army as it moved against an enemy and carried all the provisions. And in those days neither were the farmers obliged to provide trans- portation nor did the soldiers find themselves in want of any of the necessities; but Justinian abolished these too, practically all of them. So now-a-days, when a Roman army proceeds against the enemy, none of the needful measures can possibly be taken.

Now the most important affairs of the State were going on badly in this fashion. And there is no harm in mentioning also one of Justinian’s absurdities. There was among the orators of Caesarea a certain Evangelus, a man of no little distinction, who, since the breeze of fortune had blown favourably for him,

3 rpepew gP, exrpépew 8,

4 7H mwoAtrela gP, THs woAtTelas S, 5 épépero Reiske: émepépero.

5 xetpov Reiske : olov.

353 VOL. VI. AA

2 tu

19

20

21

22

23

24

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

Xpnwatov te adrwy Kal ywpas ToAATS KUpLOS ryéryovev. barepov dé Kal KoOuny éemibaraccilay Tiva, Iloppupedva dvopa, TpLdv Xpuatov* Kevtnvaplov ém plato. Taira pada ‘Jovarwavos Bacrevs agetreTo 270 xe@ptov evdds oriryny auT@ Twa TOU Timi maTOS TpoEmEvos potpav, Kal ToDTO arropbery- Edpevos, os Evayyeho pntopt dvTL ov pnToTE evm peres eln KO"NS ToavT NS Kuplo eivat’ adda Tepl ev TOUTWY, aunyéeTN aUTOV émripvynabevTes, Tavoopeba Néyetv.

Tav b€ mpos te lovetimavod Kai Oeoda@pas emi TH moheTela veoxpwbévTav Kal tabra eat. maar pev a) oUYyKANTOS Bovr1) apa Baciréa® loboa T pomp Toupee mT pookuvely elOuar0.4 TAT piKLOS pév TLS avnp Tapa peatov avuTOU TpoaeKUvEL TOV deEvov. [sezouNens dé avtod katagidyoas THs Keparns ° é€ier: of O€ Aowrrol amavTes ‘yovu KAlvavtes Baciret TO SeELov amnd\XacCOrTO: Bacirida pévToL TpocKuvely ovdapuyn eiO@.oTo. mapa oé ‘Tovativeavov Te Kal Ocod@pay Tas ei o8ous TOLOU[ELOL ol TE aot dmavtes ral dcou TO TaTpikioy akimua elyov EmimTov pev els TO Oados evOUs ert otoua, xetpav Sé Kal Too@y &€s ayav ohiot TeTavUTpMevwY TH YELrEL moos éxatépou aapevos éEavictavto. ovdé yap 7 Oeodapa thy aEiwouv avedveTo TavTHy, 7) ye Kat tous mpéoBets mpocterOar® Ilepoa@y te Kal tov

xpvotov KraSeninnikov : xpuclwv. avr after apefAeto deleted by Haury. BootkAéa Herwerden: BaoiAe?,

elOicto S, NBovAovro g, eWiorm P.

Tis Kepadts S, thy Keparry gP.

op oO DP eH

354

ANECDOTA xxx. 18-24

had become owner of other property and especially of much land. And later on he even purchased a village on the seashore, Porphyreon by name, paying three centenaria of gold.! Learning of this, the Emperor Justinian immediately took the place away from him, giving him some small portion of its value, with the remark that it would never comport with the dignity of Evangelus, an orator, to be the owner of such a town. But I shall say nothing more about these matters, now that I have, after a fashion, made mention of them.

And among the innovations of Justinian and Theodora in the administration of the Government there is also the following. In ancient times the Senate, as it came into the Emperor’s presence, was accustomed to do obeisance in the following manner. Any man of patrician rank saluted him on the right ' breast. And the Emperor would kiss him on the head and then dismiss him; but all the rest first bent the right knee to the Emperor and then with- drew. The Empress, however, it was not at all customary to salute. But in the case of Justinian and Theodora, all the other members of the Senate and those as well who held the rank of Patricians, whenever they entered into their presence, would prostrate themselves to the floor, flat on their faces, and holding their hands and feet stretched far out they would touch with their lips one foot of each before rising. For even Theodora was not disposed to forego this testimony to her dignity, she who acted as though the Roman Empire lay at her feet,

1 Cf. Chap. i. 33, note.

® rpoclec@a: Picculos: mpoleo@at.

355

AA 2

26

27

28

29

30

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

addy BapBapar, Xpnwact TE aUTOUS Swpeta bar, @oTep UT auTH KeLperns THs ‘Popaiwor dpxijs, ovdapui) dnnéiov, mpaypa TOTOTE ov yeyouos ex TOU TAVTOS Xpovov. Kal Tadrat pev ot T@ Bactret Evyyevopevot avtov Te Bacidéa Kal THv yuvaika Baowniba éxaouy, apXovTwv Te TOY Rovrdy éxagTov 6mm avtT@ ataparos Tepe Ta mapovra.* éyol, ap O€ Tes TOUTOL oToTép@ €s ROyoUS Evypitas Baciréws 7 Baoididos ériuvnoGein, arr ov Seamotny Te atoKaroin Kal déoTowwar, 7) Kal pn Sovdous TOV TLWas apyovTev dvouaterv TELp@To, ovVTOS* 63 aways Te Kal THY yAOTTAV aKoAaaTos éd0Ke. Elvat, Kal ate nuapTnKws Ta muxpotaTa Kat UBpicas &€s ods feiota éexphy évOévde amrnet.

Kal ta mpotepa péev ortyou. te Kal tadta porss ev Bacrrelors eyivovto, €€ Grou S€ obToL THY Bacidelay tapérXaBov, adpxovtes ood Kal oi Nowtrol Evpravtes ev IladXatiw évdedeyéotata Sat eBay eixov. aiteov 6€ Oru mahal pev Tais apxats Th TE dikara Kal vO puja. Tpacoel yvoOun avTOVOL® eEijv. ol Te ovv ApXoVTES Svovovpevoe Ta elwO dra év Tots KaTaywylols Tots auTav EHevOV, ot TE apXowevot Biavov ovdev oure opayres OUTE dxovovres Bacvréa, ws 70 elKOS, Or ya v@NXAouv. ovTo: 6€ amavta éml Tovnpd TaV KaTnKowy ep éavTouvs és ae EXKOVTES ATraVTAS

4

1 7a mapdyvra S, tabe gP.

2 obTos Alemannus, 8 roovros de Stefani, rorodros PS, ToOTOUTO g.

3 5) Alemannus, dé PS, re g.

4 ratra added by Capps.

5 of added by Haury.

356

a aod

TE

ANECDOTA xxx. 24-30

but was by no means averse to receiving even the ambassadors of the Persians and of the other barbarians and to bestowing upon them presents of money, a thing which had never happened since the beginning of time. And while in earlier times those who attended upon the Emperor used simply to call him “ Emperor ” and his consort “ Empress,’’ and used to address each one of the other magistrates in accordance with his standing at the moment, yet if anyone should enter into conversation with either one of these two and should use the words “‘ Emperor ”’ or “Empress” and fail to call them “ Master ” or “ Mistress,” or should undertake to use any other word but “slaves” in referring to any of the magis- trates, such a person would be accounted both stupid and too free of tongue, and, as though he had erred most grievously and had treated with gross indignity those whom he should by no means have so treated, would leave the imperial presence.

And whereas in former times very few persons entered the Palace, and that too with difficulty, yet since the time when these succeeded to the throne, both magistrates and all others together remained constantly in the Palace. And the reason was that in the old days the magistrates were permitted to do what was just and lawful according to their own judgment. Hence the magistrates, being occupied with their own administrative business, used to remain in their own lodgings, and the subjects of the Emperor, since they neither saw nor heard of any act of violence, bothered him, as was to be expected, very little. But these rulers, always drawing all matters into their own hands to the ruin of their subjects, compelled everybody to dance attendance

357

B 166

P 88

31

32

33

34

PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA

apiat SovrAoTpeTEecTAaTA TpocEdpevery HVdyKalov* Fw Sé ideiy els tuepav ayedov TL ExdoTHy TA bev SiuxaotTnpla Tavta €k Tov éml TAEloTOY avdpov épnua, ev d€ TH Bacirdéws! avd dydov Te Kal bBpw Kal wOicpov péyav Kal SovroTpéreav és ael Evutracav. of te avtoiv émitndecot SoKovdvTes elvat THv Te nuepav Sinvex@s Tacav Kal THS VUKTOS €s del TOAAHY TWA polpay evTavla EcTATES dumvol TE Kal amOolTOL Tapa KaLpovs TOUS elwOotas yivouevor StepOetpovto, és TovTO TE avTois THY SoKovcaY evdatmoviay atoKeKpiabat Evvétece. TovT@y pévToL adepéevor TavTwv d1e“aYOVTO POs ANANNOUS Of avOpwToL bry TrOTE ‘Pwopaiwy Ta XpHpwata ein. of pev yap loxupl- fovto év BapBapos dravta elvat, of 5é Baciréa épackov év oikickols ToANOIsS KabeipEavta Eye. omnvika ovv % avOpwros av oO ‘lovaTtiviavos atérXOn tod Biov, 7) are Tov Sapovav apywv amodvon Tov Biov, dcor THVLKAOE TEPLOVTES TUXWOL Tarbes eloovTat.

1 Baoitdéws S, rod BaoirAéws g, BaciAclw P.

358

ANECDOTA xxx. 30-34

upon them in most servile fashion; and it was possible to see, practically every day, all the law- courts, on the one hand, for the most part empty, but at the Emperor’s Court, on the contrary, one would find crowds and insolence and mighty pushing and all the time nothing but servility. And those who were supposed to be intimate with the royal pair, standing there continuously the entire day and regularly during the greater portion of the night, being without sleep and without food at the usual . hours, were done to death, and this was all that their seeming good fortune amounted to. And when at length they were set free from all this, the poor fellows would quarrel with each other over the question of what had become of the money of the Romans. For whereas some maintained that it was all in the possession of the barbarians, others said that the Emperor kept it shut up in a large number of special rooms. So when Justinian either, if he is a man, departs this life, or, as being the Lord of the evil spirits, lays his life aside, all who have the fortune to have survived to that time will know the truth.

359

APPENDIX I Tue Facrions oF THE HipPODROME IN CONSTANTINOPLE

Tue following account of the strange nature and the pernicious activity of the Green and the Blue Factions, derived, it would appear, from the four parties of the Roman circus, is taken from Bury’s edition of Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 1V. 220 ff.

“ Constantinople adopted the follies, though not the virtues, of ancient Rome; and the same factions which had agitated the circus, raged with redoubled fury in the hippodrome. Under the reign of Anastasius, this popular frenzy was inflamed by religious zeal; and the Greens, who had treacher- ously concealed stones and daggers under baskets of fruit, massacred, at a solemn festival, three thousand of their Blue adversaries. From the capital this pestilence was diffused into the provinces and cities of the East, and the sportive distinction of the two colours produced two strong and _ irreconcilable factions which shook the foundations of a feeble government. The popular dissensions, founded on the most serious interest, or holy pretence, have scarcely equalled the obstinacy of this wanton discord, which invaded the peace of families, divided friends and brothers, and tempted the female sex, though seldom seen in the circus, to espouse the inclinations of their lovers or to contradict the wishes of their husbands, Every law, either human

361

APPENDIX II

or divine, was trampled under foot, and as long as the party was successful, its deluded followers appeared careless of private distress or public calamity. The licence, without the freedom of democracy, was revived at Antioch and Constantinople, and the support of a faction became necessary to every candidate for civil or ecclesiastical honours. A secret attachment to the family or sect of Anastasius was imputed to the Greens; the Blues were zealously devoted to the cause of orthodoxy and Justinian, and their grateful patron protected, above five years, the disorders of a faction whose seasonable tumults overawed the Palace, the Senate, and the capitals of the East.”

APPENDIX II Tue CuristiAN Heresies

Ir was the intention of Procopius to write a book on the subject of the doctrines of Christianity and the long and often bitter debates in the course of which these were formulated, as definitely stated in Chap. xi. 33 of the Secret History—a promise which he repeated in the eighth book of the Histories, xxv. 13. It is most unfortunate that he was prevented from fulfilling this promise, for his point of view was that of a liberal who was puzzled by the earnestness with which his contemporaries entered into the discussion of these matters (cf. Chap. xi. 25 and Book V. iii. 6). For the whole Roman world was deeply agitated by the discussions of the churchmen, and all, even the man in the street, and often the

362

APPENDIX II

women, held decided opinions and beliefs which they were more than ready to defend. Even the Emperor himself, as well as the Empress, felt called upon to support the cause of orthodoxy, and they were con- stantly concerned either to persuade or to force all dissenters into conformity (Chap. xiii. 7).

The numerous and varied heresies which had developed already are themselves sufficient evidence of the important place which Christianity held in the consciousness of the people. The Arian heresy had been definitely condemned by the Council of Nicaea (A.D. 325), but it was not extinguished by an edict, and it persisted long after the time of Justinian. Other less important heresies mentioned by Procopius were those of the Eunomians, the Sabbatiani and the Montani. Other groups at variance with the state religion were the Manichaeans, devotees of an independent religion, though often regarded as a perversion of Christianity, the Samaritans, whose creed was older than that of Christianity, and the Polytheists, who seem to have included, for Procopius, the adherents of the ancient religions of Greece and of Rome.

As to doctrine, the Arians maintained that the three Persons of the Trinity are not of the same substance: that the Son is indeed like the Father, but not identical in essence. Their central tenet was expressed in the Greek word homoiousion as con- trasted with the homoousion of the doctrine of Atha- nasius which became orthodox through the adoption of the Nicene Creed. The Eunomians similarly held that God alone is ungenerate. The Montani were led by Montanus, assisted by two pious women, who claimed the gift of prophecy and announced that the

363

APPENDIX III

end of the world was imminent, a belief which probably consoled them in their act of self-cremation (Chap. xi. 23). The Sabbatiani were an offshoot of the Novatiani; for heresies sprang from other heresies as well as from the central body of belief. This group had originated in a contested election and developed independent doctrines only after their schism. ‘The Manichaeans and the Samaritans were monotheistic but had a theology independent of the Christian system. The Polytheists of course had no body of doctrine as such.

These and many other heresies which Procopius did not have occasion to mention were both defended and attacked with great violence, and the consequent disputes held the active interest of the civilized world for many centuries before and after the age of Justinian. See Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, or Smith and Wace, Dictionary of Christian Biography.

APPENDIX III Tue Statue or Domitian (Chap. viii. 13-21)

Tue statement of Procopius that a devoted wife performed the gruesome act described in this passage is devoid of support, as well as extremely improbable. The evidence in the case is well presented by D. Bassi in a note in the (posthumous) edition of the Secret History by Comparetti (1928). The note follows, in translation.

“No ancient historian records the details, evidently legendary, which Procopius is pleased to recount. The legend, which is pathetic enough, is based on

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APPENDIX III

two supposed facts which really are both very dis- tressing, but false and purely imaginary, and both entirely deprived of historical consistency. Domitian was not hacked to pieces, but was murdered in his chamber by conspirators, first receiving a wound in the groin, then, in the scuffle which followed, seven other wounds which finished him. His body was not piously buried by his wife Domitia, who instead co-operated with the conspirators to accom- plish the murder. This pious office was fulfilled by the nurse of the murdered man, Phyllis by name, who, with the assistance of common undertakers, took charge of the body privately, performed his last rites at his villa on the Via Latina and then, after it had been cremated, deposited the ashes in the tomb of the Flavian family together with those of Julia, daughter of Titus, of whom she had also been nurse.

«With regard to these facts recorded by most authoritative historians, such as Suetonius, Dio Cassius and others, there cannot be any doubt. Still, the fact remains, equally incontestable, of the bronze statue of Domitian extant at the time of Procopius on the slope of the Capitol standing on the right of those ascending from the Forum; this statue, apart from being the only one of that Emperor remaining erect, because all the others had been demolished by order of the Senate, presented also the singular characteristic of being composed entirely of many pieces cleverly set together, but still always easily distinguishable. These facts, which the people at Rome explained at that time (four centuries and a little more since the murder of Domitian) by the pathetic little story which Procopius ingenuously

365

APPENDIX III

recounts in the form in which it had been related to him, ought to be, and can be, explained rationally, taking into account what the historians say of what followed at Rome immediately after the murder of Domitian. The news of the murder was heard with indifference by the people, says Suetonius; not so by the army, which was most outraged by it and immediately started an agitation demanding that the murdered Emperor should receive divine honours and that the murderers should be tracked down and severely punished. Held with difficulty to allegiance to their commanders, the troops finally obtained what they sought. The Senate, on the other hand, which Domitian had always slighted and abused, received that news with a burst of joy and exulta- tion, and suddenly ordered that the statues of the hated Emperor should be taken off the walls and thrown on the ground, and that all memory of him should be cancelled, abolished and destroyed. These orders were carried out punctually, beginning, surely, with the statues nearest to the Senate, the largest of which was the famous equestrian statue of colossal proportions which dominated the middle of the Forum, described and praised by Statius. Demolished and broken up into fragments, the huge mass of gilded bronze was forthwith put out of sight. Other smaller statues which stood in the vicinity of the Forum and of the Capitol were taken down and destroyed. One bronze statue of Domitian of natural size must have occupied a position in the neighbourhood of the temple of his father Vespasian on the slopes of the Capitol. That statue also was knocked over and reduced to fragments. However, all the fragments of that statue were

366

APPENDIX III

gathered up by pious hands, probably soldiers, and secretly preserved. When, then, at a later time the fury of the Senate was abated, and the army, always faithful to the memory of that Emperor, obtained what they had persistently sought for, namely, that those responsible for the assassination be apprehended, tried and punished, they without hesitation formed the purpose of setting up the broken statue, the fragments of which had been religiously preserved. They rebuilt the statue with strong cement, but not so as to conceal the joints, so that everyone could see, as Procopius saw, that it was composed of a quantity of pieces set together. The statue, thus fabricated, was set up in the open on the slope on the right as one went from the Forum to the Capitol, that is, at a short distance from the Senate, and it stood there to record visibly the savage orders of destruction issued by the Senate and punctually carried out, particularly because that statue, thus fabricated, was the only one of the many of that Emperor which remained, or, better, that could be again set up. The Senate, which certainly had not repented of having given those orders, still did not dare to oppose that act of the powerful praetorians, who were devoted to Domitian and who, in spite of the disapproval of the good Nerva, had vindicated Domitian by killing with their own hands the principal authors of the assassination of that tyrant, quietly let matters take their course, and could not be displeased that there remained for future ages that evidence and testimony of the just action performed by them on the statues of that infamous sovereign.

* Thus tolerated by the Senate, this single statue

367

APPENDIX III

of the abhorred Domitian, the story of which was familiar to all, remained intact up to the time of Procopius in that very much frequented spot. It was regarded as a curiosity and of such small material value that even the barbarians, Vandals and Goths, allowed it to stand. In fact the respect shewn by those tribes must have been due chiefly to the pious legend which the popular imagination could have created in the course of time regarding that statue and the fragments of which they noticed that it was composed, ignorant, as it was, of the true and genuine facts of history. Little by little they saw in that statue the tyrannical Domitian torn to pieces by the popular fury and the good and virtuous action of his widow who was loved and respected by the Senate, which granted to her the right to collect and put together the scattered members of her husband and to give burial to the body thus assembled. And when the wonderful widow, having got together the body of her husband in this way and with her own hands, had summoned the artisans, she commissioned them to make a statue of bronze exactly like the murdered sovereign’s body, com- posed as it was of many pieces, then took that statue and set it up on the slope of the Capitol; and the Senate permitted her to do all this and did not refuse its approval. It cannot be denied that this story is pretty, moving and also edifying. ‘This could have figured in the Gesta Romanorum Moralisata or in other similar medieval collections of edifying tales. The widow devoted to the memory of the husband, good or bad, who, surmounting grave difficulties, accomplishes his burial, is an appealing character of various legends and tales of every

368

rf

4

APPENDIX III

region; one of the many is that of the famous matron of Ephesus, narrated by Petronius. Pro- copius, who had noticed the remarkable similarity of the features of Domitian and those of Justinian, recounts the tale of that single surviving statue of Domitian without taking the trouble to investigate whether the account was history or legend. In any ease that statue unquestionably represented Domitian and that was enough for him; nor could he go wrong. In his judgment Justinian was just as worthy to be butchered and cut into pieces as, according to the tale, was Domitian, who also resembled him in countenance.”

369 VOL. VI. BB

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE —

ce. A.p. 483 Birth of Justinian.

518-527 ~— Reign of Justin 1; Justinian, his nephew, acting as Regent.

527-565 — Reign of Justinian I.

529 The Schools at Athens closed. Publication of the Code of Justinian. 532 The Nika Insurrection. Peace with Persia. 533 Publication of the Digest and of the Institutes. Expedition against the Vandals in Africa. 535 Ostrogothic War in Italy begins. 537 Completion and dedication of the Church

of St. Sophia. 537-538 The great siege of Rome by the Goths.

540 Ravenna taken. Triumph of Belisarius. 541 Abolition of the consulship. 542 The great plague. 545 Peace with Persia for five years. 548 Death of Theodora. Conspiracy against Justinian. 552 Defeat and death of Totila. 553 Vifth Ecumenical Council at Constanti- nople. Defeat of Teias and end of the Ostro- gothic War. 562 Peace of fifty years with Persia. Conspiracy against Justinian. 565 Death of Belisarius.

Death of Justinian.

37

INDEX

Procorrus: Secret History

Abydus, city on the Hellespont; Customs peguse established at, xxv. 2, 3,

Acacius, bates of Theodora, Keeper of the Bears, ix. 2

teens, BD appointed to control ship-

ping, xxv. 7-10 Air-tax, a _Surtex collected by Justinian,

Alamundarus, ae *alltansd sought by Justinian, xi. 12

Alexander, called ‘‘ Snips,’ ryoeathete ; exacting, xxiv. 9; in Italy, xxvi 29; approved by Justinian, xxvi. 30, 34; ones inhabitants of Greece, xxvi. 31-33

Alexandria, visited by Theodora, ix. 28; its Chief Priest Paulus, xxvii. 3, 11, 22; its Magistrate *Rhodon, xxvii. 3; heretics of, xxvii. 53 Zeeed y Paulus and Arsenius, xxvii. 14; its Magistrate Liberius, xxvii. 7

Alexandrians, oppressed by Hephaes- tus, xxvi. 35-44

Amalasuntha, daughter of Theoderic; decides to go to Byzantium, xvi. 1; slain by Theodatus, xvi. 5, 6; at instigation of Peter, xxiv. 23

Amantius, Commander of the Palace eunuchs; slain by Justinian, vi. 26

Amasia, city in Soe destroyed by earthquake, xviii.

Anastasia, sister of atkegdioe ix. 3

Anastasius, Emperor of the Hast; at war with the Isaurians, vi. succeeded by Justinus, vi. 11; lett State Treasuries filled, xix. 5, 7; remitted taxes, xxiii. 7; mentioned,

grandson of Theodora, to Joannina, iv. 37;

ix. 8 Anastasius betrothed

whom he marries irregularly and loves ardently, v. 20-22

Anatolius, eminent citizen of Ascalon, xxix. 17, 22, 24; his daughter, xxix. 18; his death, xxix, 21

Anazarbus, city in Cilicia, destroyed by earthquake, xviii. 4

Andreas, Chief Priest of Ephesus, iii. 4

Antae, barbarians; ravages of, xi. 11; overrun Europe, xviii. 6; their territory, xviii. 20

Anthemius, Emperor of the West, i. 1

xii. Antioch, city in Asia; captives from, ii. 25; home of Macedonia, xii. 28; destroyed by earthquake, xviii. 41 Antonina, wife of Belisarius, i. 11-14; falls in love with Theodosius, i. 16, 17; becomes hostile to Constantinus, i. 25; her vindictive nature, i. 26; deceives Belisarius, do.; slays two slaves, i. 27; accuses Constantinus, i. 28, 29; in Byzantium, i. 315 drives Photius from Italy, i. 34; returns to Byzantium with Beli- sarius and Theodosius, i. 35; her shameless conduct, i. 36, 38, 39; re- joined by Theodosius, i. 42; remains in Byzantium, ii. 1; schemes to remove Photius, ii. 3,4; her magic arts, i. 26, ii. 2, iii. 2; accused by Photius, ii. 5; comes from Byzan- tium, ii. 14, 17; tricked John the Cappadocian, ii. 16, iii. 7; sum- moned to Byzantium, iii. 4; reconciled with Belisarius, iii. 12; BurpEsed by Theodora, iii. 15-18; with whom she is on friendly terms, iv. 18, 19; hostile to Belisarius, iv. 23; blocks his reappointment, iy. 38; feared by John, v. 14;

373

INDEX

distrusted by Theodora, v. 20; breaks up a match, y. 23; for which she is condemned, v. 24; "tyrannizes over Belisarius, v. 27; her daughter courted by Sergius, v. 33

Apostles, Church of the Apostle John in Antioch, iii.

Arabia, xvii. 17

Arbitrators, xiv. 4, 13

Archangel, Church of the, xvi. 18

Archdeacon of Rome, xxvii. 17

Areobindus, Roman general, v. 31

axeobindus, servant of Theodora, xvi.

Arethas, commander of Saracens, ii.

Arians, heretics; their wealth, xi. 16-18; persecuted by Justinian,

Armenians, attacked by Huns, ii. 29; in the Palace Guard, xxiv. 16

Arsenius, favourite of the Empress, xxvii. 6; a Samaritan, xxvii. 7; spared by Justinian, but excluded from the Palace, xxvii. 10; ac- companies Paulus, xxvii. 11; pretends conversion, xxvyii.12; in- vestigated by Justinian, xxvii. 16; impaled by Liberius, xxvii. 19

Ascalon, city in Palestine, xxix. 17, 21

A Secretis, title of confidential secre- tary, xiv. 4

Asia, invaded by barbarians, xxiii. 6

Assessments, Prorated, a new tax, xxiii. 9, 17-21

Assessor, Councillor or Quaestor (cf. Book I. xi. 11), vi. 13, xiii. 12, xviii. 10

Assyria, open to Roman attack, ii. 25

Asterius, Dancing Master of the Greens, ix. 5

Athens, suffers neglect under Justinian, xxvi. 33

Bacchus, father of Sergius, vy. 28

Barsymes, surname of Peter, xxii. 3, etc.

Bassus, an honest magistrate, xxi. 6, 7

Basilius, father of John, xii. 6

Beirut, centre of silk industry, xxv. 14

Belisarius, disgraceful acts of, i. 10 ff. ; his marriage, i. 12; household of, i. 15; adopts Theodosius, i. 15, 16; surprises him with Antonina, i. 18; subdues Sicily, i. 21; orders death of

374

Theodosius, i. 22; consoled by Constantinus, i. 24; deceived by Antonina, i. 26; slays Constantinus, i. 28; in bad odour, i. 30; tarries in Byzantium, i. 31, 42; laments loss of Theodosius, i. 38-40; marches against Chosroes, ii. 1; his followers, ii. 4; hears accusation of Photius, ii. 6-11; distrusted by him, ii. 12; captures Sisauranon, ii. 18; accused, ii. 21; defeats Nabedes and Bleschames, ii. 28; feared by Chosroes, ii. 37; meets Theodora, nth ale his deep’ love for her, do.; subdued by her magic charms, iii. 2; summoned to Byzantium, iii. 4; his intimates, iii. 8; reconciled with Antonina, iii. 12; protected by Theodosius, iii. 14; fails in third invasion of Persia, iii. 30, 31; ac- cused by Peter and John, iv. 4; replaced by Martinus and deprived of his bodyguard, iv. 13; his friends kept from him, iv. 15; his utter disgrace, iv. 16; his money con- fiscated, iv. 17; treated with indignity, iv. 20, 21; recalled to favour after despair, iv. 22-31; captor of Gelimer and Vittigis, iv. 32; his great wealth, iv. 33, 34; his daughter Joannina, iy. 37; seeks reappointment, iv. 38; made Commander of the Royal Grooms and sent to Italy, iv. 39; expected to lead an insurrection, iv. 40; fails in Italian expedition, iv. 42, 43, v. 1, 16; his defeat of Theodatus and Vittigis, iv. 43; exacts money from the Italians, v. 4,5; quarrels with John nephew of Vitalian, v. 7; avoided by John, v. 13; swayed by Antonina, y. 14; abandons Italy, vy. 17; marriage of his daughter, v. 18-21; his wealth coveted by Theodora, v. 20; his inconstant character, v. 24-26; subservient to his wife, v. 27; ridiculed, v. 27; his daughter courted by Sergius, y. 333 gives John as hostage, xii. 6, 7; Theodora’s treatment of, xvii. 1; summoned from Africa, xviii. 9; accused of tyranny, do.

Billeting of Roman troops and of barbarians, xxiii. 22, 24

Bithynia, source of grain, xxii. 17

INDEX

Blue Faction, in Byzantium, cham- pioned by Justinian, vii. 1, 2, 6, 22, ix. 33, x. 16, xvii. 2, 3, xxix. 27, 35; their new styles of clothing, vii. 8 ff. ; non-militant members, vii. 17; accept supplication of Theodora'’s mother, ix. 7; seem very moderate, x. 19; in Antioch, xii. 28; in Tarsus, xxix. 30, 32; their leader Damianus, xxix. 33; riot in Byzantium, do.; attack Malthanes, xxix. 36

Bleschames Persian General; defeated by Belisarius, ii. 28

Bouzes, Roman General; accused by Peter and John, iv. 4; summoned to Byzantium and confined by Theodora, iv. 6-12, xvii. 1

Britain, the barbarians of, xix. 13

Byzantines, honour the Church of the Virgin, iii. 23

Byzantium, capital of the Roman Empire, mentioned frequently, i. 11, ete.; visited by the plague, iv. 1

Cabades, King of Persia, father of Chosroes, ii. 26; invasions of, xxiii. 7

.Caesarea, in Palestine; home of Procopius, xi. 25; of Evangelus, xxx. 18

Calligonus, a eunuch; accompanies Photius, iii. 2, 5; surrendered to Antonina, iii. 15; his great in- fluence, v. 27

Callinicus, city in Mesopotamia; captured by Chosroes, iii. 31

Callinicus, Governor of Second Cilicia ; slain by Theodora, xvii. 2, 3

Capitol, hill in Rome, viii. 20

Cappadocia, home of John, ii. 15, iii. 7, xvii. 38, xxi. 5, xxii. 1, 6

Carthage, city of Africa, i. 18, v. 34; the Palace in, i. 33

Centenarium, a sum of money weighing one hundred pounds (cf. Book I. xxii. 4), i. 33, Iv. 31, xf. 12, xix. 7, 8, xxiv. 31, xxv. 19, xxvi. 21, xxvii. 21, xxviii. 11

Ceremonial, Court; innovations in, made by Justinian, xxx. 21-26, 30, 31; yet Justinian easily approached, xiii. 1, xv. 11, 12; see Obeisance

Chalcedon, city opposite Byzantium,

xix. 2; Council of, xxvii. 5; termi- nus of Post Route, xxx. 8

Chersonese, Thracian, xviii. 20

Ohief Priest, of Wphesus, iii. 4; of Byzantium, vi. 26; of Rome, xxvii. 17; of Alexandria, xxvii. 3, 22

OChiton, as worn by the Factionists, vii. 12

Chosroes, King of Persia, ii. 1, iii. 30, iv. 38; retires from OColchis, ii. 25, 26; attacks Armenians, ii. 29; criticized by his commanders, ii. 31; whom he silences, ii. 32-36; in- directly approached by Theodora, ii. 34; whom he scorns, ii. 36; captured Callinicus, iii. 31; re- ceives heavy payments from the Romans, xi. 12; retains John as hostage, xii. 7; makes four in- vasions, xvili. 23, xxiii. 7; | mur- derous, xviii. 28; increases pay of spies, xxx. 13

Christ, xiii. 4,7; name of, xxvii. 28

Christians, their rite of adoption, i. 16; oaths of, ii. 13, 16; mentioned, iii. 24, xi. 30, 33; priests of the, ili. 26; sacraments of, vi. 27; distraught by Justinian and Theo- dora, x. 15, xxvii. 32; heresies of, xi. 14, 15, 25, xix. 11; see Heresy; the Christian name, xxvii. 7, 26; persecuted, xxvii. 8, 27; harass Justinian, xxvii. 10; doctrines of, xxvii. 12; their feast of Waster, xxviii. 17

Ohrysomallo I, a dancing-girl, xvii. 33, 34

Chrysomallo II, a dancing-girl, xvii.

Church, of Sophia in Byzantium, iii, 24, ix. 35, xvii. 9; of the Mother of God, iii. 23; of John the Apostle, at Hphesus, iii, 3; of Michael, the Archangel, xvi. 18; of Peter in Rome, xxvi. 29

Cilicia, province in Asia; Theodosius sent thither, iii. 5; home of Leon, xiv. 16; its city Anazarbus, xviii. 41; home of Malthanes, xxix. 28; disorders in, xxix. 29; misgoverned by Malthanes, do.; Cilicians attack er apate xvii. 2; Second Cilicia,

0.

Circus, ix. 2, 6, xxvi. 8; ef. Hippo-

drome

375

INDEX

Cloak, of Hunnic style, worn by Factionists, vii. 14

Colchis, abandoned by Chosroes, ii. 25, 26; invaded by the Persians, xviii. 24

Comito, sister of Theodora, ix. 3; commences her career, ix. 9

Constantinus, Roman General; sympathizes with Belisarius, i. od

Constantinus, Quaestor, xx. 20; beloved by Justinian, xx. 21; unscrupulous, xx, 21-23

Consuls, in Rome and in Byzantium, xxvi. 12; office abolished, xxvi. 15; mentioned, iv. 8, xvii. 1, xxix. 4”

Corinth, destroyed by earthquake, xviii.

Council of TOhalbedon, xxvii. 5

Ctesiphon, city in Mesopotamia, ii. 25

Currency, debased by Justinian, xxii. 38, xxv. 12 Customs duties, imposed under

Justinian, xxv. 1-6, 16 Cyduus, river near Tarsus, xviii. 40 Cyrillus, father of a bride, xvii. 32 Cyzicus, city on the Propontis, xvii. 41

Dacia, limit of the Gothic rule, xviii. 16

Daciviza, station on the Post Route, xxx. 8

Damianus, Senator; killed in Tarsus, xxix. 32; leader of the Blues, xxix. 33

Dancing Master, an official in the Hippodrome, ix. 5

Daras, city on the Persian border, xii. 9

Deacon, xxvii. 14; cf. Archdeacon

Demon, believed to have ‘‘ possessed ’’ Justinian, xii. 14, 26-28, 32, xviii. 1, 36, 37, xxii. 28, xxx. 34; and Theodora, xii. 14

Demosthenes, his property herited’’ by Justinian, xii. 5

Diocletian, Roman Emperor, xxvi. 41

Diogenes, accused by Theodora but acquitted, xvi. 23-28

Dionysius, his property “inherited ’’ by Justinian, xii. 6

Domestici, section of the Palace Guard, xxiv. 24, xxvi. 28

Domitian, Roman Emperor; re- sembled by Justinian, viii. 13-21; his excellent wife, viii, 15; strange statue of, viii. 18-21

376

“in-

Drawer as worn by the Factionists,

vii. 1

Dress, strange costume affected by the Factionists, vii. 11-14

Faster, the Feast of, ix. 53, xiii. 29, xxvili. 17

Edessa, city on the Persian bone population of, xii. 6; flooded, xviii

8

Lgypt, xii. 1, 30, xviii. 22; John of Cappadocia sent thither, xvii. 40; home of John Laxarion, xxix. 1: Post Route to, xxx. 10; Egyptians, xxvi. 37

Hirenaeus, property of, confiscated by Justinian, xxix. 16

Emesa, city in Palestine, xxviii.1-12; home of Priscus, xxviii. 1; Church of, xxviii. 2-6

Ephesus, refuge of Theodosius, i. 23, li. 14, 17, iii. 2, 9; its Church of the Apostle John, iii. 3; its Chief Priest, iii. 4

Epirus, its city Lychnidon, xviii. 42

Eudaemon, a consular, uncle of John Laxarion, xxix. 4; Treasurer of the Emperor’s funds, do.; approaches Justinian, xxix. 5; seeks recall of Liberius, xxix. 10;, dies intestate, xxix. 12

Eugenius, slave of Antonina, i. 27

Eunuchs, serving in the Palace, vi. 26, xv. 26, 34, xxix. 13

Buphemia, wife of Justinus; } prevents marriage of Justinian, ix. 475 her innocuous career and death, ix. 48, 49; see Lupicina

Euphratas, director of Palace eunuchs; dies, xxix. 13

Euphrates River, iii. 31

Europe, xviii. 22; barbarians, xxiii. 6, 8

Euxine Sea, modern Black Sea, xxv. 2,4

Evangelus, wealthy orator. of Caesa- rea, xxx. 18; rebuked by Justinian, xxx. 19

overrun by

Factions, their unruly conduct, vii. 1-42; see Blue Faction and Green Faction; also Appendix I

Faith, Ancient; the religion of classical Greece, xi. 15, 21, xxvii. 8; the orthodox faith, xi, 19

INDEX

Faustinus, of Palestine, a Senator; accused of being a Samaritan, xxvii. 26, 27

Frontier troops, xxiv. 12-14

Galatia, province in Asia, xxiv. 25 Gaul, limit of the Gothic rule, xviii. 16 ; largely held by Germans, xviii. 17 Gelimer, King of the Vandals; cap- tured by Belisarius, iv. 32; his wealth, iv. 34

Gepaedes, a barbarian tribe; hold Sirmium, xviii. 18

Germans, their territory, xviii. 17

Germanus, nephew of Justinian; wins displeasure of Theodora, v. 8; arranges with John for the marriage of his daughter, v. 9, 10

Sian, epithet of the General John, iv.

Goapele; used to witness an oath, vy.

8

Goths, in Italy, v.6; the Gothic War, v. 16; ruled by Theoderic, xxiv. 9; extent of their sway, xviii. 16; mentioned, xvi. 1, xxi. 26

Grain, importation “of, to Byzantium, xxii. 14-18, xxvi. 22: dole of, to beggars of Alexandria, xxvi. 29

Greece, xxiv. 7; overrun by barbar- ians, xviii. aC oppressed by Justinian, xxvi.

Greeks, deen of the ancient Hellenes, xi. 31; some become Christians, xi. 32; mistreated by Alexander, xxvi. 30-34; term of reproach, xxiv. 7

Greek language, xx. 17

Green Faction, in Byzantium; their excessesyvii. 4, 26; their outlandish costumes, vii. 8 ff.; their keeper of animals, ix, 2,5; reject supplication of Theodora’s mother, ix, 7; singled out for punishment, xi. 36, xviii. 34; mentioned, xvi. 18, 23, xvii. 41, xix. 11

Hebrews, Laws of the, xxviii. 16; constrained by Justinian, xxviii. 17

Heeebolns aigcharges Theodora, ix. 27; xii.

ale ego, station on the Post Route, xxx. 8

Hellespont, Strait of the; Customs House established on, xxy. 2 ff.

Hephaestus, oppresses Alexandrians, xxvi. 35-39, 40-44

Heresy, xi. 14, 16, xviii. 34, xix. 11, xxvii. 5; see Arians, Eunomians, Manichaeans, Montani, Polytheists

Hermogenes, father of Saturninus, xvii.

Herodian, Roman Commander; driven to treason by Belisarius, v.

5, 6

Hieron, suburb of Byzantium, on the Bosporus, xv. 36, xxv. 2

Hilara, her property ‘‘inherited’’ by Justinian, xii. 5

Hippodrome, vii. 13, viii. 2, xxvi. 8; cf. Circus

Huns, sent against the Armenians, ii. 29; receive gifts from Justinian, xi. 5, viii. 5, 6; who seeks their alliance, xi. 12; their losses, xviii. 25, 26; frequent invasions of, xviii. 20, xxi. 26; plunder Europe, xxiii. 6,8; Hunnic mode of hair-dressing, vii. 10; and of clothing, vii. 14

Hypatius, a person of importance; slain by Factionists, ix. 35

Ibora, city in Asia, xviii. 42

- Illyrians, vi. 2

Illyricum, overrun by barbarians, xviii. 20; Generals of, xxi. 26

Imposts, xxiii. 9, 15-17

Indaro, dancing-girl, xvii. 34

Ionian Gulf, the modern Adriatic, xviii. 20

Isaurians, at war with Anastasius,

vi.

Italy, Belisarius sent thither, iv. 39, 42, v.1; abandoned by him, v. 17; exploited by Justinian, v. 4, vi. 25; devastated, xviii. 13, 14; oppressed by Alexander, xxiv. 9; mentioned, i. 34, v. 13, 19, xvi. 2, 5, xviii. 17, xxiv. 21, xxv. 8, xxvi. 27

Jerusalem, refuge of Photius, iii. 28; Theodotus sent thither, ix. 42

Joannina, daughter of Belisarius; betrothed to Anastasius, iv. 37; whom she ardently loves, v. 22

John, the Apostle; Church of, in Ephesus, iii. 3

Jobn, son of Basilius; sent as hostage to the Persians, xii. 6; retained by Ohosroes, xii. 7; his death, xii. 10;

377

INDEX

his property ‘‘inherited’’ by Justinian, xii. 6

John the Cappadocian, Pretorian Prefect; abused his office, xxiii. 14; downfall of, i. 14, ii. 15; tricked by Antonina, ii. 16; punished by Theodora, xvii. 38, 40; accused of murder, xvii. 42, 44; ruined and plundered by Justinian, xxi. 5, xxii. 1

John, Chief Priest of Byzantium, vi. 26

John the Glutton, accuses Belisarius, ivy. 4

John the Hunchback, Roman General, vi. 5; punishes Justinus, but releases him when warned by a vision, vi. 6-9

John lLaxarion, replaces Liberius, xxix. 1; his uncle Hudaemon, xxix. 4; addressed by Justinian, xxix. 6; seeks to remove Liberius, xxix. 7; attacks him, xxix. 9; killed in a brawl, do.

John of Palestine, Master of the Treasuries; removed from office, xxii. 33, 34; succeeded by Peter, xxii. 36

John, illegitimate son of Theodora, xvii. 17; learns his parentage, xvii. 18; returns to Byzantium, xvii. 19, 20: disposed of by Theodora, xvii. 21-23

John, nephew of Vitalian; quarrels with Belisarius, v. 7; with Germanus arranges a marriage, v. 9, 10; his life threatened by Theodora, v. 12; defers return to Belisarius, v. 13

John, son of Sisinniolus; hostile to Sergius, v. 31

Julian, son of Savarus; a rebel leader, xi. 27

Junilus, appointed Quaestor, 2.0.4, 17/8 ignorant of the law, do.; his death, xx. 20

Justina, daughter of Germanus, v. 8

Justinian, Emperor of the Romans; nephew of Justinus, vi. 19; his incredibly base record, i. 4, 10; his origin and early career, vi. 1-3, 19-28; declared Emperor con- jointly with Justinus, ix. 52, 53; becomes sole Wmperor, ix. 54; acquits Solomon, v. 36, 37; his ruthless administration, Vi. 22-2 : slays Amantius, vi. 26; and

378

Vitalian, vi. 27, 28; attacked by the plague, iv. 1; envies wealth of Belisarius, iy. 33, 34; constant innovator, vi. 19-21, vii. 39, viii. 24, xi. 1, 2; his craze for building over the sea, viii. 7, 8, xxvi. 23; squanders money on barbarians, xin) oft.) xixn 410) 13=17/5) chis rapacity, viii. 9-11, xxvii. 25, xix. 17,12; 17; his personal appearance, viii. 12-21; his base character, viii. 22-ix. 1; his base wife Theo- dora, ix. 1; whom he loves, ix. 30; seriously ill, ix. 35; orders investi- gation of killing of Hypatius, ix. 36, 37; recovers, orders the death of Theodotus, ix. 39; prevented from marrying Theodora, ix. 47; overshadows Justinus, ix. 50; © changes a law in order to marry Theodora, ix. 51; close partner of Theodora, x. 13, 14, xiii. 19, xv. 19, 20; pretends to disagree with her, x. 17, 18, 23; his treatment of Officials, x. 20-22; greedy and murderous, xi. 3; foments strife, xi. 12, 13; persecutes and robs schismatics, xi. 15; a systematic robber, xi. 40, 41, xiii. 20-22, xiv. 5, 6; probably of demonic nature, xii. 14, 27, xviii. 1-4, 36, 37, xxx. 34; strange tales about him, xii. 18-23; encourages decay of the State by easy-going methods, xv. 17, 18; received reports from the girl Macedonia, xii. 29; approachable, xiii. 1, xv. 11, 12; but ruthless, xiii. 2, 3, 8-10, 16-20, xxvii. 1, 2; mistreats the Christians, xiii. 4-7, xxvii. 32; fickle and vain, xiii. 10, 11; open to flattery, xiii. 12; in- scrutable, xiii. 13; exacting from subordinates, xiii. 23-27; ate and slept little, xiii. 28-33, xv. 11; a thorough barbarian, xiv. 2-4; controlled the law-courts, xiv. 5; easily deceived, xiv. 11; persuaded to sell justice, > ah7g (Ss his secretary Priscus, xvi. 7; whose fate he ignores, xvi. 103 confiscates pro- perty of Callinicus, xvii. 4; feigns ignorance, xvii. 45; murderous, xviii. 27 ; his inopportune activities, xviii. 29, 30; favours one of the Factions, vii. 1, xviii. 33, 34,

INDEX

xxix. 27; disasters during his reign, xviii. 20,45; seen in a dream, xix. 1-3; controls trade, xx. 1-4; es- tablishes monopolies, xx. 5, xxv. 13, xxvi. 19; institutes two new offices, xx. 7; bids officials compete, xx. 13; favours Oonstantinus, xx. 21; plunders the wealthy, xxi. 5, 15; appoints base men, xxi. 9-14; sells offices, xxi. 16-19; plunders sub- jects, xxi. 20-22; forbids attacks on barbarians, xxi. 26; ruined John the Oappadocian, xxii. 1; exploits the grain trade, xxii. 14; bewitched by Theodora, xxii. 28; an easy victim, xxii. 29; his fickleness, xxii. 31-32; displeased with John, xxii. 35; refused to remit taxes, xxiii. 6, 21, 23; oppressed the army, xxiv. 1-11; neglects frontier guards, xxiy. 13; sells positions in Palace Guard, xxiv. 18; which he also

Squeezes, xxiv. 26, 32; oppresses merchants, xxv. 1 ff.; debased currency, xxv. 11, 12; controlled

silk trade, xxv. 16, 23, 26; ruined the orators, xxvi. 1-4; also doctors and teachers, xvi. 5, 7; abolishes local treasuries, xxvi. 6; closes public spectacles, xxvi. 7-9; stops gratuities, xxvi. 15; robs the whole population, xxvi, 16, 17; raises price of bread, xxvi. 20-22, 25; controls import of grain, xxvi. 22; neglects aqueduct, xxvi. 23, 24, 25; applauds Alexander Snips, xxvi. 30, 34, 44; spares Arsenius, xxvii. 10; starts investigation, xxvii. 16; executes Rhodon, xxvii. 18; peti- tioned by Paulus, xxvii. 22; attacks Faustinus, xxvii. 28, 29; by whom he is bribed, xxvii. 30; his lack of regard for the laws, xxvii. 33; overrides Hebraic law, xxviii. 16-19; his insincerity, xxix. 1, 12; treat- ment of Liberius, xxix. 1 ff.; contra- dicts himself, xxix. 3; writes to Liberius, xxix. 6; also to John, do.; punishes Liberius, xxix. 11; seizes inheritances, xii. 3-11, xxix. 12-16, 24; writes new inheritance law, xxix. 19; treatment of Mal- thanes, xxix. 26-38; neglected the Public Post, xxx. 8-11; and state spies, xxx. 14; abolished army

camels, xxx. 15,16; pre-empts Por- phyreon, xxx. 19; innovations of, in court ceremonial, xxx. 21 ff.; required the presence of great numbers in the Palace, xxx. 30; the reign of, xxviii. 4

Justinus, Roman Emperor; his first journey to Byzantium, vi. 2; escapes death punishment, vi. 5-9; becomes powerful, vi. 10; succeeds Anastasius, vi. 11; entirely un- educated, signs decrees with a stencil, vi. 11-16; his stupidity, viii. 2, 3; his wife Lupicina, vi. 17; his futile reign, vi. 18; his nephew Justinian acts as Regent, vi. 19, xi. 5, xii. 29; overshadowed by Justinian, ix. 50; his death, ix. 54; reign of, xix. 1, 4, 8, xxiv. 18

Keeper of the Bears, in the Hippo- drome, ix. 2, 7

Latin language, vi. 15, xx. 17

Laws, confusion of, caused by Justinian, vii. 7, 31, ix. 51, xi. 1, 2, Xili, 20; 21), xiv. 9) 10; xxvii. 33) xxviii. 16, xxix. 15; see Legislation

Laxarion, surname of John, xxix. 1, 2

Lazica, difficult terrain of, ii. 26; mentioned, ii. 29, 31; Lazi, xviii. 24; captured by the Persians, xxx. 14

Lebanon, xii. 6

Legislation, on marriage of Senators, ix. 51; touching the Samaritans, xi. 24; sodomy, xi. 34; bribery, xxi. 16; price of silk, xxv. 16; statute of limitations, xxviii. 7-9; legacies, xxviii. 9, xxix. 19; touch- ing the Hebrews, xxviii. 16; in- heritance, xxix. 17-25; see Laws

Leon, Emperor, vi. 2

Leon, a Cilician; Referendarius, xvii. 32; introduced bribery, xiv. 16, 17; father-in-law of Malthanes, xxix. 28; perverts justice, xiv. 18— 22; cursed by the Blues, xxix. 33; bribes Justinian, xxix. 35; bribes Factionists, xxix. 36

Leuathae, an African tribe; tricked by Eeteins, vy. 28; release Solomon, Vv.

Liberius, appointed Magistrate of Alexandria, xxvii. 17; impales

379

INDEX

Arsenius, xxvii, 19; removed from office, xxix. 1; supported by Pelagius, xxix. 2, 3; addressed by Justinian, xxix. 6; asked by John to retire, xxix. 7; refuses, xxix. 8; pieaked in force, xxix. 9; recalled to Byzantium, xxix. 10

Libya, Northern Africa; Belisarius sails thither, i. 16 ff.; exploited by Justinian, vi. 25; mentioned, v. 28, 31, 33, xii. 30, xviii. 5, 8, 13, 14, 22, xxiv. 21, xxv. 8; home of Junilus, xx. 17

Limitanei, see Frontier Troops

Limitation, statute of, xxviii. 7-9

Lityvistus, companion of the youthful Justinus, vi. 2

Logothete, paymaster of the army, xviii. 15, xxiv. 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10

Longinus, sent to Emesa, xxviii. 10; unmasks Priscus, xxviii. 14, 15

Lupicina, barbarian wife of Justinus; becomes Empress, vi. 17; see Euphemia

Lychnidon, city in Epirus; destroyed by earthquake, xviii. 42

Macedonia, slave of Belisarius, i. 21; cruelly slain by Antonina, i. 26, 27, ii. 12

Macedonia, dancer in Antioch, xii. 28; her great influence, xii. 29; re- assures Theodora, xii. 30

Magister, title of the Commander of Palace Troops (Magister Offi ETT cf. Book I. viii. 2), xvi. 5, xvii. 32, xxii, 12, xxiv. 22, xxv.

Malthanes, son-in- Taw of Leon, xxix. 28; misgoverns Cilicia, xxix. 29; reviled in public, xxix. 30; punishes offenders, xxix. 31; cursed by the Blues, xxix. 33; investigation ordered, xxix. 34; well received by Justinian, xxix. 35; attacked by Blues, xxix. 36; the incident ig- nored, xxix. 38

Mamilianus, of Caesarea, xxix. 17; his death, xxix. 22

Mammianus, eminent Bmesa, xxviii. 3, 6

Manichaeans, a religious group, xi. 26; admired by Peter Barsymes, xxii. 25

citizen of

Martinus, appointed General of the Kast, iv. 13

380

Massagetae, a tribe of Huns, vii. 10

Master of the Treasuries, Praefectus Aerarit, xxii. 33, xxv. 19, 26

Medes, equivalent to ‘‘ Persians,’’ qg.v., ii. 26, etc.; ravages of, xi. 11; invasions of the, xxiii. 6

Monks, i. 37, 41, iii. 29, xii. 24

Monopolies, * established by Justinian, xx. 5, xxv. 13, xxvi. 19; in Alex- andria, xxvi. 36

Montani, schismatics, xi. 14; self-immolation, xi. 23

Moors, xviii. 7

their

Nabedes, Persian General; defeated by Belisarius, ii. 28

Nero, Roman Emperor, i. 9

Nika insurrection, xii. 12, xix. 12

Nile River, its prolonged flood, xviii. 39

Nisibis, city in Persia; distance from Sisauranon, ii. 24, 28

Obeisance, cf. Ceremonial, xy. 15, 16, 27, 30, xxx. 22, 23

Orators, professional pleaders, xx. 17, xxx. 18; humiliated by Justinian, xxvi. 2; Hephaestus one of their number, xxvi. 35

Palace, Imperial Residence in Byzan- tium, iii. 15, 19, iv. 24, vi. 28, ix. 49, xii. 20, 26, xiv. 10, 13, 18, xvii. 34, xxix. 36, 37, xxx. 27; its under- ground chamber, iv. 7; Palace Guard, called Scholarii, vi. 3, xxiv. 8, 15-21, 24, 25, xxvi. 17; Palace eunuchs, iv. 13, 17, vi. 26, xxix. 13; Palace officials, xxii. 12; Arsenius excluded from the, xxvii. 10, 12; in Carthage and in Ravenna, i. 33; in Rome, xxvi. 27

Palestine, xi. 24; home of John, xxii. 34; of ‘Arsenius, xxvii. 6; insurrec- tion in, xxvii. 9); persecution in, xxvii. 27; crown lands in, xxvii. 31

Paphlagonian, term of ridicule, translated ‘‘ Hooligan,’’ xvi. 7

Patrician, iii. 16, ix. 30, xv. 25, xxvii. 17, xxviii. 3, xxx. 21, 23

Patrimonium, a fund administered personally by the Emperor, xxii. 12

Paulus, Chief Priest of Alexandria, xxvii. 3, 4; accompanied by Arsenius, xxvii. 11, 19; accuses

INDEX

14; investigated by unfrocked,

Psoes, xxvii. Justinian, xxvii. 16;

xxvii. 18; petitions Justinian, xxvii. 21; opposed by Vigilius, xxvii. 24

bp a ransoms Solomon and is d by him, v. 33-35, 38

pene, Ohief Deacon’ of Rome; sent to Alexandria, xxvii. 173 assumes position of Vigilius, xxvii. 17, 24; intercedes for Liberius, xxix. 2

Peloponnesus, protected by Thermo- pylae, xxvi. 31; oppressed by Alexander, xxvi. 32

Pentapolis, district in Africa, adminis- tered by Hecebolus, ix. 27

Peripatetic philosophers, viii. 23

Persia, ii. 28, etc.; invaded by Beli- sarius, ji. 15; four invasions of, xviii. 23, 25; Post Route to, xxx, 10

Persians, ii. 28, etc.; their long hair, vii. 9; their Hunnic allies, xi. 12; control the silk trade, xxv. 16

Perusia, city in Italy; captured by the Goths, v. 17

Peter, the Apostle; his Church in Rome, xxvi. 29

Peter, the General; accuses Belisarius, iv. 4; sent alone to Italy, xvi. 2 ff.; destroys Amalasuntha, xvi. 5, xxiv. 23; becomes ‘‘ Magister,’’ xvi. 5; plunders the Scholarii, xxiv. 22; a very clever thief, xxiv. 23

Peter Barsymes, a Syrian; clever and unscrupulous, xxii. 3-5; ap- pointed to succeed Theodotus, xxii. 6; his management, xxii. 17; favoured by Theodora, xxii. 22; whom he bewitched, xxii. 24, 32; student ofsorcery, xxii. 25; removed from office, xxii. 33; appointed to a new one, do.; succeeds John,

3 depreciates currency,

xxii. 37, 38; oppresses farmers, xxiii. 14; controls the silk trade, xxv. 20-22

Heres stronghold in Colchis; captured ana br 26

Philomede, Pisidian name of Poly- botus, xviii. 42

Phocas, an honest magistrate, xxi.

6,7 Phoenicia, home of the silk industry,

xxy. 14; home of Rhodon, xxvii. 3; crown lands in, xxvii. 31

Phollis, a small coin, xxy. 12

Photius, son of Antonina, i. 31; his jealous nature, i. 32; driven from Italy by Antonina, i. 34; accompan- ies Belisarius, ii. 1; Antonina desires his removal, ii. 3, 4; accuses his mother, ii. 5; his assistance eutreated by Belisarius, ii. 6-11, iv. 41; promises help, ii. 12; yet distrusts Belisarius, do.; goes to Tphesus, ii. 14, iii. 2, 9; sends Theodosius to Cilicia, iii. 5; returns to Byzantium, do.; his intimates, iii. 8; cruelly Punished by Theodora, iii. 12 xvii. 1; refuses to give in- formation, iii. 183, 14; confined by Theodora, iii. 22: makes two escapes iii, 22-24; flees to Jerusa- lem, iii. 28; becomes a monk, iii. 29; received promise of Belisarius, v. 25

Phrygia, xi. 23; source of grain, xxii. 17; its city Polybotus, xviii xviii. 42

Pisidians, xviii. 42

Polybotus, city in Phrygia, xviii. 42

Polytheism, a body of religious beliefs opposed to those of the Christians, xi. 26, xix. 11

Pontus, in Asia Minor; Amasia, xviii. 42

Porphyreon, town purchased by Evangelus, xxx. 19

Post, Imperial, its uses and efficiency, xxx. 1-7; neglected by Justinian, XXX. 8-11

Praefectus Aerarii, see Master of the Treasuries

Praetor of the Demes, xx. 9, 10; cf. vii. 19, xi. 37, xvi. 19, 20, xviii. 33, xx. 7, 13, xxviii. 10

Praetorians, solders of the Imperial Guard, xxi. 1, xxii. 5

Prefect, of the city, ix. 37; of the people, seg, IR Tite xxii. 5; of praetorians, xxi. 1

Presidius, involved in affair of the daggers, i. 28

Priest, see Chief Priest

Priscus, Secretary of Justinian, xvi. 7; opposed by Theodora, xvi. 8; becomes a priest, xvi. 9; forgotten by Justinian, xvi. 10

Priscus, of mesa; a clever forger, xxviii. 1; his operations, xxviii.

381

its city

INDEX

4 ff.; unmasked by Longinus, xxviii. 14, 15

Privata, personal funds of the Em- peror, xxii. 12

Proclus, Quaestor of Justinus, vi. 13; saves Theodotus, ix. 41

Protectores, section of the Palace Guard, xxiv. 24

Psoes, deacon in Alexandria, xxvii. 14; dies under torture, xxvii. 15

Pumpkin, nickname of Theodotus, ix. 37

Quadratus, messenger to Belisarius, iv. 24, 26

Quaesitor, public prosecutor, xx. 9, 11

Quaestor, Councillor of the Emperor, vi. 13, ix. 41, xiv. 3, xx. 15

Quartermaster of the army, xxiii. 12, xxiv. 13

Ravenna, city in Italy, v. 4; the Palace in, i. 33

Referendarius, a palace official, xiv. 11, xvii. 32, xxix. 28

Repentance, Convent of ; established by Theodora, xvii. 5

Requisition, a burden imposed upon landholders, xxii. 19, xxiii. 9-14

Rhodon, Magistrate of Alexandria, xxvii. 3, 4, 14; tortures Psoes, xxvii.15; investigated by Justinian, xxvii. 16; executed, xxvii. 18

Romans, subjects of the Byzantine Empire; mentioned frequently, i. 1, etc.; accuse Belisarius, ii. 21

Rome, capital of the Western Empire, xxvi. 12; its Palace, xxvi. 27; its Chief Deacon Pelagius, xxvii. 17; lost by Belisarius, v. 3

Roster, of the Senate of Ascalon, xxix. ig aly Pal

Sabbatiani, schismatics, xi. 14 Sabbatius, father of Justinian, xii. 18

Samaritans, schismatics; forcibly suppressed, xi. 24-29; punished by Justinian, xviii. 34; of their

number the following are mentioned: Faustinus, xxvii. 26, 27; Arsenius,

Saracens, commanded by Arethas, ii. 28; ravages of, xi. 11, xviii. 22, xxiii. 6, 8, xxiv. 12; their losses, xviii. 25, 26

382

Sardanapalus, Emperor of Assyria, i. 9

Saturninus, son of Hermogenes, xvii. 32; his marriage, xvil. 32, 36; Satan and is punished, xvii. 6, 37

Savarus, father of Julian, xi. 27

Scholarii, Palace Guards (cf. Book VIII. xxvii. 2), xxiv. 15, 21, xxvi. 28

Scirtus, river near Edessa, xviii. 38

Sclayeni, overrun Europe, xi. 1], xviii. 20, xxiii. 6; their losses, xviii. 25, 26

Scythian wilderness, xviii. 21

Scythopolis, town in Palestine, xxvii. 8

Secretary, confidential, called a secretis, xiv. 4

Seleucia, destroyed by earthquake, xviii. 41

Semiramis, Empress of Assyria, i. 9

Senate, in Rome, viii. 13, 16, 18; in Byzantium, x. 6, xi. ls 40, xii. 12, xiv. 7, xvii. 7, xix. 12, xvi. 316, Xxvii. 27, 29, xxix. 10, 32, xxx. 21; a mere shadow, xiv. 8°

Sergius, son of Bacchus; his maladministration in Libya, vy. 28; causes defection of troops, v. 30; hated by John, v. 31; effeminate, y. 32; suitor of Belisarius’ daughter, v. 33; brother of Soloman, v. 33

Sestus, city on the Hellespont, xxv. 2

Sevastus, urges reappointment of Paulus, xxvii. 23

Shoes, as worn by the Factionists,

vii. 1

4

Sicily, subdued by Belisarius, i. 21

Silentiarii, Palace officials, xxvi. 28

Silk, market controlled by Justinian, xxv. 14-26

Silverius, victim of Antonina and Theodora, i. 14, 27

Sirmium, city in Dacia, xviii. 16, 18; held by Gepaedes, xviii. 18

Sisauranon, Persian fortress; captured by Belisarius, ii. 18, 28; its location, ii. 24

Sisinniolus, father of John, v. 31

Snips, nickname of Alexander, xxvi. 29

Sodomy, punishable by law, xi. 34, Xvi. 195123; xix. 10> ax. 9

Solomon, brother of Sergius; Roman General in Africa, v. 29; murders Pegasius, v. 33-35; cleared by Justinian, v. 36, 37; his death, v. 30, 38

INDEX

Rophin. Church of, in Byzantium, iii. 24, ix. 35, xvii. 9 Spies, maintained by the State, xxx.

Spolitium, city in Italy; surrendered by Herodian, v. 6

Stater, xx. 18, xxiv. 28, xxv. 12, xxix. 25

Stoa, Royal, in Byzantium, xiv. 13

Syracuse, city in Sicily, i. 21

Syria, home cf Peter Barsymes, xxii. 3; of Addaeus, xxv. 7

Tabellio, Latin word for ‘‘ Recorder,’’ xxviii. 6

Tarsus, city in Asia; flooded by the Cydnus, xviii. 40, xxix. 30, 31

Tartarus, pit of Hades, iv. 7

Tatianus, his property ‘‘inherited’’ by Justinian, xii. 5

Taxation, rigorous collection of taxes by. Justinian, pgatiig II Soek 115 xxiii. 1-6; new taxes imposed by him: (a) the ‘‘ air-tax,’’ xxi. 2; (b) requisitions, xxii. 19, xxiii. 9-14; (c) imposts, xxiii. 9, 15-17; (d) pro- rated assessments, xxiii. 9, 17-21; (e) customs duties, xxv. 1-6, 16; waxes conveyed by Imperial Post,

ny

Theatre, in Byzantium; frequented by the Factions, vii. 13; by the youthful Theodora, ix. 20; closing of theatres, xxvi. 8

Theodatus, King of the Goths; defeated by Belisarius, iv. 43; destroys Amalasuntha, xvi. 6

Theoderic, King of the Goths, xxiv. 9; father of Amalasuntha, xxiv. 23 ; ruled Italy, xxvi. 27, 28

Theodora, Empress, i. 4, 10, xxiii. 23; her birth and early career, vi. 1, xii. 28; parentage and childhood, ix. 3,9; her lewd practices, ix. 10—- 25; avoided by the respectable, ix. 25, 26; engaged by Hecebolus, ix. 27; returns to Byzantium, ix. 27,28; beloved by Justinian, ix. 30; becomes wealthy, ix. 31; married by Justinian, ix. 51; becomes Empress, ix. 54, x. 1; opposed by no one, x. 9; personal appearance, x. 11; close partner of Justinian, x. 18, 14, xi. 40, 41, xv. 19, 20; fayours the Blue Faction, x. 16;

pretends to disagree with Justinian, x. 17, 18, 28; probable demonic nature, xii. 14; returns to Byzanti- um, xii. 30; her strange dream, xii. 31, 32; persistently base, xv. 1— 4; independent, xy. 2; care of her person, xv. 6-9; influential in government, xv. 10, xvii. 27; diffi- cult to approach, xv. 13-16; and one cause of the State’s decay, xv 17, 18; supervises reforms, xy. 21; robs citizens and perverts justice, xv. 22, 23; ridicules a Patrician, xv. 24-35; her suburban residence, xv. 36-38; treatment of enemies, xv. 39; fears Amalasuntha, xvi. 1; and destroys her, xvi. 2 ff.; opposes Priscus, xvi. 8; and sends him off, xvi. 9; writes to Zaberganes, ii. 32- 36; summons Belisarius to Byzan- tium, iii. 4; her ruthlessness, iii. 6 ff., xv. 4, xvi. 14-17; surprises Antonina, iii. 15-18; confines Photius, iii. 21, 22; summons Belisarius and Bouzes to Byzan- tium, iv. 5, 6; confiscates money of Belisarius, iv. 17; friendly to Antonina, iv. 18, 19; sends message to Belisarius, iv. 24-28; whose wealth she envies, iv. 33, 34, v. 20; her grandson Anastasius, iv. 37; hostile to Germanus, v. 8; frus- trates a marriage planned by him, v. 11, 12; threatens to kill John, v. 12; forces marriage of Belisarius’ daughter to her grandson, v. 18-21; distrusts Antonina, vy. 20; perse- cutes Areobindus, xvi. 11; her tireless vigilance, xvi. 12, 13; punishes Vasianus, xvi. 18-21; respected nothing, xvi. 22, xvii. 10; attacks Diogenes, xvi. 23-28; causes execution of Callinicus, xvii. 3; tries to check social crime, xvii. B; makes matches for two women, xvii. 7-15; her son John, born before marriage, xvii. 16, 17; whom she disposes of, xvii. 21-23; protects adulteresses, xvii. 24; arbitrarily arranges marriages, xvii. 28-37 ; punishes a fastidious youth, xvii. 37; accuses John the Cap- padocian, xvii. 38-44; mutilates two youths, xvii. 44; ruined John

the Cappadocian, xxii. 1; pleased

383

INDEX

with Peter Barsymes, xxii. 5, 26, 32, 33; opposes her husband, xxii. 22; bewitched by Peter Barsymes, xxii. 24; student of sorcery, xxii. 27; bewitched Justinian, xxii. 28, 32; penalized silk merchants, xxv. 19; her favourite Arsenius, xxvii. 6; annoyed by him, xxvii. 13; urges investigation, xxvii. 16; has Arsenius impaled, xxvii. 19; inno- vations of, in court ceremonial, xxx. 21-26; her death, v. 23, 27

Theodore, friend of Diogenes, xvi. 25; tortured, xvi. 26, 27

Theodosius, Senator; cruelly punished by Theodora, iii. 9- 11

Theodosius, of the Household of Belisarius, i. 15; formally adopted by Belisarius, i, 16; beloved by Antonina, do.; surprised by Belisarius, i. 19, 20; sentenced to death by him, i. 22 escapes to Dphesus, i. 23; recalled by Beli- sarius, i. 26; unable to return to

Italy, i. 31, 34; justly hated by Photius, i. 32; returns after Photius’ departure, i, 34; in

Byzantium, becomes afraid, i. 363 retires to Hphesus as a monk, i. 37; refuses to be recalled, i. 40, 41; awaiting Belisarius’ absence, i. 42; returns to Antonina, ii. 3, 5; de- nounced by Belisarius, ii. 11: returns to Ephesus, ii. 14,17; takes sanctuary, li. 3; sent to Cilicia, iii. 5; his money confiscated, do. ; sought by Theodora, iii. 12! summoned to Byzantium, iii. 15; pesrored to Antonina, iii, 17; dies,

Phecdettia Prefect of Byzantium, ix. 37; accused by Justinian, ix. 39; saved by Proclus, ix. 41; retires to Jerusalem, ix. 42, 43; "replaced John the Cappadocian, xXxdis, 2/8 gives way to Peter, xxii. 6

Thermopylae, garrison at, xxvi. 31

Thessalonica, visited by Antonina, i. 11

Thrace, held by barbarians, xviii. 20; source of grain, xxii. 17; Generals of, xxi. 26; home of Theodosius, i. 15

Tigris River, crossed by Arethas, ii 23, 25, 2

Totila, King of the Goths, v. 2; receives Spolitium by surrender,

v.

Tribunianus, flatters Justinian, xiii. 12; appointed Quaestor, xx. 16; his property seized by Justinian, 2.6.4) Iy/

Tyre, its silk industry, xxv. 14; home of Hecebolus, ix. 27

Valerian, Roman General, ii. 30

Vandals, great numbers of, destroyed in Africa, xviii. 6, 9

Vasianus, punished by Theodora, xvi. 18-21

Vederiane, in Ilyricum; Justinian, vi. 2

Venetia, held by the Germans, xviii. 17

Vespasian, Roman Emperor; father of Domitian, viii. 13

Vigilius, Ohief Priest of Rome; his agent Pelagius, xxvii. 17; opposes reappointment of Paulus, xxvii. 24

Virgin, Church of the, iii. 23

Vitalian, Tyrant: uncle of John, v. 7 slain by Justinian, vi. 27, 28

Vittigis, King of the Goths; captured by Belisarius, iv. 32, 43; his wealth, iv. 34

home of

Zaberganes, receives a letter from Theodora ii. 32; his embassy to Byzantium, ii. 33

Zachariah, the Prophet; Photius, iii. 27

Zeno, Emperor, xxiv. 17

Zeno, grandson of Anthemius; sent to Egypt, xii. 1; his valuable goods seized, xii. 2; his death, xii. 3

Zimarchus, companion of the youthful Justinus, vi. 2

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